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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Coordinate Reference Systems">
<meta name="keywords" content="INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Coordinate Reference Systems">
<meta name="author" content="Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1">
<meta name="copyright" content="Public">
<title>D2.8.I.1 Data Specification on Coordinate Reference Systems – Technical Guidelines</title>
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<p><span class="image"><img src="./media/image3.png" alt="image" width="93" height="93"></span> <strong>INSPIRE</strong> <strong>Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe</strong></p>
</div>
<h1 id="_d2_8_i_1_data_specification_on_coordinate_reference_systems_technical_guidelines" class="discrete">D2.8.I.1 Data Specification on <em>Coordinate Reference Systems –</em> Technical Guidelines</h1>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
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<col style="width: 17%;">
<col style="width: 83%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">D2.8.I.1 Data Specification on Coordinate Reference Systems – Technical Guidelines</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Date of publication</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2024-01-31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Subject</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Coordinate Reference Systems</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Maintenance and Implementation Group (MIG)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Text</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Coordinate Reference Systems</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Format</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AsciiDoc</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Licence</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by) 4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rights</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Public</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Identifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/rs">D2.8.I.1_v3.4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Changelog</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1" class="bare">https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">en</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Relation</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_foreword" class="discrete">Foreword</h2>
<h2 id="_how_to_read_the_document" class="discrete">How to read the document?</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the <em>"INSPIRE data specification on Coordinate Reference Systems – Technical Guidelines"</em> version 3.2rc2 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) <em>INSPIRE Thematic Working Group Coordinate Reference Systems & Geographical Grid Systems</em> using both natural and a conceptual schema language.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification is based on a common template<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the draft Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on <em>Coordinate Reference Systems</em> in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The UML diagrams (in Chapter 5) offer a rapid way to see the main elements of the specifications and their relationships. The definition of the spatial object types, attributes, and relationships are included in the Feature Catalogue (also in Chapter 5). People having thematic expertise but not familiar with UML can fully understand the content of the data model focusing on the Feature Catalogue. Users might also find the Feature Catalogue especially useful to check if it contains the data necessary for the applications that they run. The technical details are expected to be of prime interest to those organisations that are responsible for implementing INSPIRE within the field of <em>Coordinate Reference Systems</em>, but also to other stakeholders and users of the spatial data infrastructure.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The technical provisions and the underlying concepts are often illustrated by examples. Smaller examples are within the text of the specification, while longer explanatory examples and descriptions of selected use cases are attached in the annexes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to distinguish the INSPIRE spatial data themes from the spatial object types, the INSPIRE spatial data themes are written in <em>italics.</em></p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The document will be publicly available as a 'non-paper'. It does not represent an official position of the European Commission, and as such cannot be invoked in the context of legal procedures.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Legal Notice</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="_interoperability_of_spatial_data_sets_and_services_general_executive_summary" class="discrete">Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services – General Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The challenges regarding the lack of availability, quality, organisation, accessibility, and sharing of spatial information are common to a large number of policies and activities and are experienced across the various levels of public authority in Europe. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to take measures of coordination between the users and providers of spatial information. The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council adopted on 14 March 2007 aims at establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) for environmental policies, or policies and activities that have an impact on the environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information that are created and maintained by the Member States. To support the establishment of a European infrastructure, Implementing Rules addressing the following components of the infrastructure have been specified: metadata, interoperability of spatial data sets (as described in Annexes I, II, III of the Directive) and spatial data services, network services, data and service sharing, and monitoring and reporting procedures.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE does not require collection of new data. However, after the period specified in the Directive<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Member States have to make their data available according to the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability in INSPIRE means the possibility to combine spatial data and services from different sources across the European Community in a consistent way without involving specific efforts of humans or machines. It is important to note that "interoperability" is understood as providing access to spatial data sets through network services, typically via Internet. Interoperability may be achieved by either changing (harmonising) and storing existing data sets or transforming them via services for publication in the INSPIRE infrastructure. It is expected that users will spend less time and efforts on understanding and integrating data when they build their applications based on data delivered in accordance with INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to benefit from the endeavours of international standardisation bodies and organisations established under international law their standards and technical means have been