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<pre class='metadata'>
Title: Web Bluetooth
Repository: WebBluetoothCG/web-bluetooth
Status: CG-DRAFT
ED: https://webbluetoothcg.github.io/web-bluetooth/
Shortname: web-bluetooth
Level: 1
Translation: ja https://tkybpp.github.io/web-bluetooth-jp/
Editor: Reilly Grant 83788, Google LLC https://www.google.com, [email protected]
Editor: Ovidio Ruiz-Henríquez 106543, Google LLC https://www.google.com, [email protected]
Editor: See contributors on GitHub, , https://github.com/WebBluetoothCG/web-bluetooth/graphs/contributors
Abstract: This document describes an API to discover and communicate with devices
Abstract: over the Bluetooth 4 wireless standard using the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT).
Group: web-bluetooth-cg
!Participate: <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/web-bluetooth/">Join the W3C Community Group</a>
!Participate: <a href="https://github.com/WebBluetoothCG/web-bluetooth">Fix the text through GitHub</a>
!Participate: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> (<a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-web-bluetooth/" rel="discussion">archives</a>)
!Participate: <a href="irc://irc.w3.org:6665/#web-bluetooth">IRC: #web-bluetooth on W3C's IRC</a>
Markup Shorthands: css no, markdown yes
</pre>
<pre class=biblio>
{
"BLUETOOTH42": {
"href": "https://www.bluetooth.org/DocMan/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=286439",
"title": "BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION Version 4.2",
"publisher": "Bluetooth SIG",
"date": "2 December 2014"
},
"BLUETOOTH-ASSIGNED": {
"href": "https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/assigned-numbers/",
"title": "Assigned Numbers",
"status": "Living Standard",
"publisher": "Bluetooth SIG"
},
"BLUETOOTH-SUPPLEMENT6": {
"href": "https://www.bluetooth.org/DocMan/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=302735",
"title": "Supplement to the Bluetooth Core Specification Version 6",
"date": "14 July 2015",
"publisher": "Bluetooth SIG"
}
}
</pre>
<pre class="anchors">
spec: assigned-numbers
type: enum; urlPrefix: https://github.com/WebBluetoothCG/registries/
urlPrefix: blob/master/gatt_assigned_characteristics.txt
text: body_sensor_location; url: #:~:text=body_sensor_location
text: gap.appearance; url: #:~:text=gap.appearance
text: heart_rate_control_point; url: #:~:text=heart_rate_control_point
text: heart_rate_measurement; url: #:~:text=heart_rate_measurement
text: ieee_11073-20601_regulatory_certification_data_list; url: #:~:text=ieee_11073-20601_regulatory_certification_data_list
urlPrefix: blob/master/gatt_assigned_descriptors.txt
text: gatt.characteristic_presentation_format; url: #:~:text=gatt.characteristic_presentation_format
text: gatt.client_characteristic_configuration; url: #:~:text=gatt.client_characteristic_configuration
urlPrefix: blob/master/gatt_assigned_services.txt
text: cycling_power; url: #:~:text=cycling_power
text: heart_rate; url: #:~:text=heart_rate
spec: BLUETOOTH-ASSIGNED
type: dfn
text: Shortened Local Name; url: https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/assigned-numbers/#:~:text=Generic%20Access%20Profile
spec: ECMAScript; urlPrefix: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#
type: dfn
text: current realm; url: current-realm
text: fulfilled; url: sec-promise-objects
text: internal slot; url: sec-object-internal-methods-and-internal-slots
text: realm; url: sec-code-realms
type: method
text: Array.prototype.map; url: sec-array.prototype.map
type: interface
text: Array; url: sec-array-objects
text: ArrayBuffer; url: sec-arraybuffer-constructor
text: DataView; url: sec-dataview-constructor
text: Map; url: sec-map-constructor
text: Promise; url:sec-promise-objects
text: Set; url: sec-set-objects
text: TypeError; url: sec-native-error-types-used-in-this-standard-typeerror
