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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Orthoimagery">
<meta name="keywords" content="INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Orthoimagery">
<meta name="author" content="Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1">
<meta name="copyright" content="Public">
<title>D2.8.II.3 Data Specification on Orthoimagery – Technical Guidelines</title>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p><span class="image"><img src="./media/image3.png" alt="image" width="93" height="93"></span> <strong>INSPIRE</strong> <strong>Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe</strong></p>
</div>
<h1 id="_d2_8_ii_3_data_specification_on_orthoimagery_technical_guidelines" class="discrete">D2.8.II.3 Data Specification on <em>Orthoimagery</em> – Technical Guidelines</h1>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%;">
<col style="width: 83%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">D2.8.II.3 Data Specification on Orthoimagery – Technical Guidelines</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Date of publication</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2024-01-31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Subject</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Orthoimagery</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Maintenance and Implementation Group (MIG)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Text</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Orthoimagery</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Format</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AsciiDoc</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Licence</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by) 4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rights</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Public</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Identifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/oi">D2.8.II.3_v3.1.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Changelog</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1" class="bare">https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">en</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Relation</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_foreword" class="discrete">Foreword</h2>
<h2 id="_how_to_read_the_document" class="discrete">How to read the document?</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the <em>"INSPIRE data specification on Orthoimagery – Technical Guidelines"</em> version 3.0 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) <em>twg-oi</em> using both natural and a conceptual schema language.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification is based on a common template<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on <em>Orthoimagery</em> in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The UML diagrams (in Chapter 5) offer a rapid way to see the main elements of the specifications and their relationships. The definition of the spatial object types, attributes, and relationships are included in the Feature Catalogue (also in Chapter 5). People having thematic expertise but not familiar with UML can fully understand the content of the data model focusing on the Feature Catalogue. Users might also find the Feature Catalogue especially useful to check if it contains the data necessary for the applications that they run. The technical details are expected to be of prime interest to those organisations that are responsible for implementing INSPIRE within the field of <em>Orthoimagery</em>, but also to other stakeholders and users of the spatial data infrastructure.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The technical provisions and the underlying concepts are often illustrated by examples. Smaller examples are within the text of the specification, while longer explanatory examples and descriptions of selected use cases are attached in the annexes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to distinguish the INSPIRE spatial data themes from the spatial object types, the INSPIRE spatial data themes are written in <em>italics.</em></p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The document will be publicly available as a 'non-paper'. It does not represent an official position of the European Commission, and as such cannot be invoked in the context of legal procedures.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Legal Notice</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_interoperability_of_spatial_data_sets_and_services_general_executive_summary" class="discrete">Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services – General Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The challenges regarding the lack of availability, quality, organisation, accessibility, and sharing of spatial information are common to a large number of policies and activities and are experienced across the various levels of public authority in Europe. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to take measures of coordination between the users and providers of spatial information. The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council adopted on 14 March 2007 aims at establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) for environmental policies, or policies and activities that have an impact on the environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information that are created and maintained by the Member States. To support the establishment of a European infrastructure, Implementing Rules addressing the following components of the infrastructure have been specified: metadata, interoperability of spatial data sets (as described in Annexes I, II, III of the Directive) and spatial data services, network services, data and service sharing, and monitoring and reporting procedures.