references.bib

\bibliographystyle{}
\bibliography{}


@phdthesis{Keller2017Dissertation,
    Author = {Keller, Ben},
    Title = {Energy-Efficient System Design Through Adaptive Voltage Scaling},
    School = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley},
    Year = {2017},
    Month = {12},
}


@ARTICLE{Tschanz2002, 
author={J. W. Tschanz and J. T. Kao and S. G. Narendra and R. Nair and D. A. Antoniadis and A. P. Chandrakasan and V. De}, 
journal={IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={Adaptive body bias for reducing impacts of die-to-die and within-die parameter variations on microprocessor frequency and leakage}, 
year={2002}, 
volume={37}, 
number={11}, 
pages={1396-1402}, 
month={Nov},}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Tsukikawa1993, 
author={Tsukikawa and Kajimoto and Okasaka and Miyamoto and Ozaki}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits}, 
title={An efficient back-bias generator with hybrid pumping circuit for 1.5 V DRAMs}, 
year={1993}, 
volume={}, 
number={}, 
pages={85-86}, 
ISSN={}, 
month={May},}


@mastersthesis{Keller2015MS,
    Author = {Keller, Ben},
    Title = {Opportunities for Fine-Grained Adaptive Voltage Scaling to Improve System-Level Energy Efficiency},
    school        = "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley",
    Year = {2015},
    Month = {12},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jung2016, 
author={W. Jung and D. Sylvester and D. Blaauw}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A rational-conversion-ratio switched-capacitor {DC-DC} converter using negative-output feedback}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={218-219}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Salem2015, 
author={L. G. Salem and P. P. Mercier}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits}, 
title={A battery-connected 24-ratio switched capacitor {PMIC} achieving 95.5\%-efficiency}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={C340-C341}, 
month={6},}

@techreport{TI2016,
    Title = {Switching Regulator Fundamentals},
    Institution = {Texas Instruments},
    Year = {2016},
    Month = {9},
    Number = {SNVA559A}
}

@article{Henning2006,
 author = {Henning, John L.},
 title = {{SPEC CPU2006} Benchmark Descriptions},
 journal = {SIGARCH Computer Architecture News},
 issue_date = {September 2006},
 volume = {34},
 number = {4},
 month = 9,
 year = {2006},
 pages = {1--17},
 numpages = {17},
} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{Coombs2017, 
author={D. Coombs and A. Elkholy and R. K. Nandwana and A. Elmallah and P. K. Hanumolu}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A {2.5-to-5.75GHz} {5mW} 0.3ps\textsubscript{rms}-jitter cascaded ring-based digital injection-locked clock multiplier in 65nm {CMOS}}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={152-153}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ngo2017, 
author={H. C. Ngo and K. Nakata and T. Yoshioka and Y. Terashima and K. Okada and A. Matsuzawa}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 0.42ps-jitter {-241.7dB-FOM} synthesizable injection-locked {PLL} with noise-isolation {LDO}}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={150-151}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cho2017, 
author={H. Cho and K. Seong and K. H. Choi and J. H. Choi and B. Kim and H. J. Park and J. Y. Sim}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 0.0047mm$^2$ highly synthesizable {TDC-} and {DCO-less} {fractional-N} {PLL} with a seamless lock range of f\textsubscript{REF} to {1GHz}}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={154-155}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jang2017, 
author={T. Jang and S. Jeong and D. Jeon and K. D. Choo and D. Sylvester and D. Blaauw}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 2.5ps {0.8-to-3.2GHz} bang-bang phase- and frequency-detector-based all-digital {PLL} with noise self-adjustment}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={148-149}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sai2016, 
author={A. Sai and S. Kondo and T. T. Ta and H. Okuni and M. Furuta and T. Itakura}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 65nm {CMOS ADPLL} with {360uW} {1.6ps-INL} {SS-ADC-based} period-detection-free {TDC}}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={336-337}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kim2016, 
author={H. Kim and Y. Kim and T. Kim and H. Park and S. Cho}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A {2.4GHz} {1.5mW} digital {MDLL} using pulse-width comparator and double injection technique in 28nm {CMOS}}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={328-329}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kundu2016, 
author={S. Kundu and B. Kim and C. H. Kim}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A {0.2-to-1.45GHz} subsampling {fractional-N} all-digital {MDLL} with zero-offset aperture {PD-based} spur cancellation and in-situ timing mismatch detection}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={326-327}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Choi2016, 
author={S. Choi and S. Yoo and J. Choi}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 185fs\textsubscript{rms}-integrated-jitter and {-245dB FOM} {PVT-robust} {ring-VCO-based} injection-locked clock multiplier with a continuous frequency-tracking loop using a replica-delay cell and a dual-edge phase detector}, 
year={2016},
pages={194-195}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Elkholy2016, 
author={A. Elkholy and A. Elmallah and M. Elzeftawi and K. Chang and P. K. Hanumolu}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A {6.75-to-8.25GHz}, 250fs\textsubscript{rms}-integrated-jitter {3.25mW} rapid on/off {PVT-insensitive} {fractional-N} injection-locked clock multiplier in 65nm {CMOS}}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={192-193}, 
month={1},}

