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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Geographical Grid Systems">
<meta name="keywords" content="INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Geographical Grid Systems">
<meta name="author" content="Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1">
<meta name="copyright" content="Public">
<title>D2.8.I.2 Data Specification on Geographical Grid Systems – Technical Guidelines</title>
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<p><span class="image"><img src="./media/image3.png" alt="image" width="93" height="93"></span> <strong>INSPIRE</strong> <strong>Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe</strong></p>
</div>
<h1 id="_d2_8_i_2_data_specification_on_geographical_grid_systems_technical_guidelines" class="discrete">D2.8.I.2 Data Specification on <em>Geographical Grid Systems</em> – Technical Guidelines</h1>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
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<col style="width: 17%;">
<col style="width: 83%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">D2.8.I.2 Data Specification on Geographical Grid Systems – Technical Guidelines</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Date of publication</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2023-01-31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Subject</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Geographical Grid Systems</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Maintenance and Implementation Group (MIG)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Text</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Geographical Grid Systems</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Format</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AsciiDoc</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Licence</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by) 4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rights</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Public</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Identifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/gg">D2.8.I.2_v3.2.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Changelog</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2023.1" class="bare">https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2023.1</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">en</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Relation</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_foreword" class="discrete">Foreword</h2>
<h2 id="_how_to_read_the_document" class="discrete">How to read the document?</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the <em>"INSPIRE data specification on Geographical Grid Systems – Technical Guidelines"</em> version 3.1rc1 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) <em>Reference Systems</em> using both natural and a conceptual schema language.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification is based on a common template<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the draft Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on <em>Geographical Grid Systems</em> in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The UML diagrams (in Chapter 5) offer a rapid way to see the main elements of the specifications and their relationships. The definition of the spatial object types, attributes, and relationships are included in the Feature Catalogue (also in Chapter 5). People having thematic expertise but not familiar with UML can fully understand the content of the data model focusing on the Feature Catalogue. Users might also find the Feature Catalogue especially useful to check if it contains the data necessary for the applications that they run. The technical details are expected to be of prime interest to those organisations that are responsible for implementing INSPIRE within the field of <em>Geographical Grid Systems</em>, but also to other stakeholders and users of the spatial data infrastructure.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The technical provisions and the underlying concepts are often illustrated by examples. Smaller examples are within the text of the specification, while longer explanatory examples and descriptions of selected use cases are attached in the annexes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to distinguish the INSPIRE spatial data themes from the spatial object types, the INSPIRE spatial data themes are written in <em>italics.</em></p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The document will be publicly available as a 'non-paper'. It does not represent an official position of the European Commission, and as such cannot be invoked in the context of legal procedures.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Legal Notice</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="_interoperability_of_spatial_data_sets_and_services_general_executive_summary" class="discrete">Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services – General Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The challenges regarding the lack of availability, quality, organisation, accessibility, and sharing of spatial information are common to a large number of policies and activities and are experienced across the various levels of public authority in Europe. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to take measures of coordination between the users and providers of spatial information. The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council adopted on 14 March 2007 aims at establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) for environmental policies, or policies and activities that have an impact on the environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information that are created and maintained by the Member States. To support the establishment of a European infrastructure, Implementing Rules addressing the following components of the infrastructure have been specified: metadata, interoperability of spatial data sets (as described in Annexes I, II, III of the Directive) and spatial data services, network services, data and service sharing, and monitoring and reporting procedures.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE does not require collection of new data. However, after the period specified in the Directive<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Member States have to make their data available according to the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability in INSPIRE means the possibility to combine spatial data and services from different sources across the European Community in a consistent way without involving specific efforts of humans or machines. It is important to note that "interoperability" is understood as providing access to spatial data sets through network services, typically via Internet. Interoperability may be achieved by either changing (harmonising) and storing existing data sets or transforming them via services for publication in the INSPIRE infrastructure. It is expected that users will spend less time and efforts on understanding and integrating data when they build their applications based on data delivered in accordance with INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to benefit from the endeavours of international standardisation bodies and organisations established under international