utilised and referenced, whenever possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To facilitate the implementation of INSPIRE, it is important that all stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in specification and development. For this reason, the Commission has put in place a consensus building process involving data users, and providers together with representatives of industry, research and government. These stakeholders, organised through Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDIC) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO)<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>, have provided reference materials, participated in the user requirement and technical<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup> surveys, proposed experts for the Data Specification Drafting Team<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>, the Thematic Working Groups<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_6" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_6" title="View footnote.">6</a>]</sup> and other ad-hoc cross-thematic technical groups and participated in the public stakeholder consultations on draft versions of the data specifications. These consultations covered expert reviews as well as feasibility and fitness-for-purpose testing of the data specifications<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_7" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_7" title="View footnote.">7</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This open and participatory approach was successfully used during the development of the data specifications on Annex I, II and III data themes as well as during the preparation of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_8" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_8" title="View footnote.">8</a>]</sup> for Annex I spatial data themes and of its amendment regarding the themes of Annex II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The development framework elaborated by the Data Specification Drafting Team aims at keeping the data specifications of the different themes coherent. It summarises the methodology to be used for the development of the data specifications, providing a coherent set of requirements and recommendations to achieve interoperability. The pillars of the framework are the following technical documents<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_9" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_9" title="View footnote.">9</a>]</sup>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <em>Definition of Annex Themes and Scope</em> describes in greater detail the spatial data themes defined in the Directive, and thus provides a sound starting point for the thematic aspects of the data specification development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Generic Conceptual Model</em> defines the elements necessary for interoperability and data harmonisation including cross-theme issues. It specifies requirements and recommendations with regard to data specification elements of common use, like the spatial and temporal schema, unique identifier management, object referencing, some common code lists, etc. Those requirements of the Generic Conceptual Model that are directly implementable are included in the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Methodology for the Development of Data Specifications</em> defines a repeatable methodology. It describes how to arrive from user requirements to a data specification through a number of steps including use-case development, initial specification development and analysis of analogies and gaps for further specification refinement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the Encoding of Spatial Data</em> defines how geographic information can be encoded to enable transfer processes between the systems of the data providers in the Member States. Even though it does not specify a mandatory encoding rule it sets GML (ISO 19136) as the default encoding for INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the use of Observations & Measurements and Sensor Web Enablement-related standards in INSPIRE Annex II and III data specification development</em> provides guidelines on how the "Observations and Measurements" standard (ISO 19156) is to be used within INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Common data models</em> are a set of documents that specify data models that are referenced by a number of different data specifications. These documents include generic data models for networks, coverages and activity complexes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The structure of the data specifications is based on the "ISO 19131 Geographic information - Data product specifications" standard. They include the technical documentation of the application schema, the spatial object types with their properties, and other specifics of the spatial data themes using natural language as well as a formal conceptual schema language<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_10" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_10" title="View footnote.">10</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A consolidated model repository, feature concept dictionary, and glossary are being maintained to support the consistent specification development and potential further reuse of specification elements. The consolidated model consists of the harmonised models of the relevant standards from the ISO 19100 series, the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, and the application schemas<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_11" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_11" title="View footnote.">11</a>]</sup> developed for each spatial data theme. The multilingual INSPIRE Feature Concept Dictionary contains the definition and description of the INSPIRE themes together with the definition of the spatial object types present in the specification. The INSPIRE Glossary defines all the terms (beyond the spatial object types) necessary for understanding the INSPIRE documentation including the terminology of other components (metadata, network services, data sharing, and monitoring).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By listing a number of requirements and making the necessary recommendations, the data specifications enable full system interoperability across the Member States, within the scope of the application areas targeted by the Directive. The data specifications (in their version 3.0) are published as technical guidelines and provide the basis for the content of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_12" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_12" title="View footnote.">12</a>]</sup>. The content of the Implementing Rule is extracted from the data specifications, considering short- and medium-term feasibility as well as cost-benefit considerations. The requirements included in the Implementing Rule are legally binding for the Member States according to the timeline specified in the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to providing a basis for the interoperability of spatial data in INSPIRE, the data specification development framework and the thematic data specifications can be reused in other environments at local, regional, national and global level contributing to improvements in the coherence and interoperability of data in spatial data infrastructures.