@ARTICLE{Webel2015, 
author={T. Webel and P. M. Lobo and R. Bertran and G. M. Salem and M. Allen-Ware and R. Rizzolo and S. M. Carey and T. Strach and A. Buyuktosunoglu and C. Lefurgy and P. Bose and R. Nigaglioni and T. Slegel and M. S. Floyd and B. W. Curran}, 
journal={IBM Journal of Research and Development}, 
title={Robust power management in the {IBM z13}}, 
year={2015}, 
volume={59}, 
number={4/5}, 
pages={16:1-16:12}, 
month={7},}

@misc{Denali,
  title = {Denali Memory Interface {IP}},
  url = {https://ip.cadence.com/ipportfolio/ip-portfolio-overview/memory-ip},
  urldate = {2017-08-17},
  organization={Cadence},
}

@misc{ZedBoard,
  title = {ZedBoard},
  url = {http://zedboard.org/product/zedboard},
  urldate = {2017-08-10},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Tan2010, 
author={Z. Tan and A. Waterman and R. Avizienis and Y. Lee and H. Cook and D. Patterson and K. Asanovic?}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference}, 
title={{RAMP} gold: An {FPGA}-based architecture simulator for multiprocessors}, 
year={2010}, 
pages={463-468}, 
month={6},}

@techreport{Lee2015a,
    Author = {Lee, Yunsup and Ou, Albert and Schmidt, Colin and Karandikar, Sagar and Mao, Howard and Asanovi{\'c}, Krste},
    Title = {The {Hwacha} Microarchitecture Manual, Version 3.8.1},
    Institution = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley},
    Year = {2015},
    Month = {12},
    Number = {UCB/EECS-2015-263}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Keller2016, 
author={B. Keller and M. Cochet and B. Zimmer and Y. Lee and M. Blagojevi{\'c} and J. Kwak and A. Puggelli and S. Bailey and P. F. Chiu and P. Dabbelt and C. Schmidt and E. Alon and K. Asanovi{\'c} and B. Nikoli{\'c}}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference}, 
title={Sub-microsecond adaptive voltage scaling in a 28nm {FD-SOI processor SoC}}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={269-272}, 
month={9},}

@misc{TileLink,
  title = {TileLink 0.3.3 Specification},
  url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Iczcjigc-LUi8QmDPwnAu1kH4Rrt6Kqi1_EUaCrfrk8/pub},
  urldate = {2017-07-14},
}

@techreport{Lee2015,
    Author = {Lee, Yunsup and Schmidt, Colin and Ou, Albert and Waterman, Andrew and Asanovi{\'c}, Krste},
    Title = {The {Hwacha} Vector-Fetch Architecture Manual, Version 3.8.1},
    Institution = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley},
    Year = {2015},
    Month = {12},
    Number = {UCB/EECS-2015-262}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Le2013, 
author={H. P. Le and J. Crossley and S. R. Sanders and E. Alon}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A sub-ns response fully integrated battery-connected switched-capacitor voltage regulator delivering {0.19W/mm2} at 73\% efficiency}, 
year={2013}, 
pages={372-373}, 
month={2},}