law their standards and technical means have been utilised and referenced, whenever possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To facilitate the implementation of INSPIRE, it is important that all stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in specification and development. For this reason, the Commission has put in place a consensus building process involving data users, and providers together with representatives of industry, research and government. These stakeholders, organised through Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDIC) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO)<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>, have provided reference materials, participated in the user requirement and technical<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup> surveys, proposed experts for the Data Specification Drafting Team<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>, the Thematic Working Groups<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_6" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_6" title="View footnote.">6</a>]</sup> and other ad-hoc cross-thematic technical groups and participated in the public stakeholder consultations on draft versions of the data specifications. These consultations covered expert reviews as well as feasibility and fitness-for-purpose testing of the data specifications<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_7" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_7" title="View footnote.">7</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This open and participatory approach was successfully used during the development of the data specifications on Annex I, II and III data themes as well as during the preparation of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_8" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_8" title="View footnote.">8</a>]</sup> for Annex I spatial data themes and of its amendment regarding the themes of Annex II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The development framework elaborated by the Data Specification Drafting Team aims at keeping the data specifications of the different themes coherent. It summarises the methodology to be used for the development of the data specifications, providing a coherent set of requirements and recommendations to achieve interoperability. The pillars of the framework are the following technical documents<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_9" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_9" title="View footnote.">9</a>]</sup>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <em>Definition of Annex Themes and Scope</em> describes in greater detail the spatial data themes defined in the Directive, and thus provides a sound starting point for the thematic aspects of the data specification development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Generic Conceptual Model</em> defines the elements necessary for interoperability and data harmonisation including cross-theme issues. It specifies requirements and recommendations with regard to data specification elements of common use, like the spatial and temporal schema, unique identifier management, object referencing, some common code lists, etc. Those requirements of the Generic Conceptual Model that are directly implementable are included in the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Methodology for the Development of Data Specifications</em> defines a repeatable methodology. It describes how to arrive from user requirements to a data specification through a number of steps including use-case development, initial specification development and analysis of analogies and gaps for further specification refinement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the Encoding of Spatial Data</em> defines how geographic information can be encoded to enable transfer processes between the systems of the data providers in the Member States. Even though it does not specify a mandatory encoding rule it sets GML (ISO 19136) as the default encoding for INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the use of Observations & Measurements and Sensor Web Enablement-related standards in INSPIRE Annex II and III data specification development</em> provides guidelines on how the "Observations and Measurements" standard (ISO 19156) is to be used within INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Common data models</em> are a set of documents that specify data models that are referenced by a number of different data specifications. These documents include generic data models for networks, coverages and activity complexes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The structure of the data specifications is based on the "ISO 19131 Geographic information - Data product specifications" standard. They include the technical documentation of the application schema, the spatial object types with their properties, and other specifics of the spatial data themes using natural language as well as a formal conceptual schema language<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_10" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_10" title="View footnote.">10</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A consolidated model repository, feature concept dictionary, and glossary are being maintained to support the consistent specification development and potential further reuse of specification elements. The consolidated model consists of the harmonised models of the relevant standards from the ISO 19100 series, the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, and the application schemas<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_11" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_11" title="View footnote.">11</a>]</sup> developed for each spatial data theme. The multilingual INSPIRE Feature Concept Dictionary contains the definition and description of the INSPIRE themes together with the definition of the spatial object types present in the specification. The INSPIRE Glossary defines all the terms (beyond the spatial object types) necessary for understanding the INSPIRE documentation including the terminology of other components (metadata, network services, data sharing, and monitoring).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By listing a number of requirements and making the necessary recommendations, the data specifications enable full system interoperability across the Member States, within the scope of the application areas targeted by the Directive. The data specifications (in their version 3.0) are published as technical guidelines and provide the basis for the content of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_12" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_12" title="View footnote.">12</a>]</sup>. The content of the Implementing Rule is extracted from the data specifications, considering short- and medium-term feasibility as well as cost-benefit considerations. The requirements included in the Implementing Rule are legally binding for the Member States according to the timeline specified in the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to providing a basis for the interoperability of spatial data in INSPIRE, the data specification development framework and the thematic data specifications can be reused in other environments at local, regional, national and global level contributing to improvements in the coherence and interoperability of data in spatial data infrastructures.