text: TypedArray; url: sec-typedarray-constructors
spec: fingerprinting-guidance; urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/fingerprinting-guidance/#
type: dfn
text: fingerprinting surface; url: dfn-fingerprinting-surface
spec: html; urlPrefix: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/browsing-the-web.html#
type: dfn
text: initializing the Document object; url: initialise-the-document-object
spec: html; urlPrefix: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#
type: dfn
text: navigable; url: navigable
spec: WebIDL; urlPrefix: https://heycam.github.io/webidl/#
type: dfn
text: a copy of the bytes held; url: dfn-get-buffer-source-copy
spec: html; urlPrefix: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/browsing-the-web.html/#
type: dfn
text: initializing a new Document object; url: dfn-initialise-the-document-object
spec: PAGE-VISIBILITY; urlPrefix: https://www.w3.org/TR/page-visibility-2/#
type: dfn
text: document visibility state; url: dom-visibilitystate
spec: WEBDRIVER; urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/
type: dfn
text: error; url: dfn-error
text: local end; url: dfn-local-ends
</pre>
<pre class="link-defaults">
spec:dom
type:dfn
text:children
for:/
text:document
spec: fingerprinting-guidance
type: dfn
text: fingerprinting surface
spec: html
type: dfn
text: browsing context; for: /
text: global object; for: /
text: navigable; for: /
spec: webidl
type: dfn
text: resolve
spec: webdriver
type: dfn
text: remote end steps
type: dfn
text: current browsing context
</pre>
<style>
.argument-list { display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; }
/* Show self-links for various elements. This is incompatible with nearby floats. */
.note, .why, .example, .issue { overflow: inherit; }
.unstable::before {
content: "This section is not stable.";
float: right;
color: red;
}
.unstable {
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='300' height='290'><text transform='rotate(-45)' text-anchor='middle' font-family='sans-serif' font-weight='bold' font-size='70' y='210' opacity='.1'>Unstable</text></svg>");
background-repeat: repeat
}
.unstable.example:not(.no-marker)::before {
content: "Example " counter(example) " (Unstable)";
float: none;
}
.note {
background-color: rgba(145, 235, 145, .2);
}
.example {
background-color: rgba(240, 230, 170, .2);
}
.def {
background-color: rgba(85, 170, 255, .2);
}
.issue {
background-color: rgba(235, 145, 145, .2);
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
border-left-style: hidden;
border-right-style: hidden;
text-align: left;
}
table caption {
font-weight: bold;
padding: 3px;
text-align: left;
}
table td, table th {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 3px;
}
</style>
# Introduction # {#introduction}
*This section is non-normative.*
<a href="https://developer.bluetooth.org/">Bluetooth</a> is a standard for
short-range wireless communication between devices. Bluetooth "Classic" (<abbr
title="Basic Rate">BR</abbr>/<abbr title="Enhanced Data Rate">EDR</abbr>)
defines a set of binary protocols and supports speeds up to about 24Mbps.
Bluetooth 4.0 introduced a new "Low Energy" mode known as "Bluetooth Smart",
<abbr title="Bluetooth Low Energy">BLE</abbr>, or just <abbr title="Low
Energy">LE</abbr>
which is limited to about 1Mbps but allows devices to leave their transmitters
off most of the time. BLE provides most of its functionality through key/value
pairs provided by the <a lt="Generic Attribute Profile">Generic Attribute
Profile (<abbr title="Generic Attribute Profile">GATT</abbr>)</a>.
BLE defines multiple roles that devices can play. The <a>Broadcaster</a> and
<a>Observer</a> roles are for transmitter- and receiver-only applications,
respectively. Devices acting in the <a>Peripheral</a> role can receive
connections, and devices acting in the <a>Central</a> role can connect to
<a>Peripheral</a> devices.