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="_coordinate_reference_systems_executive_summary" class="discrete">Coordinate Reference Systems – Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>Coordinate reference systems</em> are included in Annex I, which means that they are considered as reference data, i.e. data that constitute the spatial frame for linking and/or pointing to other information that belong to specific thematic fields as defined in the INSPIRE Annexes II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The INSPIRE specification on <em>Coordinate reference systems</em> has been prepared following the participative principle of a consensus building process. The stakeholders, based on their registration as a Spatial Data Interest Community (SDIC) or a Legally Mandated Organisation (LMO) had the opportunity to bring forward user requirements and reference materials, propose experts for the specification development, and participate in the review of the data specifications. The Thematic Working Group responsible for the specification development was composed of geodetic and mapping experts coming from Portugal, Slovenia, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK and the Netherlands, all of them for many years involved in activities aiming to establish uniform geo-referencing within Europe. Due to the close links between and the special technical nature of the two themes of C<em>oordinate reference systems</em> and <em>Geographical grid systems</em>, the specifications of both themes were developed by one thematic working group.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>Coordinate reference systems</em> (hereafter: CRS) play a specific role that is quite different from the other themes in the Directive’s annexes. Contrary to the other themes the <em>CRS</em> specification does <span class="underline">not</span> concern a downloadable or viewable thematic data set. Rather, it presents a basic functionality allowing the harmonised and interoperable geographic localisation of spatial objects defined by the other INSPIRE thematic data specifications. Therefore, the methodology developed by the Drafting Team Data Specifications is only partly applicable to the work of this Thematic Working Group.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The specific task of the definition of the CRS therefore consists in taking the right decisions on the choice of one (or a limited number of) coordinate reference systems and map projections that will ensure a common basis for the geographical harmonisation between all the other themes defined in the Annexes of the Directive. There are however themes for which in addition to linear systems (that are usually used for the horizontal component) parametric, or on non-length-based systems<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_13" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_13" title="View footnote.">13</a>]</sup> are used for the vertical component.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides the result of the specification of the CRS. It contains elements that form part of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services. These elements are clearly indicated in the document as "IR Requirements". The other parts of the documents give clarification, background information and examples and are intended as part of the technical guidance documents accompanying the Implementing Rule.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The cornerstone of the specification development was the definition of the Directive on <em>Coordinate reference systems</em> as being <em>"</em>Systems for uniquely referencing spatial information in space as a set of coordinates (X, Y, Z) and/or latitude and longitude and height, based on a geodetic horizontal and vertical datum".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For the three-dimensional and two-dimensional coordinate reference systems and the horizontal component of compound coordinate reference systems used for making available the INSPIRE spatial data sets available, the datum shall be the datum of the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) in areas within its geographical scope, or the datum of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) or other geodetic coordinate reference systems compliant with ITRS in areas that are outside the geographical scope of ETRS89. Compliant with the ITRS means that the system definition is based on the definition of the ITRS and there is a well documented relationship between both systems, according to EN ISO 19111:2007.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For the vertical component on land, the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS) shall be used to express gravity-related heights within its geographical scope. Other vertical reference systems related to the Earth gravity field shall be used to express gravity-related heights in areas that are outside the geographical scope of EVRS.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Taking into account the outcomes regarding parametric reference systems for the vertical component in the free atmosphere, barometric pressure, converted to height using ISO 2533:1975 International Standard Atmosphere, or other linear or parametric reference systems shall be used. Where other parametric reference systems are used, these shall be described in an accessible reference using EN ISO 19111-2:2012.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The coordinate reference systems for the expression of the vertical component in marine areas has been refined by the Elevation thematic working group of the INSPIRE annex II theme. For depth values of the sea floor in marine areas with an appreciable tidal range, depths shall be referenced to the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT), as has already been mandated by Technical Resolution A2.5 of the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO). In marine areas without an appreciable tidal range, in open oceans and effectively in waters deeper than 200 metres (where tide is not measured, since it has no significant impact on the accuracy of the sounding), the Mean Sea Level (MSL) or a well-defined reference level close to the MSL shall be used as the reference surface.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The referencing by parameters and temporal reference systems is out of the scope of the theme CRS. However, when data is exchanged using such reference systems, these shall be described in an accessible reference using EN ISO 19111-2:2012 or linked by reference.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The requirements and recommendations related to Map projections are based on the results from the "Map Projections for Europe" workshop [EUR 20120 EN]. These are:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (ETRS89-LAEA) for pan-European spatial analysis and reporting, where true area representation is required;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Lambert Conformal Conic (ETRS89-LCC) for conformal pan-European mapping at scales smaller than or equal to 1:500,000;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Transverse Mercator (ETRS89-TMzn) for conformal pan-European mapping at scales larger than 1:500,000.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These projections shall be available in INSPIRE transformation services.