@ARTICLE{Jacquet2014, 
author={D. Jacquet and F. Hasbani and P. Flatresse and R. Wilson and F. Arnaud and G. Cesana and T. Di Gilio and C. Lecocq and T. Roy and A. Chhabra and C. Grover and O. Minez and J. Uginet and G. Durieu and C. Adobati and D. Casalotto and F. Nyer and P. Menut and A. Cathelin and I. Vongsavady and P. Magarshack}, 
journal={IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={A 3 {GHz} Dual Core Processor {ARM} {Cortex-A9} in 28 nm {UTBB FD-SOI CMOS} With Ultra-Wide Voltage Range and Energy Efficiency Optimization}, 
year={2014}, 
volume={49}, 
number={4}, 
pages={812-826}, 
month={4},}

@article{Russel1978,
 author = {Russell, Richard M.},
 title = {The {CRAY-1} Computer System},
 journal = {Communications of the ACM},
 volume = {21},
 number = {1},
 month = 1,
 year = {1978},
 pages = {63--72},
} 

@inproceedings{Stanley-Marbell2002,
 author = {Stanley-Marbell, Phillip and Hsiao, Michael S. and Kremer, Ulrich},
 title = {A Hardware Architecture for Dynamic Performance and Energy Adaptation},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Power-aware Computer Systems},
 year = {2003},
 pages = {33--52},
 month=2,
} 

@inproceedings{Guang2009,
 author = {Guang, Liang and Nigussie, Ethiopia and Koskinen, Lauri and Tenhunen, Hannu},
 title = {Autonomous {DVFS} on Supply Islands for Energy-Constrained {NoC} Communication},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems},
 year = {2009},
 month=3,
 pages = {183--194},
} 

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rajamani2006, 
author={K. Rajamani and H. Hanson and J. Rubio and S. Ghiasi and F. Rawson}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization}, 
title={Application-Aware Power Management}, 
year={2006}, 
pages={39-48}, 
month={10},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dhiman2007, 
author={G. Dhiman and T. S. Rosing}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design}, 
title={Dynamic voltage frequency scaling for multi-tasking systems using online learning}, 
year={2007}, 
pages={207-212}, 
month={8},}

@ARTICLE{Talpes2005, 
author={E. Talpes and D. Marculescu}, 
journal={IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems}, 
title={Toward a multiple clock/voltage island design style for power-aware processors}, 
year={2005}, 
volume={13}, 
number={5}, 
pages={591-603}, 
month={5},}

@inproceedings{Keramidas2010,
 author = {Keramidas, Georgios and Spiliopoulos, Vasileios and Kaxiras, Stefanos},
 title = {Interval-based Models for Run-time {DVFS} Orchestration in Superscalar Processors},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers},
 year = {2010},
 pages = {287--296},
 month=5,
} 

@ARTICLE{Efraim2014, 
author={R. Efraim and R. Ginosar and C. Weiser and A. Mendelson}, 
journal={IEEE Computer Architecture Letters}, 
title={Energy Aware Race to Halt: A Down to {EARtH} Approach for Platform Energy Management}, 
year={2014}, 
volume={13}, 
number={1}, 
pages={25-28}, 
month={1},}

@inproceedings{Dhiman2008,
 author = {Dhiman, Gaurav and Pusukuri, Kishore Kumar and Rosing, Tajana},
 title = {Analysis of Dynamic Voltage Scaling for System Level Energy Management},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems},
 year = {2008},
 month=12,
} 

@MISC{Snowdon2005,
    author = {David Snowdon and Sergio Ruocco and Gernot Heiser},
    title = {Power Management and Dynamic Voltage Scaling: Myths and Facts},
    year = {2005}
}