A device acting in either the <a>Peripheral</a> or <a>Central</a> role can host
a <a>GATT Server</a>, which exposes a hierarchy of <a>Service</a>s,
<a>Characteristic</a>s, and <a>Descriptor</a>s. See [[#information-model]] for
more details about this hierarchy. Despite being designed to support BLE
transport, the GATT protocol can also run over BR/EDR transport.
The first version of this specification allows web pages, running on a UA in the
<a>Central</a> role, to connect to <a>GATT Server</a>s over either a BR/EDR or
LE connection. While this specification cites the [[BLUETOOTH42]] specification,
it intends to also support communication among devices that only implement
Bluetooth 4.0 or 4.1.
## Examples ## {#introduction-examples}
<div class="example" id="example-heart-rate-monitor">
To discover and retrieve data from a standard heart rate monitor,
a website would use code like the following:
<pre highlight="js">
let chosenHeartRateService = null;
navigator.bluetooth.<a idl for="Bluetooth" lt="requestDevice()">requestDevice</a>({
filters: [{
services: ['heart_rate'],
}]
}).then(device => device.gatt.<a for="BluetoothRemoteGATTServer">connect()</a>)
.then(server => server.<a idl for="BluetoothRemoteGATTServer" lt="getPrimaryService()"
>getPrimaryService</a>(<a idl lt="heart_rate">'heart_rate'</a>))
.then(service => {
chosenHeartRateService = service;
return Promise.all([
service.<a idl for="BluetoothRemoteGATTService" lt="getCharacteristic()">getCharacteristic</a>(<a idl lt="body_sensor_location">'body_sensor_location'</a>)
.then(handleBodySensorLocationCharacteristic),
service.<a idl for="BluetoothRemoteGATTService" lt="getCharacteristic()">getCharacteristic</a>(<a idl lt="heart_rate_measurement">'heart_rate_measurement'</a>)
.then(handleHeartRateMeasurementCharacteristic),
]);
});
function handleBodySensorLocationCharacteristic(characteristic) {
if (characteristic === null) {
console.log("Unknown sensor location.");
return Promise.resolve();
}
return characteristic.<a for="BluetoothRemoteGATTCharacteristic">readValue()</a>
.then(sensorLocationData => {
const sensorLocation = sensorLocationData.getUint8(0);
switch (sensorLocation) {
case 0: return 'Other';
case 1: return 'Chest';
case 2: return 'Wrist';
case 3: return 'Finger';
case 4: return 'Hand';
case 5: return 'Ear Lobe';
case 6: return 'Foot';
default: return 'Unknown';
}
}).then(location => console.log(location));
}
function handleHeartRateMeasurementCharacteristic(characteristic) {
return characteristic.<a for="BluetoothRemoteGATTCharacteristic">startNotifications()</a>
.then(char => {
characteristic.addEventListener('<a event>characteristicvaluechanged</a>',
onHeartRateChanged);
});
}
function onHeartRateChanged(event) {
const characteristic = event.target;
console.log(parseHeartRate(characteristic.<a attribute for="BluetoothRemoteGATTCharacteristic">value</a>));
}
</pre>
<code>parseHeartRate()</code> would be defined using the
<a idl lt="heart_rate_measurement">
<code>heart_rate_measurement</code> documentation</a>
to read the {{DataView}} stored in a {{BluetoothRemoteGATTCharacteristic}}'s
{{BluetoothRemoteGATTCharacteristic/value}} field.
