diff --git a/src/Compiler.jl b/src/Compiler.jl
index 43481be71..2a00d56c1 100644
--- a/src/Compiler.jl
+++ b/src/Compiler.jl
@@ -326,6 +326,156 @@ for T in [Int, AbstractFloat, AbstractString, Nothing, Type, Symbol]
     @eval create_result(tocopy::$T, path, result_stores) = Meta.quot(tocopy)
 end
 
+function make_mlir_fn(f, args, kwargs, name="main", concretein=true; toscalar=false)
+    if sizeof(typeof(f)) != 0 || f isa BroadcastFunction
+        return (true, make_mlir_fn(apply, (f, args...), kwargs, name, concretein)[2:end]...)
+    end
+
+    N = length(args)
+    seen_args = IdDict()
+    traced_args = ntuple(N) do i
+        return make_tracer(
+            seen_args,
+            args[i],
+            (:args, i),
+            concretein ? ConcreteToTraced : TracedSetPath;
+            toscalar,
+        )
+    end
+
+    linear_args = TracedRArray[v for v in values(seen_args) if v isa TracedRArray]
+
+    in_tys = if toscalar
+        [MLIR.IR.TensorType((), MLIR.IR.Type(eltype(arg))) for arg in linear_args]
+    else
+        [transpose_ty(mlir_type(arg)) for arg in linear_args]
+    end
+
+    sym_visibility = nothing
+    if !concretein
+        sym_visibility = MLIR.IR.Attribute("private")
+    end
+
+    mod = MLIR.IR.mmodule()
+    func = MLIR.IR.block!(MLIR.IR.body(mod)) do
+        return MLIR.Dialects.func.func_(;
+            sym_name=name * "_tmp",
+            function_type=MLIR.IR.FunctionType(in_tys, []),
+            body=MLIR.IR.Region(),
+        )
+    end
+
+    fnbody = MLIR.IR.Block(in_tys, [MLIR.IR.Location() for arg in linear_args])
+    push!(MLIR.IR.region(func, 1), fnbody)
+
+    @assert MLIR.IR._has_block()
+
+    result = MLIR.IR.block!(fnbody) do
+        for (i, arg) in enumerate(linear_args)
+            raw_arg = MLIR.IR.argument(fnbody, i)
+            row_maj_arg = transpose_val(raw_arg)
+            arg.mlir_data = row_maj_arg
+        end
+
+        # NOTE an `AbstractInterpreter` cannot process methods with more recent world-ages than it
+        # solution is to use a new interpreter, but we reuse the `code_cache` to minimize comptime in Julia <= 1.10
+        @static if !HAS_INTEGRATED_CACHE
+            interp = ReactantInterpreter(; code_cache=REACTANT_CACHE)
+        else
+            interp = ReactantInterpreter()
+        end
+
+        # TODO replace with `Base.invoke_within` if julia#52964 lands
+        ir = first(only(
+            # TODO fix it for kwargs
+            Base.code_ircode(f, map(typeof, traced_args); interp),
+        ))
+
+        # NOTE on Julia 1.9, it appends a ghost argument at the end
+        # solution: manually specify argument types
+        @static if VERSION < v"1.10"
+            empty!(ir.argtypes)
+            if f === Reactant.apply
+                append!(
+                    ir.argtypes,
+                    Any[
+                        Core.Const(f),
+                        typeof(traced_args[1]),
+                        Tuple{typeof.(traced_args[2:end])...},
+                    ],
+                )
+            else
+                append!(ir.argtypes, Any[Core.Const(f), typeof.(traced_args)...])
+            end
+        end
+
+        oc = Core.OpaqueClosure(ir)
+
+        if f === Reactant.apply
+            oc(traced_args[1], (traced_args[2:end]...,))
+        else
+            oc(traced_args...)