@inproceedings{Yuki2014,
author="Yuki, Tomofumi and Rajopadhye, Sanjay",
title="Folklore Confirmed: Compiling for Speed = Compiling for Energy",
bookTitle="Proceedings of the International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing",
year="2014",
month=9,
pages={169--184},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wu2005a, 
author={Qiang Wu and P. Juang and M. Martonosi and D. W. Clark}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture}, 
title={Voltage and frequency control with adaptive reaction time in multiple-clock-domain processors}, 
year={2005}, 
pages={178--189}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sharkey2007, 
author={J. Sharkey and A. Buyuktosunoglu and P. Bose}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design}, 
title={Evaluating design tradeoffs in on-chip power management for {CMPs}}, 
year={2007}, 
pages={44-49}, 
month={8},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wu2005, 
author={Qiang Wu and V. J. Reddi and Youfeng Wu and Jin Lee and D. Connors and D. Brooks and M. Martonosi and D. W. Clark}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture}, 
title={A dynamic compilation framework for controlling microprocessor energy and performance}, 
year={2005}, 
pages = {271--282},
month={11},}

@inproceedings{Hsu2003,
 author = {Hsu, Chung-Hsing and Kremer, Ulrich},
 title = {The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Compiler Algorithm for {CPU} Energy Reduction},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation},
 year = {2003},
 month=6,
 pages = {38--48},
} 

@inproceedings{Pouwelse2001,
 author = {Pouwelse, Johan and Langendoen, Koen and Sips, Henk},
 title = {Dynamic Voltage Scaling on a Low-power Microprocessor},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking},
 year = {2001},
 month=7,
 pages = {251--259},
} 

@misc{Horner2017,
title={{RISC V - low power instructions}},
url={https://groups.google.com/a/groups.riscv.org/d/msg/hw-dev/fmn3ux_XLs0/kkPkJnStAwAJ},
howpublished={RISC-V Hardware Development Mailing List},
author={Horner, David},
year={2017},
month={2},
day={28},
}

@mastersthesis{Bird2010,
  author        = "Sarah Bird",
  title         = "Software Knows Best: A Case for Hardware Transparency and Measurability",
  school        = "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley",
  year          = "2010",
  month = {5},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bhagavatula2013, 
author={S. Bhagavatula and B. Jung}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference}, 
title={A power sensor with 80ns response time for power management in microprocessors}, 
year={2013}, 
%pages={1-4}, 
month={9},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jiang2007, 
author={X. Jiang and P. Dutta and D. Culler and I. Stoica}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks}, 
title={Micro Power Meter for Energy Monitoring of Wireless Sensor Networks at Scale}, 
year={2007}, 
pages={186-195}, 
month={4},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cochet2016, 
author={M. Cochet and A. Puggelli and B. Keller and B. Zimmer and M. Blagojevi{\'c} and S. Clerc and P. Roche and J. L. Autran and B. Nikoli?}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference}, 
title={On-chip supply power measurement and waveform reconstruction in a 28nm {FD-SOI} processor {SoC}}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={125-128}, 
month={11},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dutta2008, 
author={P. Dutta and M. Feldmeier and J. Paradiso and D. Culler}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks}, 
title={Energy Metering for Free: Augmenting Switching Regulators for Real-Time Monitoring}, 
year={2008}, 
pages={283-294},
month={4},}

@ARTICLE{Keller2017, 
author={B. Keller and M. Cochet and B. Zimmer and J. Kwak and A. Puggelli and Y. Lee and M. Blagojevi{\'c} and S. Bailey and P. F. Chiu and P. Dabbelt and C. Schmidt and E. Alon and K. Asanovi{\'c} and B. Nikoli{\'c}}, 
journal={IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={A {RISC-V} Processor {SoC} With Integrated Power Management at Submicrosecond Timescales in 28 nm {FD-SOI}}, 
year={2017}, 
volume={52}, 
number={7}, 
pages={1863-1875}, 
month={7},}