<pre highlight="js">
function parseHeartRate(data) {
const flags = data.getUint8(0);
const rate16Bits = flags & 0x1;
const result = {};
let index = 1;
if (rate16Bits) {
result.heartRate = data.getUint16(index, /*littleEndian=*/true);
index += 2;
} else {
result.heartRate = data.getUint8(index);
index += 1;
}
const contactDetected = flags & 0x2;
const contactSensorPresent = flags & 0x4;
if (contactSensorPresent) {
result.contactDetected = !!contactDetected;
}
const energyPresent = flags & 0x8;
if (energyPresent) {
result.energyExpended = data.getUint16(index, /*littleEndian=*/true);
index += 2;
}
const rrIntervalPresent = flags & 0x10;
if (rrIntervalPresent) {
const rrIntervals = [];
for (; index + 1 < data.byteLength; index += 2) {
rrIntervals.push(data.getUint16(index, /*littleEndian=*/true));
}
result.rrIntervals = rrIntervals;
}
return result;
}
</pre>
<code>onHeartRateChanged()</code> might log an object like
<pre highlight="js">
{
heartRate: 70,
contactDetected: true,
energyExpended: 750, // Meaning 750kJ.
rrIntervals: [890, 870] // Meaning .87s and .85s.
}
</pre>
If the heart rate sensor reports the <code>energyExpended</code> field, the web
application can reset its value to <code>0</code> by writing to the
{{heart_rate_control_point}}
characteristic:
<pre highlight="js">
function resetEnergyExpended() {
if (!chosenHeartRateService) {
return Promise.reject(new Error('No heart rate sensor selected yet.'));
}
return chosenHeartRateService.<a idl for="BluetoothRemoteGATTService" lt="getCharacteristic()">getCharacteristic</a>(<a idl lt="heart_rate_control_point">'heart_rate_control_point'</a>)
.then(controlPoint => {
const resetEnergyExpended = new Uint8Array([1]);
return controlPoint.<a idl for="BluetoothRemoteGATTCharacteristic" lt="writeValue()">writeValue</a>(resetEnergyExpended);
});
}
</pre>
</div>
# Security considerations # {#security-and-privacy}
Issue(575): See <a href="#privacy"></a> section.
# Privacy considerations # {#privacy}
## Device access is powerful ## {#device-access-is-powerful}
When a website requests access to devices using {{Bluetooth/requestDevice()}},
it gets the ability to access all GATT services mentioned in the call. The UA
MUST inform the user what capabilities these services give the website before
asking which devices to entrust to it. If any services in the list aren't known
to the UA, the UA MUST assume they give the site complete control over the
device and inform the user of this risk. The UA MUST also allow the user to
inspect what sites have access to what devices and <a lt="revoke Bluetooth
access">revoke</a> these pairings.
The UA MUST NOT allow the user to pair entire classes of devices with a website.
It is possible to construct a class of devices for which each individual device
sends the same Bluetooth-level identifying information. UAs are not required to
attempt to detect this sort of forgery and MAY let a user pair this
pseudo-device with a website.
To help ensure that only the entity the user approved for access actually has
access, this specification requires that only <a>secure contexts</a> can access
Bluetooth devices.
## Trusted servers can serve malicious code ## {#server-takeovers}
*This section is non-normative.*
Even if the user trusts an origin, that origin's servers or developers could be
compromised, or the origin's site could be vulnerable to XSS attacks. Either
could lead to users granting malicious code access to valuable devices. Origins
should define a Content Security Policy ([[CSP3]]) to reduce the risk of XSS
attacks, but this doesn't help with compromised servers or developers.
The ability to retrieve granted devices after a page reload, provided by <a
href="#permission-api-integration"></a>, makes this risk worse. Instead of
having to get the user to grant access while the site is compromised, the
attacker can take advantage of previously-granted devices if the user simply
visits while the site is compromised. On the other hand, when sites can keep
access to devices across page reloads, they don't have to show as many
permission prompts overall, making it more likely that users will pay attention
to the prompts they do see.
## Attacks on devices ## {#attacks-on-devices}
*This section is non-normative.*
Communication from websites can break the security model of some devices, which
assume they only receive messages from the trusted operating system of a remote
device. Human Interface Devices are a prominent example, where allowing a
website to communicate would allow that site to log keystrokes. This
specification includes a <a>GATT blocklist</a> of such vulnerable services,
characteristics, and descriptors to prevent websites from taking advantage of
them.