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_geographical_grid_systems_executive_summary" class="discrete">Geographical Grid Systems – Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>Geographical grid systems</em> are included in Annex I, which means that they are considered as reference data, i.e. data that constitute the spatial frame for linking and/or pointing to other information that belong to specific thematic fields as defined in the INSPIRE Annexes II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The INSPIRE specification on <em>Geographical grid systems</em> has been prepared following the participative principle of a consensus building process. The stakeholders, based on their registration as a Spatial Data Interest Community (SDIC) or a Legally Mandated Organisation (LMO) had the opportunity to bring forward user requirements and reference materials, propose experts for the specification development, and participate in the review of the data specifications. The Thematic Working Group responsible for the specification development was composed of geodetic and mapping experts coming from Portugal, Slovenia, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK, all of them for many years involved in activities aiming to establish uniform geo-referencing within Europe. Due to the close links between and the special technical nature of the two themes of <em>Coordinate reference systems</em> and G<em>eographical grid systems</em>, the specifications of both themes were developed by one Thematic Working Group.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>Geographical grid systems</em> (hereafter: <em>Grids</em>) play a specific role that is quite different from the other themes in the Directive’s annexes. Contrary to the other themes the <em>Grids</em> specification does not concern a downloadable or viewable thematic data set. Rather, it presents a basic functionality allowing the harmonised and interoperable geographic localisation of spatial objects defined by the other INSPIRE thematic data specifications. Therefore, the methodology developed by the Drafting Team on data specifications is only partly applicable to the work of this Thematic Working Group.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The specific task of the definition of the <em>Geographical grid systems</em> theme therefore consists in taking the right decisions on the choice of a limited number of grid systems that will ensure a common basis for the geographical harmonisation between the other themes defined in the Annexes of the Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The cornerstone of the specification development was the definition of the Directive on <em>Geographical grid systems:</em> "Harmonised multi-resolution grid with a common point of origin and standardised location and size of grid cells". With this goal in mind, the Thematic Working Group agreed the scope of the theme "Geographical grid systems", covering quadrilateral grids used for indirect geo-referencing of themes with typically coarse resolution and wide (pan-European) geographical extent. As a result, this document specifies two Pan-European grids to be used within continental Europe in the INSPIRE context: The <em>Equal Area Grid</em> and the <em>Zoned Geographic Grid</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <em>Equal Area Grid</em>, which was proposed as the multipurpose Pan-European standard during the Annex I data specification process, is two-dimensional and it is based on the ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area coordinate reference system. It is mainly intended for spatial analysis or reporting purposes (e.g. statistical information), but not for communities where the grids have to be optimised for data exchange, supercomputer processing and high volume archiving of new data each day. The requirements and recommendations associated to this grid are based on the results from the "European Reference Grids" workshop [EUR 21494 EN].</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <em>Zoned Geographic Grid</em>, which was proposed during the subsequent Annex II-III data specification process, is a two-dimensional multi-resolution geographic grid based on the ETRS89-GRS80 geodetic coordinate reference system. It follows a structure analogue to DTED (Digital Terrain Elevation Data), dividing the world into different zones in latitude, to mitigate the effect of convergence of meridians. The grid may be used as a geo-referencing framework when gridded data (raster data) is delivered using geodetic coordinates, mainly suited for reference data (such as elevation or orthoimagery), to achieve their interoperability for data provision and therefore serve crossborder purposes at global level.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Both grids are multi-resolution grids, associated with predefined resolution levels, and provided with a designator and a coding system for identifying individual cells at all these levels.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provided the basis for a number of requirements that have been included in the Implementing Rule on interoperability of spatial data sets and services. These elements are clearly indicated in the document as "IR Requirements". The other parts of the documents give clarification, background information and examples and are intended as part of the technical guidance documents accompanying the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_acknowledgements" class="discrete">Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many individuals and organisations have contributed to the development of these Guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Thematic Working Group <em>Coordinate reference systems and Geographical grid systems</em> (TWG RS) included: João Torres (TWG Facilitator), Vida Bitenc (TWG-RS Editor), Alessandro Caporali, Paul Crudace, Lars Engberg, Bruno Garayt, Heinz Habrich (TWG-RS members).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Gil Ross, Leendert Dorst participated in the original development phase as external experts.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Jordi Escriu, Vicenç Palà, Pierre-Yves Curtinot, Tony Vanderstraete, Pavel Milenov and Rogier Broekman provided expertise in updating the specification according to the requirements stemming from Annex II-III data themes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Freddy Fierens and Katalin Tóth were the contact points of the European Commission.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other contributors to the INSPIRE data specifications are the Drafting Team Data Specifications, the JRC Data Specifications Team and the INSPIRE stakeholders - Spatial Data Interested Communities (SDICs) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMOs).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Contact information</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Maria Vanda Nunes de Lima & Michael Lutz<br>
European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)<br>
Institute for Environment and Sustainability<br>
Unit H06: Digital Earth and Reference Data<br>