+        end
+    end
+
+    seen_results = IdDict()
+
+    traced_result = make_tracer(
+        seen_results, result, (:result,), concretein ? TracedTrack : TracedSetPath
+    )
+
+    # marks buffers to be donated
+    for i in 1:N
+        make_tracer(
+            seen_results, traced_args[i], concretein ? (:resargs, i) : (), TracedTrack
+        )
+    end
+
+    linear_results = TracedRArray[v for v in values(seen_results) if v isa TracedRArray]
+
+    out_tys = [transpose_ty(mlir_type(arg)) for arg in linear_results]
+
+    ret = MLIR.IR.block!(fnbody) do
+        vals = MLIR.IR.Value[]
+        for res in linear_results
+            col_maj = transpose_val(res.mlir_data)
+            push!(vals, col_maj)
+        end
+        @assert length(vals) == length(linear_results)
+        return MLIR.Dialects.func.return_(vals)
+    end
+
+    name2 = name
+
+    tab = MLIR.IR.SymbolTable(MLIR.IR.Operation(mod))
+    for i in 0:10000
+        name2 = if i == 0
+            name
+        else
+            name * string(i)
+        end
+        if MLIR.IR.mlirIsNull(MLIR.API.mlirSymbolTableLookup(tab, name2))
+            break
+        end
+    end
+
+    func2 = MLIR.IR.block!(MLIR.IR.body(mod)) do
+        return MLIR.Dialects.func.func_(;
+            sym_name=name2,
+            function_type=MLIR.IR.FunctionType(in_tys, out_tys),
+            body=MLIR.IR.Region(),
+            sym_visibility,
+        )
+    end
+    MLIR.API.mlirRegionTakeBody(MLIR.IR.region(func2, 1), MLIR.IR.region(func, 1))
+
+    MLIR.API.mlirOperationDestroy(func.operation)
+    func.operation = MLIR.API.MlirOperation(C_NULL)
+    return false,
+    func2, traced_result, result, seen_args, ret, linear_args, in_tys,
+    linear_results
+end
+
 function compile(f, args; pipeline_options="", client=nothing)
     N = length(args)
     ctx = MLIR.IR.Context()
diff --git a/src/utils.jl b/src/utils.jl
index 914f188a4..380371db8 100644
--- a/src/utils.jl
+++ b/src/utils.jl
@@ -20,167 +20,3 @@ end
 function apply(f, args...; kwargs...)
     return f(args...; kwargs...)
 end
-
-function make_mlir_fn(f, args, kwargs, name="main", concretein=true; toscalar=false)
-    if sizeof(typeof(f)) != 0 || f isa BroadcastFunction
-        return (true, make_mlir_fn(apply, (f, args...), kwargs, name, concretein)[2:end]...)
-    end
-
-    N = length(args)
-    seen_args = IdDict()
-    traced_args = ntuple(N) do i
-        return make_tracer(
-            seen_args,
-            args[i],
-            (:args, i),
-            concretein ? ConcreteToTraced : TracedSetPath;
-            toscalar,
-        )
-    end
-
-    linear_args = TracedRArray[]
-    for (k, v) in seen_args
-        if !(v isa TracedRArray)
-            continue
-        end
-        push!(linear_args, v)
-    end
-
-    in_tys = if toscalar
-        [MLIR.IR.TensorType((), MLIR.IR.Type(eltype(arg))) for arg in linear_args]
-    else
-        [transpose_ty(mlir_type(arg)) for arg in linear_args]
-    end
-
-    sym_visibility = nothing
-    if !concretein
-        sym_visibility = MLIR.IR.Attribute("private")
-    end
-
-    mod = MLIR.IR.mmodule()
-    func = MLIR.IR.block!(MLIR.IR.body(mod)) do
-        return MLIR.Dialects.func.func_(;
-            sym_name=name * "_tmp",
-            function_type=MLIR.IR.FunctionType(in_tys, []),
-            body=MLIR.IR.Region(),
-        )
-    end
-
-    fnbody = MLIR.IR.Block(in_tys, [MLIR.IR.Location() for arg in linear_args])
-    push!(MLIR.IR.region(func, 1), fnbody)
-
-    @assert MLIR.IR._has_block()