We expect that many devices are vulnerable to unexpected data delivered to their
radio. In the past, these devices had to be exploited one-by-one, but this API
makes it plausible to conduct large-scale attacks. This specification takes
several approaches to make such attacks more difficult:
* Pairing individual devices instead of device classes requires at least a user
action before a device can be exploited.
* Constraining access to <a>GATT</a>, as opposed to generic byte-stream access,
denies malicious websites access to most parsers on the device.
On the other hand, GATT's <a>Characteristic</a> and <a>Descriptor</a> values
are still byte arrays, which may be set to lengths and formats the device
doesn't expect. UAs are encouraged to validate these values when they can.
* This API never exposes Bluetooth addressing, data signing or encryption keys
(<a>Definition of Keys and Values</a>) to websites. This makes it more
difficult for a website to predict the bits that will be sent over the
radio, which blocks <a
href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/woot11/tech/final_files/Goodspeed.pdf">packet-in-packet
injection attacks</a>. Unfortunately, this only works over encrypted links,
which not all BLE devices are required to support.
* The integration with [[#permissions-policy]] provides protection against unwanted
access to Bluetooth capabilities, which requires the top-level document to
explicitly allow a cross-origin iframe to use the API's methods.
UAs can also take further steps to protect their users:
* A web service may collect lists of malicious websites and vulnerable devices.
UAs can deny malicious websites access to any device and any website access to
vulnerable devices.
## Bluetooth device identifiers ## {#bluetooth-device-identifiers}
*This section is non-normative.*
Each Bluetooth BR/EDR device has a unique 48-bit MAC address known as the
<a>BD_ADDR</a>. Each Bluetooth LE device has at least one of a <a>Public Device
Address</a> and a <a>Static Device Address</a>. The <a>Public Device Address</a>
is a MAC address. The <a>Static Device Address</a> may be regenerated on each
restart. A BR/EDR/LE device will use the same value for the <a>BD_ADDR</a> and
the <a>Public Device Address</a> (specified in the <a>Read BD_ADDR Command</a>).
An LE device may also have a unique, 128-bit <a>Identity Resolving Key</a>,
which is sent to trusted devices during the bonding process. To avoid leaking a
persistent identifier, an LE device may scan and advertise using a random
Resolvable or Non-Resolvable <a>Private Address</a> instead of its Static or
Public Address. These are regenerated periodically (approximately every 15
minutes), but a bonded device can check whether one of its stored <a>IRK</a>s
matches any given Resolvable Private Address using the <a>Resolvable Private
Address Resolution Procedure</a>.
Each Bluetooth device also has a human-readable <a>Bluetooth Device Name</a>.
These aren't guaranteed to be unique, but may well be, depending on the device
type.
### Identifiers for remote Bluetooth devices ### {#remote-device-identifiers}
*This section is non-normative.*
If a website can retrieve any of the persistent device IDs, these can be used,
in combination with a large effort to catalog ambient devices, to discover a
user's location. A device ID can also be used to identify that a user who pairs
two different websites with the same Bluetooth device is a single user. On the
other hand, many GATT services are available that could be used to fingerprint a
device, and a device can easily expose a custom GATT service to make this
easier.
This specification <a href="#note-device-id-tracking">suggests</a> that the UA
use different device IDs for a single device when its user doesn't intend
scripts to learn that it's a single device, which makes it difficult for
websites to abuse the device address like this. Device makers can still design
their devices to help track users, but it takes work.
### The UA's Bluetooth address ### {#ua-bluetooth-address}
*This section is non-normative.*
In BR/EDR mode, or in LE mode during active scanning without the <a>Privacy
Feature</a>, the UA broadcasts its persistent ID to any nearby Bluetooth radio.
This makes it easy to scatter hostile devices in an area and track the UA. As of
2014-08, few or no platforms document that they implement the <a>Privacy
Feature</a>, so despite this spec recommending it, few UAs are likely to use it.