@article{Wong2006,
author = {Wong, K.L. and Rahal-arabi, T. and Ma, M. and Taylor, G.},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
keywords = {EE241},
month = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {749--758},
title = {Enhancing Microprocessor Immunity to Power Supply Noise With Clock-Data Compensation},
volume = {41},
year = {2006}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pique2012, 
author={G. V. Piqu{\'e}}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 41-phase switched-capacitor power converter with {3.8mV} output ripple and 81\% efficiency in baseline 90nm {CMOS}}, 
year={2012}, 
pages={98-100}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Andersen2014, 
author={T. M. Andersen and F. Krismer and J. W. Kolar and T. Toifl and C. Menolfi and L. Kull and T. Morf and M. Kossel and M. Br�ndli and P. Buchmann and P. A. Francese}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A sub-ns response on-chip switched-capacitor {DC-DC} voltage regulator delivering {3.7W/mm2} at 90\% efficiency using deep-trench capacitors in 32nm {SOI} {CMOS}}, 
year={2014}, 
pages={90-91}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jain2014, 
author={R. Jain and S. Kim and V. Vaidya and J. Tschanz and K. Ravichandran and V. De}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference}, 
title={Conductance modulation techniques in switched-capacitor {DC-DC} converter for maximum-efficiency tracking and ripple mitigation in 22nm Tri-gate {CMOS}}, 
year={2014}, 
%pages={1-4}, 
month={9},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jiang2017, 
author={J. Jiang and Y. Lu and W. H. Ki and S. P. U and R. P. Martins}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A dual-symmetrical-output switched-capacitor converter with dynamic power cells and minimized cross regulation for application processors in 28nm {CMOS}}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={344-345}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Teh2016, 
author={C. K. Teh and A. Suzuki}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 2-output step-up/step-down switched-capacitor {DC-DC} converter with 95.8\% peak efficiency and {0.85-to-3.6V} input voltage range}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={222-223}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Song2015, 
author={M. K. Song and L. Chen and J. Sankman and S. Terry and D. Ma}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A {20V 8.4W 20MHz} four-phase {GaN DC-DC} converter with fully on-chip {dual-SR} bootstrapped {GaN FET} driver achieving 4ns constant propagation delay and 1ns switching rise time}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={302--304}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Floyd2017, 
author={M. S. Floyd and P. J. Restle and M. A. Sperling and P. Owczarczyk and E. J. Fluhr and J. Friedrich and P. Muench and T. Diemoz and P. Chuang and C. Vezyrtzis}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={Adaptive clocking in the {POWER9} processor for voltage droop protection}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={444-445}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wilcox2015, 
author={K. Wilcox and D. Akeson and H. R. Fair and J. Farrell and D. Johnson and G. Krishnan and H. Mclntyre and E. McLellan and S. Naffziger and R. Schreiber and S. Sundaram and J. White}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 28nm x86 {APU} optimized for power and area efficiency}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={84--86}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bowman2015, 
author={K. Bowman and S. Raina and T. Bridges and D. Yingling and H. Nguyen and B. Appel and Y. Kolla and J. Jeong and F. Atallah and D. Hansquine}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 16nm auto-calibrating dynamically adaptive clock distribution for maximizing supply-voltage-droop tolerance across a wide operating range}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={152--154}, 
month={2},}

@misc{Felix2014,
  title={Digital frequency locked loop},
  author={Felix, S.},
  year={2014},
  month=5,
  note={US Patent 8,723,571}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kamakshi2016, 
author={D. A. Kamakshi and M. Fojtik and B. Khailany and S. Kudva and Y. Zhou and B. H. Calhoun}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems}, 
title={Modeling and Analysis of Power Supply Noise Tolerance with Fine-Grained {GALS} Adaptive Clocks}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={75-82}, 
month={5},}

@inproceedings{Pinckney2013,
author = {Pinckney, Nathaniel and Fojtik, Matthew and Giridhar, Bharan and Sylvester, Dennis and Blaauw, David},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits},
pages = {C290--C291},
title = {Shortstop: An On-Chip Fast Supply Boosting Technique},
year = {2013},
month=6
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pinckney2016, 
author={N. Pinckney and D. Sylvester and D. Blaauw}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference}, 
title={Supply boosting for high-performance processors in flip-chip packages}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={473-476}, 
month={9},}

@phdthesis{Seeman2009,
    Author = {Seeman, Michael Douglas},
    Title = {A Design Methodology for Switched-Capacitor {DC-DC} Converters},
    School = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley},
    Year = {2009},
    Month = {5},
}