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE does not require collection of new data. However, after the period specified in the Directive<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Member States have to make their data available according to the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability in INSPIRE means the possibility to combine spatial data and services from different sources across the European Community in a consistent way without involving specific efforts of humans or machines. It is important to note that "interoperability" is understood as providing access to spatial data sets through network services, typically via Internet. Interoperability may be achieved by either changing (harmonising) and storing existing data sets or transforming them via services for publication in the INSPIRE infrastructure. It is expected that users will spend less time and efforts on understanding and integrating data when they build their applications based on data delivered in accordance with INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to benefit from the endeavours of international standardisation bodies and organisations established under international law their standards and technical means have been utilised and referenced, whenever possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To facilitate the implementation of INSPIRE, it is important that all stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in specification and development. For this reason, the Commission has put in place a consensus building process involving data users, and providers together with representatives of industry, research and government. These stakeholders, organised through Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDIC) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO)<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>, have provided reference materials, participated in the user requirement and technical<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup> surveys, proposed experts for the Data Specification Drafting Team<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>, the Thematic Working Groups<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_6" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_6" title="View footnote.">6</a>]</sup> and other ad-hoc cross-thematic technical groups and participated in the public stakeholder consultations on draft versions of the data specifications. These consultations covered expert reviews as well as feasibility and fitness-for-purpose testing of the data specifications<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_7" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_7" title="View footnote.">7</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This open and participatory approach was successfully used during the development of the data specifications on Annex I, II and III data themes as well as during the preparation of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_8" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_8" title="View footnote.">8</a>]</sup> for Annex I spatial data themes and of its amendment regarding the themes of Annex II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The development framework elaborated by the Data Specification Drafting Team aims at keeping the data specifications of the different themes coherent. It summarises the methodology to be used for the development of the data specifications, providing a coherent set of requirements and recommendations to achieve interoperability. The pillars of the framework are the following technical documents<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_9" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_9" title="View footnote.">9</a>]</sup>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <em>Definition of Annex Themes and Scope</em> describes in greater detail the spatial data themes defined in the Directive, and thus provides a sound starting point for the thematic aspects of the data specification development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Generic Conceptual Model</em> defines the elements necessary for interoperability and data harmonisation including cross-theme issues. It specifies requirements and recommendations with regard to data specification elements of common use, like the spatial and temporal schema, unique identifier management, object referencing, some common code lists, etc. Those requirements of the Generic Conceptual Model that are directly implementable are included in the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Methodology for the Development of Data Specifications</em> defines a repeatable methodology. It describes how to arrive from user requirements to a data specification through a number of steps including use-case development, initial specification development and analysis of analogies and gaps for further specification refinement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the Encoding of Spatial Data</em> defines how geographic information can be encoded to enable transfer processes between the systems of the data providers in the Member States. Even though it does not specify a mandatory encoding rule it sets GML (ISO 19136) as the default encoding for INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the use of Observations & Measurements and Sensor Web Enablement-related standards in INSPIRE Annex II and III data specification development</em> provides guidelines on how the "Observations and Measurements" standard (ISO 19156) is to be used within INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Common data models</em> are a set of documents that specify data models that are referenced by a number of different data specifications. These documents include generic data models for networks, coverages and activity complexes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The structure of the data specifications is based on the "ISO 19131 Geographic information - Data product specifications" standard. They include the technical documentation of the application schema, the spatial object types with their properties, and other specifics of the spatial data themes using natural language as well as a formal conceptual schema language<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_10" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_10" title="View footnote.">10</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A consolidated model repository, feature concept dictionary, and glossary are being maintained to support the consistent specification development and potential further reuse of specification elements. The consolidated model consists of the harmonised models of the relevant standards from the ISO 19100 series, the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, and the application schemas<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_11" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_11" title="View footnote.">11</a>]</sup> developed for each spatial data theme. The multilingual INSPIRE Feature Concept Dictionary contains the definition and description of the INSPIRE themes together with the definition of the spatial object types present in the specification. The INSPIRE Glossary defines all the terms (beyond the spatial object types) necessary for understanding the INSPIRE documentation including the terminology of other components (metadata, network services, data sharing, and monitoring).