This spec does <a href="#requestDevice-user-gesture">require a user gesture</a>
for a website to trigger a scan, which reduces the frequency of scans some, but
it would still be better for more platforms to expose the <a>Privacy
Feature</a>.
## Exposing Bluetooth availability ## {#availability-fingerprint}
*This section is non-normative.*
<code>navigator.bluetooth.{{getAvailability()}}</code> exposes whether a
Bluetooth radio is available on the user's system, regardless of whether it is
powered on or not. The availability is also affected if the user has configured
the UA to block Web Bluetooth. Some users might consider this private, although
it's hard to imagine the damage that would result from revealing it. This
information also increases the UA's <a>fingerprinting surface</a> by a bit. This
function returns a {{Promise}}, so UAs have the option of asking the user what
value they want to return, but we expect the increased risk to be small enough
that UAs will choose not to prompt.
# Device Discovery # {#device-discovery}
<xmp class="idl">
dictionary BluetoothDataFilterInit {
BufferSource dataPrefix;
BufferSource mask;
};
dictionary BluetoothManufacturerDataFilterInit : BluetoothDataFilterInit {
required [EnforceRange] unsigned short companyIdentifier;
};
dictionary BluetoothServiceDataFilterInit : BluetoothDataFilterInit {
required BluetoothServiceUUID service;
};
dictionary BluetoothLEScanFilterInit {
sequence<BluetoothServiceUUID> services;
DOMString name;
DOMString namePrefix;
sequence<BluetoothManufacturerDataFilterInit> manufacturerData;
sequence<BluetoothServiceDataFilterInit> serviceData;
};
dictionary RequestDeviceOptions {
sequence<BluetoothLEScanFilterInit> filters;
sequence<BluetoothLEScanFilterInit> exclusionFilters;
sequence<BluetoothServiceUUID> optionalServices = [];
sequence<unsigned short> optionalManufacturerData = [];
boolean acceptAllDevices = false;
};
[Exposed=Window, SecureContext]
interface Bluetooth : EventTarget {
Promise<boolean> getAvailability();
attribute EventHandler onavailabilitychanged;
[SameObject]
readonly attribute BluetoothDevice? referringDevice;
Promise<sequence<BluetoothDevice>> getDevices();
Promise<BluetoothDevice> requestDevice(optional RequestDeviceOptions options = {});
};
Bluetooth includes BluetoothDeviceEventHandlers;
Bluetooth includes CharacteristicEventHandlers;
Bluetooth includes ServiceEventHandlers;
</xmp>
<div class="note" heading="{{Bluetooth}} members">
Note: {{Bluetooth/getAvailability()}} informs the page whether Bluetooth is
available at all. An adapter that's disabled through software should count as
available. Changes in availability, for example when the user physically
attaches or detaches an adapter, are reported through the
{{availabilitychanged}} event.
<p class="unstable">
{{Bluetooth/referringDevice}} gives access to the device from which the user
opened this page, if any. For example, an <a
href="https://developers.google.com/beacons/eddystone">Eddystone</a> beacon
might advertise a URL, which the UA allows the user to open. A
{{BluetoothDevice}} representing the beacon would be available through
<code>navigator.bluetooth.{{referringDevice}}</code>.
</p>
<p class="unstable">
{{Bluetooth/getDevices()}} enables the page to retrieve Bluetooth devices that
the user has granted access to.
</p>
{{Bluetooth/requestDevice(options)}} asks the user to grant this origin access
to a device that <a>matches any filter</a> in <code>options.<dfn dict-member
for="RequestDeviceOptions">filters</dfn></code> but does not <a>match any filter</a>
in <code>options.<dfn dict-member for="RequestDeviceOptions">exclusionFilters</dfn></code>.