@ARTICLE{Seeman2008, 
author={M. D. Seeman and S. R. Sanders}, 
journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, 
title={Analysis and Optimization of Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converters}, 
year={2008}, 
volume={23}, 
number={2}, 
pages={841-851}, 
month=3,}

@ARTICLE{Lee2007, 
author={J. Lee and G. Hatcher and L. Vandenberghe and C. K. K. Yang}, 
journal={IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems}, 
title={Evaluation of Fully-Integrated Switching Regulators for {CMOS} Process Technologies}, 
year={2007}, 
volume={15}, 
number={9}, 
pages={1017-1027}, 
month={9},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gardner2006, 
author={D. S. Gardner and G. Schrom and P. Hazucha and F. Paillet and T. Karnik and S. Borkar and J. Saulters and J. Owens and J. Wetzel}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the International Electron Devices Meeting}, 
title={Integrated On-Chip Inductors with Magnetic Films}, 
year={2006}, 
%pages={1-4}, 
month={12},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Singh2017, 
author={T. Singh and S. Rangarajan and D. John and C. Henrion and S. Southard and H. McIntyre and A. Novak and S. Kosonocky and R. Jotwani and A. Schaefer and E. Chang and J. Bell and M. Co}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={Zen: A next-generation high-performance x86 core}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={52-53}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gonzalez2017, 
author={C. Gonzalez and E. Fluhr and D. Dreps and D. Hogenmiller and R. Rao and J. Paredes and M. Floyd and M. Sperling and R. Kruse and V. Ramadurai and R. Nett and S. Islam and J. Pille and D. Plass}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={POWER9: A processor family optimized for cognitive computing with {25Gb/s} accelerator links and {16Gb/s} {PCIe} {Gen4}}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={50-51}, 
month={2},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Grenat2016, 
author={A. Grenat and S. Sundaram and S. Kosonocky and R. Rachala and S. Sambamurthy and S. Liepe and M. Rodriguez and T. Burd and A. Clark and M. Austin and S. Naffziger}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={Increasing the performance of a 28nm x86-64 microprocessor through system power management}, 
year={2016}, 
pages={74-75}, 
month={1},}

@online{Volta2017,
  author = {Ryan Smith},
  title = {{NVIDIA} {Volta} Unveiled: {GV100 GPU} and {Tesla V100} Accelerator Announced},
  year={2017},
  month={5},
  day={10},
  url = {http://www.anandtech.com/show/11367/nvidia-volta-unveiled-gv100-gpu-and-tesla-v100-accelerator-announced},
  urldate = {2017-06-12},
  organization={AnandTech}
}

@online{Sperling2014,
  author = {Ed Sperling},
  title = {How Much Will That Chip Cost?},
  year={2014},
  month={3},
  day={27},
  url = {http://semiengineering.com/how-much-will-that-chip-cost/},
  urldate = {2017-06-12},
  organization={Semiconductor Engineering}
}

@inproceedings{Dally2013,
  title={21st century digital design tools},
  author={Dally, William J and Malachowsky, Chris and Keckler, Stephen W},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference},
%  pages={94},
  year={2013},
  month=6,
}

@inproceedings{Tega2009,
  title={Increasing threshold voltage variation due to random telegraph noise in {FETs} as gate lengths scale to 20 nm},
  author={Tega, N and Miki, H and Pagette, F and Frank, DJ and Ray, A and Rooks, MJ and Haensch, W and Torii, K},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Technology},
  pages={50--51},
  year={2009},
  month=4,
}

@article{Sapatnekar2011,
  title={Overcoming variations in nanometer-scale technologies},
  author={Sapatnekar, Sachin S},
  journal={IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems},
  volume={1},
  number={1},
  pages={5--18},
  year={2011},
  month=5,
}
 
 @INPROCEEDINGS{Hou2017, 
author={C. Hou}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A smart design paradigm for smart chips}, 
year={2017}, 
pages={8-13}, 
month={2},}
 
@book{Alioto2017,
  title={Enabling the Internet of Things: From Integrated Circuits to Integrated Systems},
  editor={Alioto, Massimo},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Springer International Publishing},
  address={Cham, Switzerland}
}
 