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By listing a number of requirements and making the necessary recommendations, the data specifications enable full system interoperability across the Member States, within the scope of the application areas targeted by the Directive. The data specifications (in their version 3.0) are published as technical guidelines and provide the basis for the content of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_12" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_12" title="View footnote.">12</a>]</sup>. The content of the Implementing Rule is extracted from the data specifications, considering short- and medium-term feasibility as well as cost-benefit considerations. The requirements included in the Implementing Rule are legally binding for the Member States according to the timeline specified in the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to providing a basis for the interoperability of spatial data in INSPIRE, the data specification development framework and the thematic data specifications can be reused in other environments at local, regional, national and global level contributing to improvements in the coherence and interoperability of data in spatial data infrastructures.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_orthoimagery_executive_summary" class="discrete">Orthoimagery – Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Photographs and other images taken from airborne or satellite platforms are important means for documenting the surface of the Earth and the state of the environment. However these images have geometrical distortions caused by the optics and the camera/sensor tilt, as well as the differences of the elevations of the Earth’s surface. Orthorectification is the process of removing these distortions resulting in a specific product: orthoimagery.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Recognising the specific role that orthoimagery may have in extracting thematic information, mapping, and monitoring the environment, the related data theme has been included in Annex II of INSPIRE. The <em>Orthoimagery</em> data theme includes imagery from the infrared to ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, derived by scanning film positives and negatives, digital airborne and satellite imagery.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The INSPIRE data specification on orthoimagery has been prepared following the participative principle of a consensus building process. The stakeholders, based on their registration as a Spatial Data Interest Community (SDIC) or a Legally Mandated Organisation (LMO) have the opportunity to bring forward user requirements and reference materials, propose experts for the specification’s development, and to participate in reviewing and testing the data specifications. The Thematic Working Group responsible for the specification development was composed of experts from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Spain, UK, and the European Space Agency. The specification process took place according to the methodology elaborated for INSPIRE respecting the requirements and the recommendation of the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since orthoimagery can be defined as a regular sampling of radiation values continuously varying in space, grid coverage, as defined in ISO 19123 has been selected for spatial representation form. The orthoimage coverage is the key concept of the data model that may refer to a single orthoimage or a mosaic of orthoimages. Moreover, an orthoimage coverage itself can be composed (aggregated) from other orthoimage coverages. The properties describing the geometric basis (i.e. the grid) are inherited from the Generic Conceptual Model and ISO 19123. This allows the inclusion of such technical properties as the range and the allowed values of the coverage, the interpolation method, and how the records are assigned to the grid points. Fulfilling the requirement of the Directive each orthoimage coverage carries a unique identifier enabling its unambiguous identification within INSPIRE. In addition, other information can be attached to each orthoimage coverage, comprising name, footprint, and temporal characteristics.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An orthoimage coverage may consist of orthoimages that are based on images captured at different times. By including the mosaic elements, the <em>Orthoimagery</em> data model provides the possibility to spatially represent the data acquisition time of the images that are part of the coverage.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Aggregated orthoimage coverages have to be aligned; i.e. fit to a common grid. In addition, alignment is also necessary when orthoimage coverages are integrated at European level. In order to do so, a pan-European grid is necessary. The Thematic Working Group recommends the usage of the Grid_ETRS89-GRS80, which is based on geographical coordinates. Storing orthoimagery data in geographical coordinates also helps to bridge the difficulties caused by the diverse projection systems in use within Europe. Whenever projections are needed, they can be obtained by on the fly transformation for the area of interest.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability is further supported by harmonised metadata elements and agreed encoding.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The INSPIRE specification for <em>Orthoimagery</em> provides a compact, purely conceptual presentation of the data theme; therefore it does not deal with file-based tiling, which is considered as a practical implementation for data storage and delivery.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Being decoupled from particular production methods and platforms the INSPIRE orthoimagery data specification provides a presentation that constitute value not only in European, but also in local, regional and global contexts.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_acknowledgements" class="discrete">Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many individuals and organisations have contributed to the development of these Guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Thematic Working Group Orthoimagery (TWG-OI) included:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Markus Seifert (TWG Facilitator), Pierre-Yves Curtinot (TWG Editor), Miklós Forner, David Holland, Risto Ilves, Hervé Kerdiles, Pier Giorgio Marchetti, Pavel Milenov, Vicenç Palà Comellas, J. José Peces Morera, Dario Romano, Antonio Romeo, Jon Arne Trollvik, Joost Van Bemmelen, Tony Vanderstraete, Katalin Tóth (European Commission contact point).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other contributors to the INSPIRE data specifications are the Drafting Team Data Specifications, the JRC Data Specifications Team and the INSPIRE stakeholders - Spatial Data Interested Communities (SDICs) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMOs).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Contact information</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Maria Vanda Nunes de Lima<br>