<em><a href="http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2" class="bare">http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2</a></em></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_table_of_contents" class="discrete">Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title"></div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_scope">1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">2. Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_name">2.1. Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_how_the_technical_guidelines_map_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidelines map to the Implementing Rules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendations">2.6.2. Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conformance">2.6.3. Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_specification_scopes">3. Specification scopes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identification_information">4. Identification information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geographical_grid_systems">5. Geographical Grid Systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_overview_2">5.1. Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geographic_grids_for_inspire">5.2. Geographic grids for INSPIRE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_equal_area_grid">5.2.1. Equal Area Grid</a></li>
<li><a href="#_zoned_geographic_grid">5.2.2. Zoned Geographic Grid</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_modelling_of_grids">5.3. Modelling of grids</a></li>
<li><a href="#_manipulation_with_grid_values">5.4. Manipulation with grid values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_test_suite_normative">Annex A: Abstract Test Suite - (normative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_equal_area_grid_test">A.1. Equal Area Grid test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_zoned_geographic_grid_test">A.2. Zoned Geographic Grid test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_scope">1. Scope</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document specifies a harmonised data specification for the spatial data theme <em>Geographical Grid Systems</em> as defined in Annex I of the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This data specification provides the basis for the drafting of Implementing Rules according to Article 7 (1) of the INSPIRE Directive [Directive 2007/2/EC]. The entire data specification is published as implementation guidelines accompanying these Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_overview">2. Overview</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_name">2.1. Name</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE data specification for the theme Geographical Grid Systems.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Harmonised multi-resolution grid with a common point of origin and standardised location and size of grid cells.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The scope of the theme "Geographical grid systems" covers quadrilateral grids used for the indirect geo-referencing of themes with typically coarse resolution and wide (pan-European) geographical extent.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The theme establishes two Pan-European grids to be used within continental Europe in the INSPIRE context: The <em>Equal Area Grid</em> and the <em>Zoned Geographic Grid</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Either of these grids, with fixed and unambiguously defined locations, shall be used as a geo-referencing framework to make gridded data available in INSPIRE, unless other grids are specified for specific INSPIRE spatial data themes for the purpose or in regions outside continental Europe.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <em>Equal Area Grid</em> is proposed as the multipurpose Pan-European standard for spatial analysis or reporting. It consists of a two-dimensional grid based on the ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projected coordinate reference system.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <em>Zoned Geographic Grid</em> is proposed as an optional geo-referencing framework when gridded data (raster data) is delivered using geodetic coordinates, mainly suited for reference data (such as elevation or orthoimagery), to achieve their interoperability for data provision. It is aimed to serve cross-border purposes at global level. It consists of a two-dimensional multi-resolution geographic grid based on the ETRS89-GRS80 geodetic coordinate reference system, following a structure analogue to DTED (Digital Terrain Elevation Data) which divides the world into different zones in latitude.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Both geographical grids have multiple predefined resolution levels, and are provided with a designator and a coding system for identifying individual cells at all these levels.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is recognised that there is a need to enable grid referencing for regions outside of continental Europe, for example for overseas Member States (MS) territories. For these regions, MS may define their own grid, although it must follow the same principles as laid down for the Pan-European Grids defined in this specification.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The requirements and recommendations regarding "Geographical grid systems" are harmonised with the requirements of the Coordinate Reference Systems data specification [INSPIRE-DS-CRS].</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[Directive 2007/2/EC] Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19111] EN ISO 19111:2007 Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111:2007)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19111-2] EN ISO 19111-2:2009 Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates – Part 2: Extension for parametric values</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19115] EN ISO 19115:2005, Geographic information – Metadata (ISO 19115:2003)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19123] EN ISO 19123:2007, Geographic Information – Schema for coverage geometry and functions</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19129] ISO/TS 19129:2009, Geographic information – Imagery, gridded and coverage data framework (ISO 19129:2009)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19135] EN ISO 19135:2007 Geographic information – Procedures for item registration (ISO 19135:2005)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[Regulation 1205/2008/EC] Regulation 1205/2008/EC implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards metadata</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>General terms and definitions helpful for understanding the INSPIRE data specification documents are defined in the INSPIRE Glossary<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_13" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_13" title="View footnote.">13</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Specifically, for the theme Geographical Grid Systems, the following terms are defined:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(1) grid</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A network composed of two or more sets of curves in which the members of each set intersect the members of the other sets in an algorithmic way.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(2) grid cell</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A cell delineated by grid curves.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(3) grid point</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A point located at the intersection of two or more curves in a grid.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(4) gridded data</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Data made available as a coverage (or coverages) whose domain is a grid.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NOTE Gridded data are often also referred to as "raster data". A raster is defined in ISO 19123:2005 as a "usually rectangular pattern of parallel scanning lines forming or corresponding to the display on a cathode ray tube", i.e. as a specific type of grid.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</h3>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 14%;">