@misc{Battery2017,
  title = {Apple {iPhone} product line comparison},
  year={2017},
  month={4},
  day={26},
  url = {http://socialcompare.com/en/comparison/apple-iphone-product-line-comparison/},
  urldate = {2017-06-09},
  organization={SocialCompare}
}
 
 @online{Pilon2016,
  author = {Anne Pilon},
  title = {Smartphone Battery Survey: Battery Life Considered Important},
  year={2016},
  month={1.},
  day={13},
  url = {https://aytm.com/blog/daily-survey-results/smartphone-battery-survey/},
  urldate = {2017-06-09},
  organization={AYTM}
}

 @ARTICLE{Grot2012, 
author={B. Grot and D. Hardy and P. Lotfi-Kamran and B. Falsafi and C. Nicopoulos and Y. Sazeides}, 
journal={IEEE Micro}, 
title={Optimizing Data-Center {TCO} with Scale-Out Processors}, 
year={2012}, 
volume={32}, 
number={5}, 
pages={52-63}, 
month={9},}
 
 @misc{Koomey2007,
  title={A simple model for determining true total cost of ownership for data centers},
  howpublished  = "White Paper",
  organization  = "Uptime Institute",
  month         = {10},
  year          = "2007",
  author={Koomey, Jonathan}
}
 
 @inproceedings{Karidis2009,
 author = {Karidis, John and Moreira, Jose E. and Moreno, Jaime},
 title = {True Value: Assessing and Optimizing the Cost of Computing at the Data Center Level},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers},
 year = {2009},
 month=5,
 pages = {185--192},
} 
 
@INPROCEEDINGS{Gelsinger2001, 
author={P. P. Gelsinger}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={Microprocessors for the new millennium: Challenges, opportunities, and new frontiers}, 
year={2001}, 
pages={22-25}, 
month={2},}
 
 
@online{Sverdlik2016,
  author = {Sverdlik, Yevgeniy},
  title = {Here's How Much Energy All US Data Centers Consume},
  year={2016},
  month={6},
  day={27},
  url = {http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2016/06/27/heres-how-much-energy-all-us-data-centers-consume/},
  urldate = {2017-06-09},
  organization={Data Center Knowledge}
}
 
 
@article {Laitner2010,
 author = {John A. Laitner and Knight, Chris Poland and McKinney, Vanessa L. and Ehrhardt-Martinez, Karen},
 title = {Semiconductor technologies: The potential to revolutionize {U.S.} energy productivity {(Part III)}},
 journal = {Environmental Quality Management},
 volume = {19},
 number = {4},
 publisher = {Wiley},
 pages = {29--50},
 year = {2010},
}
 
@inproceedings{Cummings2002,
  title={Simulation and synthesis techniques for asynchronous {FIFO} design},
  author={Cummings, Clifford E},
  booktitle={Synopsys Users Group Conference User Papers},
  year={2002}
}
 
@inproceedings{Chaney1979,
  title={Characterization and scaling of {MOS} flip flop performance in synchronizer applications},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Caltech Conference On Very Large Scale Integration},
  author={Chaney, Thomas J and Rosenberger, Fred U},
  year={1979},
  month=1,
  publisher={California Institute of Technology}
}
 
@ARTICLE{Lutkemeier2013, 
author={S. Lutkemeier and T. Jungeblut and H. K. O. Berge and S. Aunet and M. Porrmann and U. Ruckert}, 
journal={{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={A 65 nm 32b Subthreshold Processor With {9T} Multi-{Vt} {SRAM} and Adaptive Supply Voltage Control}, 
year={2013}, 
volume={48}, 
number={1}, 
pages={8-19}, 
month={1.},}
 
@standard{IEEEFloatingPoint,
  title         = "{IEEE} Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic",
  organization  = "IEEE",
  number        = "754",
  year          = "2008"
}
 