European Commission Joint Research Centre<br>
Institute for Environment and Sustainability<br>
Unit H06: Digital Earth and Reference Data<br>
TP262, Via Fermi 2749<br>
I-21027 Ispra (VA)<br>
ITALY<br>
E-mail: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br>
Tel.: 39-0332-7865052<br>
Fax: 39-0332-7866325<br>
<a href="http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/" class="bare">http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/</a><br>
<a href="http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/" class="bare">http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/</a><br>
<a href="http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/" class="bare">http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/</a></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h1 id="_table_of_contents" class="discrete">Table of Contents</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title"></div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_scope">1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">2. Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_name">2.1. Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_how_the_technical_guidance_maps_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidance maps to the Implementing Rules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendations">2.6.2. Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conformance">2.6.3. Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_specification_scopes">3. Specification scopes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identification_information">4. Identification information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_content_and_structure">5. Data content and structure</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_overview">5.1. Application schemas – Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_included_in_the_irs">5.1.1. Application schemas included in the IRs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_basic_notions">5.2. Basic notions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_notation">5.2.1. Notation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_voidable_characteristics">5.2.2. Voidable characteristics</a></li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists">5.2.3. Code lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management">5.2.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation">5.2.5. Geometry representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporality_representation">5.2.6. Temporality representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coverages">5.2.7. Coverages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_orthoimagery">5.3. Application schema Orthoimagery</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coverage_representation_for_orthoimagery">5.3.1. Coverage representation for orthoimagery</a></li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue">5.3.2. Feature catalogue</a></li>
<li><a href="#_externally_governed_code_lists">5.3.3. Externally governed code lists</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grids">6. Reference systems, units of measure and grids</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_default_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grid">6.1. Default reference systems, units of measure and grid</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1. Coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system">6.1.2. Temporal reference system</a></li>
<li><a href="#_units_of_measure">6.1.3. Units of measure</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grids">6.1.4. Grids</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_theme_specific_requirements_and_recommendations">6.2. Theme-specific requirements and recommendations</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems_3">6.2.1. Coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grids_2">6.2.2. Grids</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality">7. Data quality</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_data_quality_elements">7.1. Data quality elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_completeness_omission">7.1.1. Completeness – Omission</a></li>
<li><a href="#_positional_accuracy_gridded_data_position_accuracy">7.1.2. Positional accuracy – Gridded data position accuracy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_minimum_data_quality_requirements">7.2. Minimum data quality requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendation_on_data_quality">7.3. Recommendation on data quality</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_dataset_level_metadata">8. Dataset-level metadata</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_defined_in_inspire_metadata_regulation">8.1. Metadata elements defined in INSPIRE Metadata Regulation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_conformity">8.1.1. Conformity</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lineage">8.1.2. Lineage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference">8.1.3. Temporal reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_for_interoperability">8.2. Metadata elements for interoperability</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_system">8.2.1. Coordinate Reference System</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system_2">8.2.2. Temporal Reference System</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encoding">8.2.3. Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_character_encoding">8.2.4. Character Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_spatial_representation_type">8.2.5. Spatial representation type</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_logical_consistency_topological_consistency">8.2.6. Data Quality – Logical Consistency – Topological Consistency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_recommended_theme_specific_metadata_elements">8.3. Recommended theme-specific metadata elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_maintenance_information">8.3.1. Maintenance Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_for_reporting_data_quality">8.3.2. Metadata elements for reporting data quality</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_completeness_omission">8.3.3. Data Quality – Completeness – Omission</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_positional_accuracy_gridded_data_position_accuracy">8.3.4. Data Quality – Positional Accuracy – Gridded data position accuracy</a></li>