-
-    result = MLIR.IR.block!(fnbody) do
-        for (i, arg) in enumerate(linear_args)
-            raw_arg = MLIR.IR.argument(fnbody, i)
-            row_maj_arg = transpose_val(raw_arg)
-            arg.mlir_data = row_maj_arg
-        end
-
-        # NOTE an `AbstractInterpreter` cannot process methods with more recent world-ages than it
-        # solution is to use a new interpreter, but we reuse the `code_cache` to minimize comptime in Julia <= 1.10
-        @static if !HAS_INTEGRATED_CACHE
-            interp = ReactantInterpreter(; code_cache=REACTANT_CACHE)
-        else
-            interp = ReactantInterpreter()
-        end
-
-        # TODO replace with `Base.invoke_within` if julia#52964 lands
-        ir = first(only(
-            # TODO fix it for kwargs
-            Base.code_ircode(f, map(typeof, traced_args); interp),
-        ))
-
-        # NOTE on Julia 1.9, it appends a ghost argument at the end
-        # solution: manually specify argument types
-        @static if VERSION < v"1.10"
-            empty!(ir.argtypes)
-            if f === Reactant.apply
-                append!(
-                    ir.argtypes,
-                    Any[
-                        Core.Const(f),
-                        typeof(traced_args[1]),
-                        Tuple{typeof.(traced_args[2:end])...},
-                    ],
-                )
-            else
-                append!(ir.argtypes, Any[Core.Const(f), typeof.(traced_args)...])
-            end
-        end
-
-        oc = Core.OpaqueClosure(ir)
-
-        if f === Reactant.apply
-            oc(traced_args[1], (traced_args[2:end]...,))
-        else
-            oc(traced_args...)
-        end
-    end
-
-    seen_results = IdDict()
-
-    traced_result = make_tracer(
-        seen_results, result, (:result,), concretein ? TracedTrack : TracedSetPath
-    )
-
-    # marks buffers to be donated
-    for i in 1:N
-        make_tracer(
-            seen_results, traced_args[i], concretein ? (:resargs, i) : (), TracedTrack
-        )
-    end
-
-    linear_results = TracedRArray[]
-
-    for (k, v) in seen_results
-        if !(v isa TracedRArray)
-            continue
-        end
-
-        push!(linear_results, v)
-    end
-
-    out_tys = [transpose_ty(mlir_type(arg)) for arg in linear_results]
-
-    ret = MLIR.IR.block!(fnbody) do
-        vals = MLIR.IR.Value[]
-        for res in linear_results
-            col_maj = transpose_val(res.mlir_data)
-            push!(vals, col_maj)
-        end
-        @assert length(vals) == length(linear_results)
-        return MLIR.Dialects.func.return_(vals)
-    end
-
-    name2 = name
-
-    tab = MLIR.IR.SymbolTable(MLIR.IR.Operation(mod))
-    for i in 0:10000
-        name2 = if i == 0
-            name
-        else
-            name * string(i)
-        end
-        if MLIR.IR.mlirIsNull(MLIR.API.mlirSymbolTableLookup(tab, name2))
-            break
-        end
-    end
-
-    func2 = MLIR.IR.block!(MLIR.IR.body(mod)) do
-        return MLIR.Dialects.func.func_(;
-            sym_name=name2,
-            function_type=MLIR.IR.FunctionType(in_tys, out_tys),
-            body=MLIR.IR.Region(),
-            sym_visibility,
-        )
-    end
-    MLIR.API.mlirRegionTakeBody(MLIR.IR.region(func2, 1), MLIR.IR.region(func, 1))
-
-    MLIR.API.mlirOperationDestroy(func.operation)
-    func.operation = MLIR.API.MlirOperation(C_NULL)
-    return false,
-    func2, traced_result, result, seen_args, ret, linear_args, in_tys,
-    linear_results
-end