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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Species Distribution">
<meta name="keywords" content="INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Species Distribution">
<meta name="author" content="Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1">
<meta name="copyright" content="Public">
<title>D2.8.III.19 Data Specification on Species Distribution – Technical Guidelines</title>
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<p><span class="image"><img src="./media/image3.png" alt="image" width="93" height="93"></span> <strong>INSPIRE</strong> <strong>Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe</strong></p>
</div>
<h1 id="_d2_8_iii_19_data_specification_on_species_distribution_technical_guidelines" class="discrete">D2.8.III.19 Data Specification on <em>Species Distribution</em> – Technical Guidelines</h1>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
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<col style="width: 17%;">
<col style="width: 83%;">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">D2.8.III.19 Data Specification on Species Distribution – Technical Guidelines</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Temporary MIWP 2021-2024 sub-group 2.3.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Date of publication</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2024-01-31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Subject</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Species Distribution</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INSPIRE Maintenance and Implementation Group (MIG)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Text</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This document describes the INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Species Distribution</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Format</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AsciiDoc</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Licence</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution (cc-by) 4.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rights</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Public</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Identifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/sd">D2.8.III.19_v3.2.0</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Changelog</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1" class="bare">https://github.com/INSPIRE-MIF/technical-guidelines/releases/tag/v2024.1</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">en</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Relation</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_foreword" class="discrete">Foreword</h2>
<h2 id="_how_to_read_the_document" class="discrete">How to read the document?</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the <em>"INSPIRE data specification on Species Distribution – Technical Guidelines"</em> version 3.0 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) <em>Thematic Working Group Species Distribution</em> using both natural and a conceptual schema language.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The data specification is based on a common template<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on <em>Species Distribution</em> in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The UML diagrams (in Chapter 5) offer a rapid way to see the main elements of the specifications and their relationships. The definition of the spatial object types, attributes, and relationships are included in the Feature Catalogue (also in Chapter 5). People having thematic expertise but not familiar with UML can fully understand the content of the data model focusing on the Feature Catalogue. Users might also find the Feature Catalogue especially useful to check if it contains the data necessary for the applications that they run. The technical details are expected to be of prime interest to those organisations that are responsible for implementing INSPIRE within the field of <em>Species Distribution</em>, but also to other stakeholders and users of the spatial data infrastructure.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The technical provisions and the underlying concepts are often illustrated by examples. Smaller examples are within the text of the specification, while longer explanatory examples and descriptions of selected use cases are attached in the annexes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to distinguish the INSPIRE spatial data themes from the spatial object types, the INSPIRE spatial data themes are written in <em>italics.</em></p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The document will be publicly available as a 'non-paper'. It does not represent an official position of the European Commission, and as such cannot be invoked in the context of legal procedures.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Legal Notice</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="_interoperability_of_spatial_data_sets_and_services_general_executive_summary" class="discrete">Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services – General Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The challenges regarding the lack of availability, quality, organisation, accessibility, and sharing of spatial information are common to a large number of policies and activities and are experienced across the various levels of public authority in Europe. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to take measures of coordination between the users and providers of spatial information. The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council adopted on 14 March 2007 aims at establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) for environmental policies, or policies and activities that have an impact on the environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information that are created and maintained by the Member States. To support the establishment of a European infrastructure, Implementing Rules addressing the following components of the infrastructure have been specified: metadata, interoperability of spatial data sets (as described in Annexes I, II, III of the Directive) and spatial data services, network services, data and service sharing, and monitoring and reporting procedures.