<li><a href="#_process_step">8.3.5. Process step</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_source">8.3.6. Data source</a></li>
<li><a href="#_image_description">8.3.7. Image description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_browse_graphic_information">8.3.8. Browse graphic information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_digital_transfer_options_information">8.3.9. Digital transfer options information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_delivery">9. Delivery</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_updates">9.1. Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#_delivery_medium">9.2. Delivery medium</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encodings">9.3. Encodings</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_default_encodings">9.3.1. Default Encodings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_options_for_delivering_coverage_data">9.4. Options for delivering coverage data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_capture">10. Data Capture</a></li>
<li><a href="#_portrayal">11. Portrayal</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_layers_to_be_provided_by_inspire_view_services">11.1. Layers to be provided by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_layers_organisation">11.1.1. Layers organisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_styles_required_to_be_supported_by_inspire_view_services">11.2. Styles required to be supported by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_oi_orthoimagecoverage">11.2.1. Styles for the layer OI.OrthoimageCoverage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_oi_mosaicelement">11.2.2. Styles for the layer OI.MosaicElement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_styles_recommended_to_be_supported_by_inspire_view_services">11.3. Styles recommended to be supported by INSPIRE view services</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_test_suite_normative">Annex A: Abstract Test Suite - (normative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schema_conformance_class">A.1. Application Schema Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_schema_element_denomination_test">A.1.1. Schema element denomination test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_value_type_test">A.1.2. Value type test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_value_test">A.1.3. Value test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_attributesassociations_completeness_test">A.1.4. Attributes/associations completeness test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_spatial_object_test">A.1.5. Abstract spatial object test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_constraints_test">A.1.6. Constraints test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation_test">A.1.7. Geometry representation test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reference_systems_conformance_class">A.2. Reference Systems Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_datum_test">A.2.1. Datum test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_system_test">A.2.2. Coordinate reference system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grid_test">A.2.3. Grid test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_view_service_coordinate_reference_system_test">A.2.4. View service coordinate reference system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system_test">A.2.5. Temporal reference system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_units_of_measurements_test">A.2.6. Units of measurements test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_consistency_conformance_class">A.3. Data Consistency Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_unique_identifier_persistency_test">A.3.1. Unique identifier persistency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_consistency_test">A.3.2. Version consistency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_life_cycle_time_sequence_test">A.3.3. Life cycle time sequence test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_update_frequency_test">A.3.4. Update frequency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mosaic_test">A.3.5. Mosaic test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coverage_aggregation_test">A.3.6. Coverage aggregation test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_ir_conformance_class">A.4. Metadata IR Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_metadata_for_interoperability_test">A.4.1. Metadata for interoperability test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_completeness_test">A.4.2. Metadata completeness test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_information_accessibility_conformance_class">A.5. Information Accessibility Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_crs_publication_test">A.5.1. CRS publication test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_crs_identification_test">A.5.2. CRS identification test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grid_identification_test">A.5.3. Grid identification test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_delivery_conformance_class">A.6. Data Delivery Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_encoding_compliance_test">A.6.1. Encoding compliance test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_portrayal_conformance_class">A.7. Portrayal Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_layer_designation_test">A.7.1. Layer designation test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_technical_guideline_conformance_class">A.8. Technical Guideline Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_multiplicity_test">A.8.1. Multiplicity test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_crs_http_uri_test">A.8.2. CRS http URI test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_encoding_schema_validation_test">A.8.3. Metadata encoding schema validation test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_occurrence_test">A.8.4. Metadata occurrence test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_consistency_test">A.8.5. Metadata consistency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encoding_schema_validation_test">A.8.6. Encoding schema validation test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coverage_multipart_representation_test">A.8.7. Coverage