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<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--TODO What is a major event any why?
how to cite this source?
give citations
make colors on scrollytell for events the same
Add long sentences to Language from Faulkner archive.
Add gone with the wind to language
Hear faulkner's voice in Margret Mitchell's voice
Ellipses corrected in the text Noel Polk.
-->
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<section>
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<div class="h2 text-left py-4">Digital Supplement</div>
<div class="h4 text-left"><em>Absalom, Absalom! </em> and the Digital Humanities: Charting Characters, Events, and Language</div>
<div class="h4 pb-3"><small class="text-body-secondary">Johannes Burgers</small></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="characters_major_revision.html">Characters</a></li>
<li><a href="events_major_revisions.html">Events</a></li>
<li><a href="language_major_revisions.html">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html">About</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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</section>
<section>
<h1 class="content_title">Events</h1>
<h2 class="content_sub_title text-center">
<small class="text-center text-body-secondary">“maybe happen is never once”</small>
</h2>
<div class="essay_section">
<p><i>Absalom, Absalom!</i> resists summary. It is told from multiple, contradictory perspectives that each re-tell the same set of historical events. As each narrator tries to understand <i>why</i> the events happened they fundamentally reshape <i>what</i> happens. The basic facts are outlined cryptically in the opening pages:</p>
<figure>
<div class="blockquote-outline">
<blockquote class="blockquote">"Sunday morning in June in 1833 when he [Sutpen] first rode into town out of no discerible past and acquired his land no one knew how and built his house, his mansion, apparently out of nothing and married Ellen Coldfield and begot his two children - the son who widowed the daughter who had not yet been a bride - and so accomplished his allotted course to its violent...end"</blockquote>
<figcaption class="blockquote-footer">
William Faulkner <cite title="Absalom, Absalom!"><i>Absalom, Absalom!</i></cite>
</figcaption>
</div>
</figure>
<p>
More simply, Sutpen arrives in Jefferson in 1833, marries Ellen Coldfield, has two children, and the son, Henry, makes a widow of the daughter, Judith. Why Henry shoots his sister's fiance is one of the central mysteries of <i>Absalom, Absalom!</i>
</p>
<p>
The different tellers of the tale - Miss Rosa, Mr. Compson, Quentin, and Shreve - all take these basic facts and arrange them to tell their versions of the story and give their explanation of the <i>why</i>. What is revealing is not just what the narrators say, but also what they do not say. Each teller leaves out important clues that might help understand what happened. There is no way to ever get the "whole" story.
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="essay_section">
<h2 class="content_sub_title">Blackbirds</h2>
<!--<div class="col">-->
<p> While discussing <i>Absalom, Absalom!</i> at the University of Virginia in 1958, an audience member asked if any of the narrators had the right view. In other words, was there a way to get the "whole" story.
<p>
<figure>
<div class="blockquote-outline">
<blockquote class="blockquote">In <i>Absalom, Absalom!</i> is any one of the people who talk about Sutpen have the right view, or is it more or less a case of thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird with none of them [getting it?] right?</blockquote>
<figcaption class="blockquote-footer">
"Do any of the story tellers have the right view?"<cite title="Do any of the story tellers have the right view?"><i>Faulkner at Virginia.</i> University of Virginia. <a href="https://faulkner.lib.virginia.edu/display/wfaudio29_1.html#wfaudio29_1.11"></a>wfaudio29_1.11</cite>
</figcaption>
</div>
</figure>
<p class="text-center">
Faulkner's response was telling...
</p>
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<section>
<div class="essay_section">
<h2 class="content_sub_title">Narratology</h2>
<p> Though the plot can be very confusing, it is clear from Faulkner’s notes that he had an underlying structure. This underlying structure is sometimes referred to as the <em>chronology</em> or <em>story</em>. In fiction, the story is different than the plot. Though often used interchangeably, the story refers to the order of events as they happen chronologically, while the plot indicates the order in which they are told.</p><p>
If the events in the novel were related in the order they occured, rather out of order, <em>Absalom, Absalom!</em> would be much easier to understand. Actually, since the novel was so confusing even Faulkner's publishers asked him to include a chronology in the first edition of the text, so readers could get some grasp of the basic structure of the story. The structure of this chronology is already visible in the <a href="http://faulkner.iath.virginia.edu/media/resources/MANUSCRIPTS/AAMS1.html">early manuscript</a> pages of <em>Absalom, Absalom!</em>
</p>
<p>
Narratology is the study of narrative, and provides insight into how <em>Absalom, Absalom!</em> is structured. By distinguishing between the order events as they occur (story) and the order in which they are told (plot), it is possible to create a chart of the narrative structure. In such a chart, the story is placed on the y-axis and the plot indicated by page numbers is placed on the x-axis. As the chart moves to the right, it moves forward in the progression of the text. Whenever something is plot higher or lower on the y-axis, it indicates when something is happening earlier (lower) or later (higher) chronologically. This concept is easier to grasp by looking at some major events in <em>Absalom, Absalom!</em> in <b>plot</b> and <b>story</b> order.