To <a>match a filter</a>, the device has to:
* support <em>all</em> the GATT service UUIDs in the <dfn dict-member
for="BluetoothLEScanFilterInit">services</dfn> list if that member is
present,
* have a name equal to <dfn dict-member
for="BluetoothLEScanFilterInit">name</dfn> if that member is present,
* have a name starting with <dfn dict-member
for="BluetoothLEScanFilterInit">namePrefix</dfn> if that member is present,
* advertise <a>manufacturer specific data</a> matching all of the values in
<dfn dict-member for="BluetoothLEScanFilterInit">manufacturerData</dfn> if
that member is present, and
* <div class="unstable"> advertise <a>service data</a> matching all of the
values in <dfn dict-member
for="BluetoothLEScanFilterInit">serviceData</dfn> if that member is
present.</div>
<p link-for-hint="BluetoothDataFilterInit">
Both <a>Manufacturer Specific Data</a> and <a>Service Data</a> map a key to an
array of bytes. {{BluetoothDataFilterInit}} filters these arrays. An array
matches if it has a |prefix| such that <code>|prefix| & {{mask}}</code> is
equal to <code>{{dataPrefix}} & {{mask}}</code>.
</p>
Note that if a device changes its behavior significantly when it connects, for
example by not advertising its identifying manufacturer data anymore and instead
having the client discover some identifying GATT services, the website may need
to include filters for both behaviors.
In rare cases, a device may not advertise enough distinguishing information to
let a site filter out uninteresting devices. In those cases, a site can set <dfn
dict-member for="RequestDeviceOptions">acceptAllDevices</dfn> to `true` and omit
all {{RequestDeviceOptions/filters}} and {{RequestDeviceOptions/exclusionFilters}}.
This puts the burden of selecting the right device entirely on the site's users.
If a site uses {{RequestDeviceOptions/acceptAllDevices}}, it will only be able to
use services listed in {{RequestDeviceOptions/optionalServices}}.
After the user selects a device to pair with this origin, the origin is allowed
to access any service whose UUID was listed in the
{{BluetoothLEScanFilterInit/services}} list in any element of
<code>options.filters</code> or in <code>options.<dfn dict-member
for="RequestDeviceOptions">optionalServices</dfn></code>. The origin is also
allowed to access any manufacturer data from manufacturer codes defined in
<code>options.<dfn dict-member
for="RequestDeviceOptions">optionalManufacturerData</dfn></code> from the
device's advertisement data.
This implies that if developers filter just by name, they must use
{{RequestDeviceOptions/optionalServices}} to get access to any services.
</div>
<div class="example" id="example-filter-by-services">
Say the UA is close to the following devices:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Device</th>
<th>Advertised Services</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D1</td>
<td>A, B, C, D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D2</td>
<td>A, B, E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D3</td>
<td>C, D</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D4</td>
<td>E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D5</td>
<td><i><none></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
If the website calls
<pre highlight="js">
navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({
filters: [ {services: [A, B]} ]
});
</pre>
the user will be shown a dialog containing devices D1 and D2. If the user
selects D1, the website will not be able to access services C or D. If the user
selects D2, the website will not be able to access service E.
On the other hand, if the website calls
<pre highlight="js">
navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({
filters: [
{services: [A, B]},
{services: [C, D]}
]
});
</pre>
the dialog will contain devices D1, D2, and D3, and if the user selects D1, the
website will be able to access services A, B, C, and D.
If the website then calls
<pre highlight="js">
navigator.bluetooth.getDevices();
</pre>
the resulting {{Promise}} will resolve into an array containing device D1, and
the website will be able to access services A, B, C, and D.
The <code>optionalServices</code> list doesn't add any devices to the dialog the
user sees, but it does affect which services the website can use from the device
the user picks.
<pre highlight="js">
navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({
filters: [ {services: [A, B]} ],
optionalServices: \[E]
});
</pre>
Shows a dialog containing D1 and D2, but not D4, since D4 doesn't contain the
required services. If the user selects D2, unlike in the first example, the
website will be able to access services A, B, and E.