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>INSPIRE does not require collection of new data. However, after the period specified in the Directive<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Member States have to make their data available according to the Implementing Rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interoperability in INSPIRE means the possibility to combine spatial data and services from different sources across the European Community in a consistent way without involving specific efforts of humans or machines. It is important to note that "interoperability" is understood as providing access to spatial data sets through network services, typically via Internet. Interoperability may be achieved by either changing (harmonising) and storing existing data sets or transforming them via services for publication in the INSPIRE infrastructure. It is expected that users will spend less time and efforts on understanding and integrating data when they build their applications based on data delivered in accordance with INSPIRE.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to benefit from the endeavours of international standardisation bodies and organisations established under international law their standards and technical means have been utilised and referenced, whenever possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To facilitate the implementation of INSPIRE, it is important that all stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in specification and development. For this reason, the Commission has put in place a consensus building process involving data users, and providers together with representatives of industry, research and government. These stakeholders, organised through Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDIC) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO)<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>, have provided reference materials, participated in the user requirement and technical<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup> surveys, proposed experts for the Data Specification Drafting Team<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>, the Thematic Working Groups<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_6" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_6" title="View footnote.">6</a>]</sup> and other ad-hoc cross-thematic technical groups and participated in the public stakeholder consultations on draft versions of the data specifications. These consultations covered expert reviews as well as feasibility and fitness-for-purpose testing of the data specifications<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_7" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_7" title="View footnote.">7</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This open and participatory approach was successfully used during the development of the data specifications on Annex I, II and III data themes as well as during the preparation of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_8" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_8" title="View footnote.">8</a>]</sup> for Annex I spatial data themes and of its amendment regarding the themes of Annex II and III.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The development framework elaborated by the Data Specification Drafting Team aims at keeping the data specifications of the different themes coherent. It summarises the methodology to be used for the development of the data specifications, providing a coherent set of requirements and recommendations to achieve interoperability. The pillars of the framework are the following technical documents<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_9" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_9" title="View footnote.">9</a>]</sup>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <em>Definition of Annex Themes and Scope</em> describes in greater detail the spatial data themes defined in the Directive, and thus provides a sound starting point for the thematic aspects of the data specification development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Generic Conceptual Model</em> defines the elements necessary for interoperability and data harmonisation including cross-theme issues. It specifies requirements and recommendations with regard to data specification elements of common use, like the spatial and temporal schema, unique identifier management, object referencing, some common code lists, etc. Those requirements of the Generic Conceptual Model that are directly implementable are included in the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Methodology for the Development of Data Specifications</em> defines a repeatable methodology. It describes how to arrive from user requirements to a data specification through a number of steps including use-case development, initial specification development and analysis of analogies and gaps for further specification refinement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the Encoding of Spatial Data</em> defines how geographic information can be encoded to enable transfer processes between the systems of the data providers in the Member States. Even though it does not specify a mandatory encoding rule it sets GML (ISO 19136) as the default encoding for INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Guidelines for the use of Observations & Measurements and Sensor Web Enablement-related standards in INSPIRE Annex II and III data specification development</em> provides guidelines on how the "Observations and Measurements" standard (ISO 19156) is to be used within INSPIRE.