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047_Sound_f_from_reconstructed_labialized_x.qmd
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---
title: Sound f from reconstructed labialized x
author: Nikita Beklemishev
date: 'Last update: `r lubridate::make_datetime(year = 2023, month = 4, day = 6)`'
output:
html_document:
number_sections: true
anchor_sections: true
pandoc_args: --shift-heading-level-by=-1
---
```{r, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE, message = FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.width = 9.5)
library(tidyverse)
library(lingtypology)
read_csv('data/database.csv', show_col_types = FALSE) |>
filter(feature_id == 47) ->
db
read_csv('data/villages.csv') |>
filter(!(village %in% c('Kazankulak', 'Novyy Borch', 'Vrush', 'Aran', 'Khnyukh'))) ->
villages
villages |>
filter(!(village %in% c('Tsudik', 'Borch'))) ->
villages4map
```
Generally, labialization on velar fricatives has a tendency to fall off and be infrequent across dialects. With regards to *xʷ, labialization is neutralized in several ways: it can simply disappear, for example, in word-final position; it can change the [round] feature of neighbouring vowels, if they are [+high, −low] (in this scenario /x/ still remains labialized on the surface level), or, finally, it can change the /x/ to /f/ or /ɸ/. This particular feature describes the presence ot absence of the latter change (xʷ > f). I suppose, that the conditions where it happened vary, for example, it often doesn’t happen when [xʷ] occurs next to /u/; social variation, lexical variation and free distribution between [xʷ] and [f] are also found. To avoid the outcomes being informed by inaccurate generalizations, I test multiple inter-dialectal words where *xʷ occurs in different contexts: word-finally and word-initially, before low and before high vowels, before rounded and unrounded vowels. In practice, we diagnose this by asking for cognates of a number of lexemes with the sound xʷ appearing in surface form in diaclects that reliably didn’t undergo the xʷ > f change. These are /kʼuxʲ ~ kʼuf/ ‘beak’, /maxʷ ~ maf/ ‘light spring rain, fog’, /uxun ~ ufun/ ‘stomach’, /xul ~ fɨl/ ‘mold’, /paxʷ ~ paf/ ‘pufball mushroom’, /xʷam ~ fam/ ‘den’, /čalaxʷ ~ čalaf/ ‘honeycomb, bark, woodchips’. The sounds in check (preliminary values) are the sounds in place of *xʷ plus their neigboring vowels, if the [+round] occurs on them too. In final values, values xʷ / xu / ux are grouped together as [xʷ], and values f / uf / fu are grouped together as [f]. Values kʷ / šʷ / h / x that occured occasionally are marked as OTHER (not applicable). Note that the feature is formulated in a way that doesn’t assume the phonological status of [f] and [xʷ], we only look at what allophones occur in certain historical positions.
## ‘(pufball) mushroom; dust’ /paf/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘(pufball) mushroom; dust’ /paf/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘(pufball) mushroom; dust’ /paf/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::
## ‘beak’ /kʼuf/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘beak’ /kʼuf/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘beak’ /kʼuf/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::
## ‘den’ /fam/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘den’ /fam/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘den’ /fam/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::
## ‘honeycomb, bark, woodchips’ /čalaf/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘honeycomb, bark, woodchips’ /čalaf/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘honeycomb, bark, woodchips’ /čalaf/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::
## ‘light spring rain, fog’ /marf/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘light spring rain, fog’ /marf/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘light spring rain, fog’ /marf/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::
## ‘mold’ /fɨl/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘mold’ /fɨl/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘mold’ /fɨl/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::
## ‘stomach, belly’ /ufun/
::: {.panel-tabset}
### Map
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘stomach, belly’ /ufun/') |>
filter(!is.na(value),
value != 'NO DATA') |>
mutate(value = str_split(value, ' ; ')) |>
unnest_longer(value) |>
distinct(settlement, value) |>
mutate(n = 1) |>
pivot_wider(names_from = value, values_from = n, values_fill = 0) |>
left_join(villages[,c('village', 'lat', 'lon')], c('settlement' = 'village')) |>
mutate(language = 'Rutul') ->
for_map
if(length(for_map) == 5){
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
label = for_map$settlement,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
features = colnames(for_map)[2],
pipe.data = _)
} else {
map.feature(languages = 'Rutul',
latitude = villages4map$lat,
longitude = villages4map$lon,
label = villages4map$village,
label.position = 'top',
label.hide = FALSE,
width = 10,
color = 'gray',
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
opacity = 0.4) |>
map.feature(languages = for_map$language,
latitude = for_map$lat,
longitude = for_map$lon,
minichart.data = for_map |> select(-settlement, -lat, -lon, -language),
minichart = 'pie',
width = 3,
tile = 'OpenStreetMap.HOT',
pipe.data = _)
}
```
### Data
```{r}
db |>
filter(feature_lexeme == '‘stomach, belly’ /ufun/') |>
select(settlement, value, stimuli, answer, collected) |>
DT::datatable(class = 'cell-border stripe',
rownames = FALSE,
filter = 'top',
extensions = 'Buttons',
options = list(pageLength = 42,
autoWidth = TRUE,
info = FALSE,
dom = 'fBltp',
buttons = list(list(extend = 'collection',
buttons = c('csv', 'excel', 'pdf'),
text = '<i class="fas fa-download"></i>')),
paginate = TRUE))
```
:::