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="scrolly">
<article>
<div class="step is-active" data-step="1" data-scrollama-index="0">
<div class="step_header">Plot Order</div>
<p>Thomas Sutphen's life can be reduced to three events: he is born, comes to Jefferson, and dies. In the novel, these events are out of order. Sutpen arrives in Jefferson in chapter 1, dies in chapter 6, and is born in chapter 7. Looking at the narrative structure, the plot starts in the middle of Sutpen's life moves to his death and then jumps back in time to cover his birth and early life.</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="2" data-scrollama-index="1">
<div class="step_header">Story Order</div>
<p>Viewed in story order, the events move move from the bottom left to the top right. This is because x=y.</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="3" data-scrollama-index="2">
<div class="step_header">All Events</div>
<p>Digital Yoknapatawpha has broken down <i>Absalom, Absalom!</i> into 644 individual events. These points can be plotted using the same narrative structure method.
<p>It looks like an overwhelming jumble! </p>
<p>The major events provide some context as to what might be going on.</p>
<p class="fst-italic"> Hover over the chart to see the description of each event.</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="3" data-scrollama-index="3">
<div class="step_header">Narrated Events</div>
<p> The structure of the narrative becomes a bit clearer when the events are broken down by the way in which they are related to the reader.</p> <p>Digital Yoknapatawpha calls this <i>narrative status</i>.<p>
<p>The narrated events mostly run in a regular pattern from left to right at the top of the chart. These are the moments when the Quentin speaks to the different narrators. </p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="4" data-scrollama-index="4">
<div class="step_header">Told Events</div>
<p>The told events show the tales of each individual storyteller.</p>
<p>They make a pronounced "S" curve.</p>
<p>The tellers each start their stories in the deep past and make their way to the present.</p>
<p>Even though, they repeat, change, and omit details that occur in the other versions. The chronologies of the individual stories are actually fairly regular.</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="5" data-scrollama-index="5">
<div class="step_header">Other Events</div>
<p>Digital Yoknapatawpha also encodes three other types of events: Remembered, Hypothesized, and narrated+consciousness which is unique to Faulkner.</p>
<p>These types of events are much fewer in number, but their presence adds another layer of mediation between the tellers and their tales. </p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="6" data-scrollama-index="6">
<div class="step_header">Story Order</div>
<p>Story order makes the distinction between narrated and told events clearer.</p>
<p>The narrated events all happen towards the end chronologically, when Quentin is gathering the story.</p>
<p>It is also notable that the bulk of the events are about the time between when Sutpen marries Ellen to when Henry shoots Charles. In part, this is because the narrators all repeat and rework the events before this major event.</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="7" data-scrollama-index="7">
<div class="step_header">Chronology by Date</div>
<p>Digital Yoknapatawpha also encodes likely dates for when events happened.</p>
<p>Ordering the events by their chronological dates changes the distances between the events because they are now determined by date and not by their chronological rank.</p>
<p>This heightens the distance between the story of Sutpen and Quentin's narrative present.</p>
<p>Past and present appear disconnected.</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="8" data-scrollama-index="8">
<div class="step_header">Chronology in Order by Date</div>
<p>Placing the entire chronology in order by date instead shows the continuity between past and present.</p>
<p>Quentin is not so comfortably removed from Sutpen as it might seem.</p>
<p>It also stresses the importance of the Civil War as a pivot for the narrative.</p>
<p>For the South, and indeed the United States more broadly, this is was a cataclysmic event whose meaning, fifty years later in Quentin's time, is still not settled.</p>
<p>Understanding why Henry shoots Charles cannot be disentangled from this history.</p>
</div>
</article>
<figure class="chart" style="height: 465px; top: 232.5px;">
<div id="plotchart"></div>
</figure>
</section>
<section>
<div class="essay_section">
<h2 class="content_sub_title">Stories</h2>
<p>The overlapping and disjointed versions of events capture Quentin’s lived experience of exploring the past. This is not a neat linear chronology told by one authority in a history book, but the collective story of multiple voices who have shaped and reshaped the events to match their version of the truth. The tellers cannot be separated from their tales. It forces us to wonder if any version of the past can ever be true, or if it is simply another story we tell ourselves.</p>
</div>
</section>
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<div class="pt-4"></div>
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<script>
$('document').ready(function () {
const video = document.querySelector('#blackbird-video');
const options = {
rootMargin: '0px',
threshold: 1.0
};
const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries, observer) => {
entries.forEach(entry => {
if (entry.isIntersecting) {
video.play();
} else {
video.pause();
}
});
},
options);
observer.observe(video);
//These selections should not really be global variables, but this was easier for the time being. Can be optimized later.
var main = d3.select("main");
var scrolly = main.select("#scrolly");
var figure = scrolly.select("figure chart");
var article = scrolly.select("article");
var step = article.selectAll(".step");
// initialize the scrollama
var scroller = scrollama();
// generic window resize listener event
function handleResize() {
// 1. update height of step elements
var stepH = Math.floor(window.innerHeight * 0.75);
step.style("height", stepH + "px");
var figureHeight = window.innerHeight / 2;
var figureMarginTop = (window.innerHeight - figureHeight) / 2;
figure
.style("height", figureHeight + "px")
.style("top", figureMarginTop + "px");
// 3. tell scrollama to update new element dimensions
scroller.resize();
}
// scrollama event handlers
function handleStepEnter(response) {
step.classed("is-active", function (d, i) {
return i === response.index;
});
// update graphic based on step
startAnimation(response.index);
}
function init() {
// 1. force a resize on load to ensure proper dimensions are sent to scrollama
handleResize();
// 2. setup the scroller passing options
// this will also initialize trigger observations
// 3. bind scrollama event handlers (this can be chained like below)
scroller.setup({
step: "#scrolly article .step",
offset: 0.33,
debug: false
})
.onStepEnter(handleStepEnter);
}
init();
makePlot()
})
</script>
</body>
</html>