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Common data models</em> are a set of documents that specify data models that are referenced by a number of different data specifications. These documents include generic data models for networks, coverages and activity complexes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The structure of the data specifications is based on the "ISO 19131 Geographic information - Data product specifications" standard. They include the technical documentation of the application schema, the spatial object types with their properties, and other specifics of the spatial data themes using natural language as well as a formal conceptual schema language<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_10" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_10" title="View footnote.">10</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A consolidated model repository, feature concept dictionary, and glossary are being maintained to support the consistent specification development and potential further reuse of specification elements. The consolidated model consists of the harmonised models of the relevant standards from the ISO 19100 series, the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, and the application schemas<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_11" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_11" title="View footnote.">11</a>]</sup> developed for each spatial data theme. The multilingual INSPIRE Feature Concept Dictionary contains the definition and description of the INSPIRE themes together with the definition of the spatial object types present in the specification. The INSPIRE Glossary defines all the terms (beyond the spatial object types) necessary for understanding the INSPIRE documentation including the terminology of other components (metadata, network services, data sharing, and monitoring).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By listing a number of requirements and making the necessary recommendations, the data specifications enable full system interoperability across the Member States, within the scope of the application areas targeted by the Directive. The data specifications (in their version 3.0) are published as technical guidelines and provide the basis for the content of the Implementing Rule on Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_12" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_12" title="View footnote.">12</a>]</sup>. The content of the Implementing Rule is extracted from the data specifications, considering short- and medium-term feasibility as well as cost-benefit considerations. The requirements included in the Implementing Rule are legally binding for the Member States according to the timeline specified in the INSPIRE Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition to providing a basis for the interoperability of spatial data in INSPIRE, the data specification development framework and the thematic data specifications can be reused in other environments at local, regional, national and global level contributing to improvements in the coherence and interoperability of data in spatial data infrastructures.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="_species_distribution_executive_summary" class="discrete"><em>Species Distribution</em> – Executive Summary</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 (the INSPIRE Directive) has set generic rules for establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Union. It has been anticipated that, in order to build such an infrastructure, spatial data sets and services will require a certain level of standardisation in order to achieve interoperability. The thematic areas affected by the Directive are listed in the Annexes of the Directive, and one of these themes is <em>Species Distribution</em> (Annex III).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are strong interdependencies between many of the themes. <em>Species Distribution</em>, together with <em>Protected Sites (Annex I)</em>, <em>Environmental Monitoring Facilities</em>, <em>Bio-geographical Regions (Annex III)</em> and <em>Habitats and Biotopes (Annex III)</em> comprise a sub-group of biodiversity themes, focussed on biological organisms and biological communities. As an Annex I theme, <em>Protected Sites</em> has already been specified and is now part of the INSPIRE regulations. This is important for <em>Species Distribution,</em> because <em>Protected Sites</em> has supplied candidate feature types for <em>Species Distribution,</em> which requires consideration<em>.</em> Since a habitat can be defined as the spatial environment of a specific species, it is apparent that there is a strong correlation between <em>Species Distribution</em> and <em>Habitats and Biotopes</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The INSPIRE data specification on <em>Species Distribution</em> has been prepared following the participative principle of a consensus building process. The stakeholders, based on their registration as a Spatial Data Interest Community (SDIC) or a Legally Mandated Organisation (LMO) had the opportunity to bring forward user requirements and reference materials, propose experts for the specification development, and to participate in the review of the data specifications. The Thematic Working Group responsible for the specification development was composed of experts coming from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, United Kingdom and the European Topic Centre for Biodiversity. The specification process took place according to the methodology elaborated for INSPIRE respecting the requirements and the recommendation of the INSPIRE Generic Conceptual Model, which is one of the elements that ensures a coherent approach and cross theme consistency with other themes in the Directive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The INSPIRE Directive defines <em>Species Distribution</em> as geographical distribution of occurrence of animal and plant species aggregated by grid, region, administrative unit or other analytical unit [Directive 2007/2/EC]. At this point we have to define that when the data specification talks about "species" throughout the document it should be considered as a synonym of the correct scientific term of "taxon".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The first point to note is that the definition refers to a "distribution of occurrence" of a given species. The definition is not intended to cover the 'raw' field observation data. Therefore the Thematic Working Group understood occurrence as the spatial representation of a species at a specific location and a specific time period, rather than being equivalent to an observation. Due to some of the use cases of local authorities or scientist, however, an extended model is provided with the possibility to link to the original observations used as sources for the aggregations.