If the website calls
<pre highlight="js">
navigator.bluetooth.getDevices();
</pre>
again, then the resulting {{Promise}} will resolve into an array containing the
devices D1 and D2. The A, B, C, and D services will be accessible on device D1,
while A, B, and E services will be accessible on device D2.
The allowed services also apply if the device changes after the user grants
access. For example, if the user selects D1 in the previous
<code>requestDevice()</code> call, and D1 later adds a new E service, that will
fire the {{serviceadded}} event, and the web page will be able to access service
E.
</div>
<div class="example" id="example-filter-by-name">
Say the devices in the <a href="#example-filter-by-services">previous
example</a> also advertise names as follows:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Device</th>
<th>Advertised Device Name</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D1</td>
<td>First De…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D2</td>
<td><i><none></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D3</td>
<td>Device Third</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D4</td>
<td>Device Fourth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D5</td>
<td>Unique Name</td>
</tr>
</table>
The following table shows which devices the user can select between
for several values of <var>filters</var> passed to
<code>navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({filters: <var>filters</var>})</code>.
<table>
<tr>
<th><var>filters</var></th>
<th>Devices</th><th>Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{name: "Unique Name"}]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D5</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{namePrefix: "Device"}]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D3, D4</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{name: "First De"},
{name: "First Device"}]
</pre>
</td>
<td><i><none></i></td>
<td>
D1 only advertises a prefix of its name, so trying to match its whole name
fails.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{namePrefix: "First"},
{name: "Unique Name"}]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D1, D5</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{services: \[C],
namePrefix: "Device"},
{name: "Unique Name"}]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D3, D5</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
The following table shows which devices the user can select between
for several values of <var>filters</var> and <var>exclusionFilters</var>
passed to <code>navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({filters: <var>filters</var>,
exclusionFilters: <var>exclusionFilters</var>})</code>.
<table>
<tr>
<th><var>filters</var></th>
<th><var>exclusionFilters</var></th>
<th>Devices</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{namePrefix: "Device"}] // D3, D4
</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{name: "Device Third"}] // D3
</pre>
</td>
<td>D4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{namePrefix: "Device"}] // D3, D4
</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{namePrefix: "Device F"}] // D4
</pre>
</td>
<td>D3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{services: \[C]}, // D1, D3
{namePrefix: "Device"}] // D3, D4
</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{services: \[A]}, // D1
{name: "Device Fourth"}] // D4
</pre>
</td>
<td>D3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="example" id="example-filter-by-manufacturer-service-data">
Say the devices in the <a href="#example-filter-by-services">previous
example</a> also advertise manufacturer or service data as follows:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Device</th>
<th>Manufacturer Data</th>
<th>Service Data</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D1</td>
<td>17: 01 02 03</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D2</td>
<td></td>
<td>A: 01 02 03</td>
</tr>
</table>
The following table shows which devices the user can select between for several
values of <var>filters</var> passed to
<code>navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice({filters: <var>filters</var>})</code>.
<table>
<tr>
<th><var>filters</var></th>
<th>Devices</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{ manufacturerData: [{ companyIdentifier: 17 }] }]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[{ serviceData: [{ service: "A" }] }]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[
{ manufacturerData: [{ companyIdentifier: 17 }] },
{ serviceData: [{ service: "A" }] },
]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D1, D2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[
{
manufacturerData: [{ companyIdentifier: 17 }],
serviceData: [{ service: "A" }],
},
]
</pre>
</td>
<td><i><none></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[
{
manufacturerData: [
{
companyIdentifier: 17,
dataPrefix: new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])
},
],
},
]
</pre>
</td>
<td>D1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[
{
manufacturerData: [
{
companyIdentifier: 17,
dataPrefix: new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4])
},
],
},
]
</pre>
</td>
<td><i><none></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre highlight="js">
[
{
manufacturerData: [
{
companyIdentifier: 17,
dataPrefix: new Uint8Array([1])
},
],
},