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Restful-Api设计规范.html
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<h1 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h1><p>写接口的开发人员一定不会对它感到陌生，概念啥的就简单介绍一下，主要梳理一下 resful 设计关键内容。resful 全称 <code>Representational State Transfer</code> 是一种软件设计风格。其设计的目的是为了给开发者提供一种设计理念，统一接口开发的规范。</p>
<h2 id="命名规范"><a href="#命名规范" class="headerlink" title="命名规范"></a>命名规范</h2><p>在 Restful 架构中，所有一切都是资源。每一个 URL 都代表着一种资源，而且大部分情况下都是名词的复数，尽量不要出现动词。<br>eg:</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GET /issues 列出所有的 issue</span><br><span class="line">GET /orgs/:org/issues 列出某个项目的 issue</span><br><span class="line">GET /repos/:owner/:repo/issues/:number 获取某个项目的某个 issue</span><br><span class="line">POST /repos/:owner/:repo/issues 为某个项目创建 issue</span><br><span class="line">PATCH /repos/:owner/:repo/issues/:number 修改某个 issue</span><br><span class="line">PUT /repos/:owner/:repo/issues/:number/lock 锁住某个 issue</span><br><span class="line">DELETE /repos/:owner/:repo/issues/:number/lock 接收某个 issue</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>例子中的冒号表示的是变量</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="HTTP动词描述操作"><a href="#HTTP动词描述操作" class="headerlink" title="HTTP动词描述操作"></a>HTTP动词描述操作</h2><p>Http 中有许多动词可以来描述用户不同的操作，常见的动词及含义如下表所示：<br>| 动词 | 描述 |<br>| —— | ———————————- |<br>| GET | 获取资源，单个或多个 |<br>| POST | 创建资源 |<br>| PUT | 更新资源，客户端提供完整的资源数据 |<br>| PATCH | 更新资源，客户端提供部分资源数据 |<br>| DELETE | 删除资源 |</p>
<h2 id="资源过滤"><a href="#资源过滤" class="headerlink" title="资源过滤"></a>资源过滤</h2><p>接口需要能够提供合理的参数供客户端过滤资源，eg:</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">?state=closed: 不同状态的资源。</span><br><span class="line">?page=2&per_page=100：访问第几页数据，每页多少条。</span><br><span class="line">?sortby=name&order=asc：指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序，以及排序顺序。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="响应状态码"><a href="#响应状态码" class="headerlink" title="响应状态码"></a>响应状态码</h2><p>正确的使用状态码，可以使响应数据更加具备可读性，eg:</p>
<ul>
<li>200 OK 对成功的 GET,PUT,PATCH,DELETE 操作进行响应。</li>
<li>201 Created 对创建新资源的 POST 操作进行响应。</li>
<li>202 Accepted 服务器接收了请求，但是还未处理，响应中应该包含相应的指示信息，告诉客户端应该去哪里查询本次请求的信息。</li>
<li>204 No Content 成功处理请求，但返回的响应体中不含实体的主体部分。</li>
<li>301 Permanently Moved 永久性重定向，代表之前请求的资源地址已经发生了变化。</li>
<li>302 Temporarily Moved 临时重定向。</li>
<li>304 Not Modified Http 缓存header 生效时使用。</li>
<li>400 Bad Request 请求异常，比如请求中的 body 无法解析。</li>
<li>401 Unauthorized 没有进行认证或者认证非法。</li>
<li>403 Forbidden 服务器已经理解请求，但是拒绝执行它。</li>
<li>404 Not Found 请求一个不存在的资源。</li>
<li>405 Method Not Allowed 所请求的 Http 方法不允许当前认证用户访问。</li>
<li>410 Gone 表示当前请求的资源不再可用。当调用老版本的 API 时很有用。</li>
<li>415 Unsupported Media Type 请求中的内容类型是错误的。</li>
<li>422 Unprocessable Entity 用来校验错误。</li>
<li>429 Too Many Requests 由于请求频次达到上限而被拒绝访问。</li>
<li>500 Internal Server Error 服务器内部错误</li>
<li>503 Service unavailable 服务器处于宕机状态</li>
</ul>
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