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A second point to note is in regard to the term "species". The concept of a "species" is fundamentally a human expert judgement placed on nature, and human judgements in this area, as in many others, are subject to debate, dispute and changes. This means that there is not yet a consistent taxonomy across Europe, although progress is being made in this regard.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A third point is in regard to the term "aggregated", which most commonly means "to form into a class or cluster". It is closely related to (but not synonymous with) the term "amalgamated", which means "to combine to form one structure". Both terms are used throughout this document, as being suitable for describing the process of converting raw observations into a distribution of occurrence.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A final point resulting from the definition is that the distributions may be represented in a wide range of formats, such as points, grid cells at different scales or polygons of specifically defined areas (analytical units).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The major results of the work of the <em>Species Distribution</em> TWG can be summarised as falling into three sections: the Data Set description, the Distribution Information description and the Source Information description (in the extended part).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As most of the thematic community currently seems to encode their <em>Species Distribution</em> data as feature collections, i.e. sets of individual features such as polygons represented in a data set, the model is based on distribution units and collections of those constituting a distribution.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Each unit specifies a referenceSpeciesScheme which refers to a choice of three widely known reference lists and a referenceSpeciesID refers to an ID from that reference list for the given species of interest. EU-Nomen is the preferred reference list to be used. If a taxon is listed in EU-Nomen, this reference must be used as first choice. If it is not listed in EU-Nomen, the second choice is EUNIS, if not in EUNIS, Natura2000 can be used,</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An extended schema, allows for associating metadata to each unit via the featureType <em>SourceInformation.</em> There exist a multitude of approaches and methodologies both for collecting data on species observations and actually deriving the species distribution from these. In order to ascertain whether a distribution for a given species from a given country is directly comparable with a distribution for the same species for a different country, it is necessary to know the details of the methodologies used. It is important, therefore, that this information is adequately described in the associated metadata. <em>SourceInformation</em> is feature-level metadata allowing the description of methodology information about each specific instance of distribution information. These metadata can be shared among several species distributions, but when downloaded by a user they appear as part of the dataset GML rather than with the dataset-level metadata in the associated XML. The extended schema also gives possibility to link to observation data specified within the <em>Environmental monitoring facilities</em> specification (Annex III: EF) and in addition includes a darwinCoreTriple attribute which allows connection to original observational data that can be accessed from GBIF data providers.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h2 id="_acknowledgements" class="discrete">Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many individuals and organisations have contributed to the development of these Guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Thematic Working Group Bio-geographical Regions Habitats and Biotopes Species Distribution (BR-HB-SD) included:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Dirk Hinterlang (TWG Facilitator), Anders Friis-Christensen (TWG Editor), Peteris Bruns, Margaret Carlisle, Simon Claus, Robert Jongman, Tomas Kliment, Brian Mac Sharry (BR contact point), Iurie Maxim, Rudolf May, Johannes Peterseil, Sabine Roscher, Anne Schmidt (HB contact point), Axel Ssymank, Diederik Tirry, Nils Valland (SD contact point), Mareike Vischer-Leopold, Steve Wilkinson, Martin Tuchyna (European Commission contact point).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Andrej Abramić also contributed to the final version of the document.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other contributors to the INSPIRE data specifications are the Drafting Team Data Specifications, the JRC Data Specifications Team and the INSPIRE stakeholders - Spatial Data Interested Communities (SDICs) and Legally Mandated Organisations (LMOs).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Contact information</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Maria Vanda Nunes de Lima & Michael Lutz<br>
European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)<br>
Institute for Environment and Sustainability<br>
Unit H06: Digital Earth and Reference Data<br>
<em><a href="http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2" class="bare">http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2</a></em></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