<col style="width: 86%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CRS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Coordinate Reference System</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">DTED</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Digital Terrain Elevation Data</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">EC</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">European Commission</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">EEA</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">European Environment Agency</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">EIONET</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Environmental Information and Observation Network</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">European Terrestrial Reference System 1989</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89-LAEA</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Two-dimensional Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Coordinate Reference System</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89-GRS80</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Two-dimensional Geodetic Coordinate Reference System in ETRS89 on the GRS80 ellipsoid</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GCM</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Generic Conceptual Model</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GRIB</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">WMO standard for gridded data exchange GRIdded Binary <a href="http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/WMOCodes/GRIB.html" class="bare">http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/WMOCodes/GRIB.html</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Grid_ETRS89-LAEA</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Pan-European Equal Area Grid</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Grid_ETRS89-GRS80z<em>n</em></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Pan-European Zoned Geographic Grid</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GRS80</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Geodetic Reference System 1980</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ICAO</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">International Civil Aviation Organisation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">IOC</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ITRS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">International Terrestrial Reference System</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Member States</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NetCDF</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Data Exchange Standard of the Climate and Forecasting Community Network Common Data Form <a href="http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/netcdf" class="bare">http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/netcdf</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TWG</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thematic Working Group</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">WMO</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">World Meteorological Organisation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">WMTS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Web Map Tile Service</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_how_the_technical_guidelines_map_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidelines map to the Implementing Rules</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The schematic diagram in Figure 1 gives an overview of the relationships between the INSPIRE legal acts (the INSPIRE Directive and Implementing Rules) and the INSPIRE Technical Guidelines. The INSPIRE Directive and Implementing Rules include legally binding requirements that describe, usually on an abstract level, <em>what</em> Member States must implement.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In contrast, the Technical Guidelines define <em>how</em> Member States might implement the requirements included in the INSPIRE Implementing Rules. As such, they may include non-binding technical requirements that must be satisfied if a Member State data provider chooses to conform to the Technical Guidelines. Implementing these Technical Guidelines will maximise the interoperability of INSPIRE spatial data sets.</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock text-center">
<div class="content">
<img src="./media/image4.png" alt="image" width="603" height="375">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph text-center">
<p><strong>Figure 1 - Relationship between INSPIRE Implementing Rules and Technical Guidelines</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The purpose of these Technical Guidelines (Data specifications on <em>Geographical Grid Systems</em>) is to provide practical guidance for implementation that is guided by, and satisfies, the (legally binding) requirements included for the spatial data theme Geographical Grid Systems in the Regulation (Implementing Rules) on interoperability of spatial data sets and services. These requirements are highlighted in this document as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">📕</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph text-center">
<p><strong>IR Requirement</strong><br>
<em>Article / Annex / Section no.</em><br>
<strong>Title / Heading</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This style is used for requirements contained in the Implementing Rules on interoperability of spatial data sets and services (Commission Regulation (EU) No 1089/2010).</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For each of these IR requirements, these Technical Guidelines contain additional explanations and examples.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NOTE The Abstract Test Suite (ATS) in Annex A contains conformance tests that directly check conformance with these IR requirements.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Furthermore, these Technical Guidelines may propose a specific technical implementation for satisfying an IR requirement. In such cases, these Technical Guidelines may contain additional technical requirements that need to be met in order to be conformant with the corresponding IR requirement <em>when using this proposed implementation</em>. These technical requirements are highlighted as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">📒</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>TG Requirement X</strong><br>
This style is used for requirements for a specific technical solution proposed in these Technical Guidelines for an IR requirement.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>