multipart representation test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coverage_domain_consistency_test">A.8.8. Coverage domain consistency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coverage_range_coding_test">A.8.9. Coverage range coding test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tiff_conformity_test">A.8.10. TIFF conformity test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tiff_data_structure_test">A.8.11. TIFF data structure test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tiff_range_compression_test">A.8.12. TIFF range compression test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tiff_grid_coordinate_system_test">A.8.13. TIFF grid coordinate system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_jpeg_2000_conformity_test">A.8.14. JPEG 2000 conformity test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_jpeg_2000_data_structure_test">A.8.15. JPEG 2000 data structure test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_jpeg_2000_range_compression_test">A.8.16. JPEG 2000 range compression test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_style_test">A.8.17. Style test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_use_cases_informative">Annex B: Use cases - (informative)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_code_list_values_normative">Annex C: Code list values - (normative)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_pan_european_geographic_grid_for_gridded_orthoimagery_data_informative">Annex D: Pan-European Geographic Grid for gridded <em>Orthoimagery</em> data - (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_introduction">D.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#_zoned_geographic_grid_for_gridded_orthoimagery_data">D.2. Zoned Geographic Grid for gridded <em>Orthoimagery</em> data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_structure_examples_informative">Annex E: Data structure examples - (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_introduction_2">E.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#_examples">E.2. Examples</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_orthoimages_derived_from_single_input_images_no_tiling">E.2.1. Orthoimages derived from single input images (no tiling)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_orthoimages_derived_from_single_input_images_with_tiling">E.2.2. Orthoimages derived from single input images (with tiling)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mosaic_of_several_input_images_without_mosaic_elements_associated_no_tiling">E.2.3. Mosaic of several input images without mosaic elements associated (no tiling)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mosaic_of_several_input_images_without_mosaic_elements_associated_with_tiling">E.2.4. Mosaic of several input images without mosaic elements associated (with tiling)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mosaic_of_several_input_images_with_mosaic_elements_associated_no_tiling">E.2.5. Mosaic of several input images with mosaic elements associated (no tiling)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mosaic_of_several_input_images_with_with_mosaic_elements_associated_with_tiling">E.2.6. Mosaic of several input images with with mosaic elements associated (with tiling)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_aggregated_orthoimage_no_tiling">E.2.7. Aggregated orthoimage (no tiling)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_conclusion">E.3. Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_encoding_rules_for_tiff_and_jpeg_2000_file_formats_normative">Annex F: Encoding rules for TIFF and JPEG 2000 file formats - (normative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_introduction_3">F.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tiff_format">F.2. TIFF format</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_format_overview">F.2.1. Format overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_inspire_tiff_profile_for_grid_coverage_data">F.2.2. INSPIRE TIFF profile for grid coverage data</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mapping_between_tiff_and_gml_data_structures">F.2.3. Mapping between TIFF and GML data structures</a></li>
<li><a href="#_theme_specific_requirements_and_recommendations_2">F.2.4. Theme-specific requirements and recommendations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_jpeg_2000_format">F.3. JPEG 2000 format</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_format_overview_2">F.3.1. Format overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_jpeg_2000_profile_for_inspire_orthoimagery_data">F.3.2. JPEG 2000 profile for INSPIRE Orthoimagery data</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mapping_between_jpeg_2000_and_gml_data_structures">F.3.3. Mapping between JPEG 2000 and GML data structures</a></li>
<li><a href="#_theme_specific_requirements_and_recommendations_3">F.3.4. Theme-specific requirements and recommendations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_scope">1. Scope</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document specifies a harmonised data specification for the spatial data theme <em>Orthoimagery</em> as defined in Annex II of the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This data specification provides the basis for the drafting of Implementing Rules according to Article 7 (1) of the INSPIRE Directive [Directive 2007/2/EC]. The entire data specification is published as implementation guidelines accompanying these Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_overview">2. Overview</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_name">2.1. Name</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE data specification for the theme <em>Orthoimagery</em>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Geo-referenced image data of the earth’s surface, from either satellite or airborne sensors [Directive 2007/2/EC]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Airborne or spaceborne orthoimagery can be considered:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For the extraction, mapping and updating of specific features on the surface of the Earth (e.g. Transport network, Hydrography, Land cover, Geology)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For the production of thematic information (e.g. Land use, Production and industrial facilities, Agricultural and aquacultural facilities)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>To provide a synoptic view of a given territory.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For display as a backdrop to other data</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">