<h1 id="_table_of_contents" class="discrete">Table of Contents</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title"></div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_scope">1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">2. Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_name">2.1. Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#_informal_description">2.2. Informal description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_normative_references">2.3. Normative References</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_and_definitions">2.4. Terms and definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_symbols_and_abbreviations">2.5. Symbols and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_how_the_technical_guidelines_map_to_the_implementing_rules">2.6. How the Technical Guidelines map to the Implementing Rules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_requirements">2.6.1. Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendations">2.6.2. Recommendations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conformance">2.6.3. Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_specification_scopes">3. Specification scopes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identification_information">4. Identification information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_content_and_structure">5. Data content and structure</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_overview">5.1. Application schemas – Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_application_schemas_included_in_the_irs">5.1.1. Application schemas included in the IRs</a></li>
<li><a href="#_additional_recommended_application_schemas">5.1.2. Additional recommended application schemas</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_basic_notions">5.2. Basic notions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_notation">5.2.1. Notation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_unified_modeling_language_uml">5.2.1.1. Unified Modeling Language (UML)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stereotypes">5.2.1.2. Stereotypes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_voidable_characteristics">5.2.2. Voidable characteristics</a></li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists">5.2.3. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_code_list_types">5.2.3.1. Code list types</a></li>
<li><a href="#_obligations_on_data_providers">5.2.3.2. Obligations on data providers</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommended_code_list_values">5.2.3.3. Recommended code list values</a></li>
<li><a href="#_governance">5.2.3.4. Governance</a></li>
<li><a href="#_vocabulary">5.2.3.5. Vocabulary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management">5.2.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation">5.2.5. Geometry representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporality_representation">5.2.6. Temporality representation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_speciesdistribution">5.3. Application schema SpeciesDistribution</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description">5.3.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description">5.3.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview">5.3.1.2. UML Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_consistency_between_spatial_data_sets">5.3.1.3. Consistency between spatial data sets</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management_2">5.3.1.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_modelling_of_object_references">5.3.1.5. Modelling of object references</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue">5.3.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_spatial_object_types">5.3.2.1. Spatial object types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_speciesdistributiondataset">5.3.2.1.1. <em>SpeciesDistributionDataSet</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_speciesdistributionunit">5.3.2.1.2. <em>SpeciesDistributionUnit</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_types">5.3.2.2. Data types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_distributioninfotype">5.3.2.2.1. <em>DistributionInfoType</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_populationsizetype">5.3.2.2.2. <em>PopulationSizeType</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_rangetype">5.3.2.2.3. <em>RangeType</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_speciesnametype">5.3.2.2.4. <em>SpeciesNameType</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists_2">5.3.2.3. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_article17countingunitvalue">5.3.2.3.1. <em>Article17CountingUnitValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_countingmethodvalue">5.3.2.3.2. <em>CountingMethodValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_countingunitvalue">5.3.2.3.3. <em>CountingUnitValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_eunisspeciescodevalue">5.3.2.3.4. <em>EunisSpeciesCodeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_eunomencodevalue">5.3.2.3.5. <em>EuNomenCodeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_generalcountingunitvalue">5.3.2.3.6. <em>GeneralCountingUnitValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_localspeciesnamecodevalue">5.3.2.3.7. <em>LocalSpeciesNameCodeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_naturedirectivescodevalue">5.3.2.3.8. <em>NatureDirectivesCodeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_occurrencecategoryvalue">5.3.2.3.9. <em>OccurrenceCategoryValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_populationtypevalue">5.3.2.3.10. <em>PopulationTypeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_qualifiervalue">5.3.2.3.11. <em>QualifierValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_referencespeciescodevalue">5.3.2.3.12. <em>ReferenceSpeciesCodeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_referencespeciesschemevalue">5.3.2.3.13. <em>ReferenceSpeciesSchemeValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_residencystatusvalue">5.3.2.3.14. <em>ResidencyStatusValue</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative">5.3.2.4. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_abstractfeature">5.3.2.4.1. <em>AbstractFeature</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_boolean">5.3.2.4.2. <em>Boolean</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_characterstring">5.3.2.4.3. <em>CharacterString</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_date">5.3.2.4.4. <em>Date</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_datetime">5.3.2.4.5. <em>DateTime</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_documentcitation">5.3.2.4.6. <em>DocumentCitation</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_gm_multisurface">5.3.2.4.7. <em>GM_MultiSurface</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_gm_object">5.3.2.4.8. <em>GM_Object</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier">5.3.2.4.9. <em>Identifier</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_integer">5.3.2.4.10. Integer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_externally_governed_code_lists">5.3.3. Externally governed code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_governance_and_authoritative_source">5.3.3.1. Governance and authoritative source</a></li>