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For regions outside of continental Europe, for example for overseas MS territories, the MS shall define a map projection they consider most suitable for the purpose. Moreover, different INSPIRE themes or applications may use appropriate map projections, for example if the data characteristics require large scale mapping. In these cases the map projections shall be well documented to allow the conversion to geographic coordinates and an identifier shall be created, according to ISO 19111:2007.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For the rendering of spatial information for INSPIRE View Services, and in case there is a need for plane coordinates, the "Plate-Carrée" projection is recommended for the non-polar regions. For the polar regions a Polar stereographic projection is recommended. However, for the display of spatial data sets in such services at least the coordinate reference systems for two-dimensional geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude) shall be available. This way, if data is stored in geographic coordinates there is no need for re-projecting.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document contains also the identifiers for the different types of coordinate reference systems that shall be used.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="_acknowledgements" class="discrete">Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many individuals and organisations have contributed to the development of these Guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Thematic Working Group Coordinate Reference Systems (TWG-RS) included:<br>
João Torres (TWG Facilitator), Vida Bitenc (TWG Editor), Alessandro Caporali, Paul Crudace, Lars Engberg, Bruno Garayt, Heinz Habrich (regular members), Gil Ross Leendert Dorst, Jordi Escriu (external experts). Freddy Fierens (European Commission contact point).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other contributors to the INSPIRE data specifications are the Drafting Team Data Specifications, the JRC Data Specifications Team and the INSPIRE stakeholders - Spatial Data Interested Communities (SDICs) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMOs).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Contact information</strong><br>
Maria Vanda Nunes de Lima & Michael Lutz<br>
European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)<br>
Institute for Environment and Sustainability<br>
Unit H06: Digital Earth and Reference Data<br>
<em><a href="http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2" class="bare">http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2</a></em></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_table_of_contents" class="discrete">Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title"></div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_scope">1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">2. Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_name">2.1. Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_how_the_technical_guidelines_map_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidelines map to the Implementing Rules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendations">2.6.2. Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conformance">2.6.3. Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_specification_scopes">3. Specification scopes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identification_information">4. Identification information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems">5. Coordinate Reference Systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_overview_2">5.1. Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_general_description">5.2. General description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_datums_for_three_dimensional_and_two_dimensional_coordinate_reference_systems">5.3. Datums for three-dimensional and two-dimensional coordinate reference systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_geodetic_reference_systems">5.3.1. Geodetic reference systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems_2">5.4. Coordinate reference systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_three_dimensional_coordinate_reference_systems">5.4.1. Three-dimensional coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_two_dimensional_coordinate_reference_systems">5.4.2. Two-dimensional coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_compound_coordinate_reference_systems">5.4.3. Compound coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_other_coordinate_reference_systems">5.4.4. Other coordinate reference systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_identifiers">5.5. Identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_test_suite_normative">Annex A: Abstract Test Suite - (normative)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_scope">1. Scope</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document specifies a harmonised data specification for the spatial data theme <em>Coordinate Reference Systems</em> as defined in Annex I of the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This data specification provides the basis for the drafting of Implementing Rules according to Article 7 (1) of the INSPIRE Directive [Directive 2007/2/EC]. The entire data specification is published as implementation guidelines accompanying these Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_overview">2. Overview</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_name">2.1. Name</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE data specification for the theme Coordinate Reference Systems.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Systems for uniquely referencing spatial information in space as a set of coordinates (X, Y, Z) and/or latitude, longitude and height, based on a geodetic horizontal and vertical datum.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The scope of the theme <em>Coordinate reference systems</em> covers the Geodetic Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS) required for uniquely referencing spatial information in space as a set of coordinates (X, Y, Z) and/or latitude (φ), longitude (λ) and either ellipsoidal (h) or gravity-related height (H).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This specification establishes:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist loweralpha">
<ol class="loweralpha" type="a">
<li>
<p>The geodetic datums and coordinate reference systems to be used when making spatial data sets available for INSPIRE, unless otherwise required for data of a specific theme.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Particularly, the following ones are adopted:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89), as geodetic datum within its scope.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The European Vertical Reference System (EVRS), to express gravity-related heights on land within its scope.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Barometric pressure, converted to height using ISO 2533:1975 International Standard Atmosphere, to express heights in the free atmosphere.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT), as reference surface to express depth values representing the sea floor in marine areas with an appreciable tidal range.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Mean Sea Level (MSL), or a well-defined reference level close to the MSL, as reference surface to express depth values representing the sea floor in marine areas without an appreciable tidal range, in open oceans and effectively in waters deeper than 200 metres.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="olist loweralpha">