<li><a href="#_availability">5.3.3.2. Availability</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rules_for_code_list_values">5.3.3.3. Rules for code list values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_schema_speciesdistributionextension">5.4. Application schema SpeciesDistributionExtension</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_description_2">5.4.1. Description</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_narrative_description_2">5.4.1.1. Narrative description</a></li>
<li><a href="#_uml_overview_2">5.4.1.2. UML Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#_consistency_between_spatial_data_sets_2">5.4.1.3. Consistency between spatial data sets</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_management_3">5.4.1.4. Identifier management</a></li>
<li><a href="#_modelling_of_object_references_2">5.4.1.5. Modelling of object references</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_feature_catalogue_2">5.4.2. Feature catalogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_spatial_object_types_2">5.4.2.1. Spatial object types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_sourceinformation">5.4.2.1.1. <em>SourceInformation</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_speciesdistributionunit_2">5.4.2.1.2. <em>SpeciesDistributionUnit</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_types_2">5.4.2.2. Data types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_sourcemethodtype">5.4.2.2.1. <em>SourceMethodType</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_sourcetype">5.4.2.2.2. <em>SourceType</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_code_lists_3">5.4.2.3. Code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_article17sourcemethodvalue">5.4.2.3.1. <em>Article17SourceMethodValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_generalsourcemethodvalue">5.4.2.3.2. <em>GeneralSourceMethodValue</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_sourcemethodvalue">5.4.2.3.3. <em>SourceMethodValue</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_imported_types_informative_2">5.4.2.4. Imported types (informative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#_addressrepresentation">5.4.2.4.1. <em>AddressRepresentation</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_characterstring_2">5.4.2.4.2. <em>CharacterString</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifier_2">5.4.2.4.3. <em>Identifier</em></a></li>
<li><a href="#_uri">5.4.2.4.4. <em>URI</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_externally_governed_code_lists_2">5.4.3. Externally governed code lists</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_governance_and_authoritative_source_2">5.4.3.1. Governance and authoritative source</a></li>
<li><a href="#_availability_2">5.4.3.2. Availability</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rules_for_code_list_values_2">5.4.3.3. Rules for code list values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grids">6. Reference systems, units of measure and grids</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_default_reference_systems_units_of_measure_and_grid">6.1. Default reference systems, units of measure and grid</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1. Coordinate reference systems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_datum">6.1.1.1. Datum</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_systems_2">6.1.1.2. Coordinate reference systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#_display">6.1.1.3. Display</a></li>
<li><a href="#_identifiers_for_coordinate_reference_systems">6.1.1.4. Identifiers for coordinate reference systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system">6.1.2. Temporal reference system</a></li>
<li><a href="#_units_of_measure">6.1.3. Units of measure</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grids">6.1.4. Grids</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_theme_specific_requirements_and_recommendations">6.2. Theme-specific requirements and recommendations</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_grids_2">6.2.1. Grids</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality">7. Data quality</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_data_quality_elements">7.1. Data quality elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_conceptual_consistency">7.1.1. Logical consistency – Conceptual consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_logical_consistency_domain_consistency">7.1.2. Logical consistency – Domain consistency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_minimum_data_quality_requirements">7.2. Minimum data quality requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#_recommendation_on_data_quality">7.3. Recommendation on data quality</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_dataset_level_metadata">8. Dataset-level metadata</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_defined_in_inspire_metadata_regulation">8.1. Metadata elements defined in INSPIRE Metadata Regulation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_conformity">8.1.1. Conformity</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lineage">8.1.2. Lineage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference">8.1.3. Temporal reference</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lineage_derived_geometries_for_species_distribution">8.1.4. Lineage: Derived geometries for Species Distribution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_for_interoperability">8.2. Metadata elements for interoperability</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_system">8.2.1. Coordinate Reference System</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system_2">8.2.2. Temporal Reference System</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encoding">8.2.3. Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_character_encoding">8.2.4. Character Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_spatial_representation_type">8.2.5. Spatial representation type</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_quality_logical_consistency_topological_consistency">8.2.6. Data Quality – Logical Consistency – Topological Consistency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_recommended_theme_specific_metadata_elements">8.3. Recommended theme-specific metadata elements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_maintenance_information">8.3.1. Maintenance Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_elements_for_reporting_data_quality">8.3.2. Metadata elements for reporting data quality</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_guidelines_for_reporting_quantitative_results_of_the_data_quality_evaluation">8.3.2.1. Guidelines for reporting quantitative results of the data quality evaluation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_guidelines_for_reporting_descriptive_results_of_the_data_quality_evaluation">8.3.2.2. Guidelines for reporting descriptive results of the Data Quality evaluation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_delivery">9. Delivery</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_updates">9.1. Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#_delivery_medium">9.2. Delivery medium</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encodings">9.3. Encodings</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_default_encodings">9.3.1. Default Encoding(s)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#_specific_requirements_for_gml_encoding">9.3.1.1. Specific requirements for GML encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#_default_encodings_for_application_schema_speciesdistribution">9.3.1.2. Default encoding(s) for application schema SpeciesDistribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#_default_encodings_for_application_schema_speciesdistributionextension">9.3.1.3. Default encoding(s) for application schema SpeciesDistributionExtension</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_options_for_delivering_coverage_data">9.4. Options for delivering coverage data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_capture">10. Data Capture</a></li>
<li><a href="#_portrayal">11. Portrayal</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_layers_to_be_provided_by_inspire_view_services">11.1. Layers to be provided by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_layers_organisation">11.1.1. Layers organisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_styles_required_to_be_supported_by_inspire_view_services">11.2. Styles required to be supported by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_sd_speciesdistribution">11.2.1. Styles for the layer SD.SpeciesDistribution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_styles_recommended_to_be_supported_by_inspire_view_services">11.3. Styles recommended to be supported by INSPIRE view services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_styles_for_the_layer_sd_speciesdistribution_2">11.3.1. Styles for the layer SD.SpeciesDistribution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_test_suite_normative">Annex A: Abstract Test Suite - (normative)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_application_schema_conformance_class">A.1. Application Schema Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_schema_element_denomination_test">A.1.1. Schema element denomination test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_value_type_test">A.1.2. Value type test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_value_test">A.1.3. Value test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_attributesassociations_completeness_test">A.1.4. Attributes/associations completeness test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_spatial_object_test">A.1.5. Abstract spatial object test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract_speciesdistributionunit_test">A.1.6. Abstract SpeciesDistributionUnit test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_constraints_test">A.1.7. Constraints test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geometry_representation_test">A.1.8. Geometry representation test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reference_systems_conformance_class">A.2. Reference Systems Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_datum_test">A.2.1. Datum test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_coordinate_reference_system_test">A.2.2. Coordinate reference system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_grid_test">A.2.3. Grid test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_view_service_coordinate_reference_system_test">A.2.4. View service coordinate reference system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_temporal_reference_system_test">A.2.5. Temporal reference system test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_units_of_measurements_test">A.2.6. Units of measurements test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_consistency_conformance_class">A.3. Data Consistency Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_unique_identifier_persistency_test">A.3.1. Unique identifier persistency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_consistency_test">A.3.2. Version consistency test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_life_cycle_time_sequence_test">A.3.3. Life cycle time sequence test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_validity_time_sequence_test">A.3.4. Validity time sequence test</a></li>
<li><a href="#_update_frequency_test">A.3.5. Update frequency test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_metadata_ir_conformance_class">A.4. Metadata IR Conformance Class</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_metadata_for_interoperability_test">A.4.1. Metadata for interoperability test</a></li>