<ol class="loweralpha" type="a" start="2">
<li>
<p>Plane coordinates reference systems (map projections) adopted and recommended for different purposes, covering the requirements of the INSPIRE transformation services and view services as well.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Particularly, at least the coordinate reference systems for two-dimensional geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude) shall be available for the display of spatial data sets with the view network service (Regulation No 976/2009<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_14" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_14" title="View footnote.">14</a>]</sup>).</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="olist loweralpha">
<ol class="loweralpha" type="a" start="3">
<li>
<p>The identifiers for the different types of coordinates that shall be used.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The document also provides rules and guidance on geodetic coordinate reference systems, vertical reference systems and map projections for their use outside of continental Europe (e.g. overseas territories).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In general the referencing by parameters and temporal reference systems are out of scope of the theme CRS.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[Directive 2007/2/EC] Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[IHO TRA2.5] Datums and Benchmarks in IHO M3 Resolutions of the International Hydrographic Organization, version updated to September 2008</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[IHO S32] Hydrographic Dictionary, 5th edition, 1994</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[IHO S44] Standards for Hydrographic Surveys, 5th edition, February 2008</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 2533] ISO 2533:1975, International Standard Atmosphere</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 6709] ISO 6709:2008 (Standard representation of geographical point position by coordinates)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19111] EN ISO 19111:2007 Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111:2007)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19111-2] EN ISO 19111-2:2012 Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates – Part 2: Extension for parametric values</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19115] EN ISO 19115:2005, Geographic information – Metadata (ISO 19115:2003)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO/TS 19127] ISO/TS 19127:2005, Geographic information — Geodetic codes and parameters</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[ISO 19135] EN ISO 19135:2007 Geographic information – Procedures for item registration (ISO 19135:2005)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[Regulation 1205/2008/EC] Regulation 1205/2008/EC implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards metadata</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>General terms and definitions helpful for understanding the INSPIRE data specification documents are defined in the INSPIRE Glossary<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_15" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_15" title="View footnote.">15</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Specifically, for the theme Coordinate Reference Systems, the following terms are defined:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(1) compound coordinate reference system</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Coordinate reference system using two independent coordinate reference systems, one for the horizontal component and one for the vertical component, to describe a position [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(2) coordinate reference system</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Coordinate system which is related to the real world by a datum [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NOTE This definition includes coordinate systems based on geodetic or cartesian coordinates and coordinate systems based on map projections.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(3) coordinate system</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(4) datum</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameter or set of parameters that define the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(5) geodetic coordinate system</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and (in the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(6) geodetic datum</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to the Earth [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(7) lowest astronomical tide</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>(LAT) Lowest tide level which can be predicted to occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions [IHO TRA2.5]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(8) map projection</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one relationship, from a geodetic coordinate system to a plane, based on the same datum [EN ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates]</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(9) mean sea level</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>(MSL) Average height of the surface of the sea at a tide station for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period, usually determined from hourly height readings measured from a fixed predetermined reference level (chart datum) [IHO TRA2.5]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</h3>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 14%;">
<col style="width: 86%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CRS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Coordinate Reference System</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">EC</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">European Commission</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">European Terrestrial Reference System 1989</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89-EVRS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Compound Coordinate Reference System ETRS89-EVRS</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89-LAEA</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Projection Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89-LCC</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Projection Lambert Conformal Conic</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ETRS89-TMzn</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Projection Transverse Mercator</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">EUREF</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Reference Frame Sub-commission for Europe of the IAG</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">EVRS</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">European Vertical Reference System</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GCM</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Generic Conceptual Model</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GRS80</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Geodetic Reference System 1980</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">IAG</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">International Association of Geodesy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ICAO</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">International Civil Aviation Organisation</p></td>
</tr>