 @INPROCEEDINGS{raven1, 
author={B. Zimmer and O. Thomas and S. O. Toh and T. Vincent and K. Asanovi{\'c} and B. Nikoli{\'c}}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the {IEEE} European Solid-State Device Research Conference}, 
title={Joint impact of random variations and {RTN} on dynamic writeability in 28nm bulk and {FDSOI} {SRAM}}, 
year={2014}, 
pages={98-101}, 
month={9},}
  
@INPROCEEDINGS{planes, 
  author={Planes, Nicolas and Weber, O. and Barral, V. and Haendler, S. and Noblet, D. and Croain, D. and Bocat, M. and Sassoulas, P. and Federspiel, X. and Cros, A. and Bajolet, A. and Richard, E. and Dumont, B. and Perreau, P. and Petit, D. and Golanski, D. and Fenouillet-Beranger, C. and Guillot, N. and Rafik, M. and Huard, V. and Puget, S. and Montagner, X. and Jaud, M. -A and Rozeau, O. and Saxod, O. and Wacquant, F. and Monsieur, F. and Barge, D. and Pinzelli, L. and Mellier, M. and Boeuf, F. and Arnaud, F. and Haond, M.}, 
  title={{28nm FDSOI technology platform for high-speed low-voltage digital applications}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} Symposium on VLSI Technology},
  pages={133-134}, 
  year={2012}, 
  month={6},
}
 
 @inproceedings{Godycki2014,
author = {Godycki, Waclaw and Torng, Christopher and Bukreyev, Ivan and Apsel, Alyssa and Batten, Christopher},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture},
pages = {381--393},
title = {Enabling Realistic Fine-Grain Voltage Scaling with Reconfigurable Power Distribution Networks},
year = {2014},
month = {12}
}
 
@phdthesis{YunsupThesis,
    Author = {Lee, Yunsup},
    Title = {Decoupled Vector-Fetch Architecture with a Scalarizing Compiler},
    School = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley},
    Year = {2016},
    Month = {5},
 }	
 
 @inproceedings{Shye2009,
 author = {Shye, Alex and Scholbrock, Benjamin and Memik, Gokhan},
 title = {Into the Wild: studying Real User Activity Patterns to Guide Power Optimizations for Mobile Architectures},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE/ACM} International Symposium on Microarchitecture},
 year = {2009},
 pages = {168--178},
 numpages = {11},
 month={12},
} 
 
 @ARTICLE{Bol2013, 
 author={D. Bol and J. De Vos and C. Hocquet and F. Botman and F. Durvaux and S. Boyd and D. Flandre and J. D. Legat}, 
 journal={{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
% title={{SleepWalker}: A 25-{MHz} {0.4-V} Sub-mm$^{2}$ 7-$\mu${W/MHz} Microcontroller in 65-nm {LP/GP CMOS} for Low-Carbon Wireless Sensor Nodes}, 
  title={{SleepWalker}: A 25-{MHz} {0.4-V} Sub-mm$^2$ 7-{uW/MHz} Microcontroller in 65-nm {LP/GP CMOS} for Low-Carbon Wireless Sensor Nodes}, 
 year={2013}, 
 volume={48}, 
 number={1}, 
 pages={20-32}, 
 month={1},
 }

@ARTICLE{Kwak2016, 
author={J. Kwak and B. Nikoli{\'c}}, 
journal={IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={A Self-Adjustable Clock Generator With Wide Dynamic Range in 28 nm {FDSOI}}, 
year={2016}, 
volume={51}, 
number={10}, 
pages={2368-2379}, 
month={10},}
 
 @article{Gutnik1997,
author = {Gutnik, Vadim and Chandrakasan, Anantha P.},
journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems},
number = {4},
pages = {425--435},
title = {{Embedded power supply for low-power DSP}},
volume = {5},
month = {12},
year = {1997}
}
 
 @inproceedings{Lee2000,
  title={Run-time voltage hopping for low-power real-time systems},
  author={Lee, Seongsoo and Sakurai, Takayasu},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference},
  pages={806--809},
  year={2000},
  month={6},
}
 
 @inproceedings{Chisel,
  title={Chisel: {C}onstructing hardware in a {Scala} embedded language},
  author={Bachrach, Jonathan and Vo, Huy and Richards, Brian and Lee, Yunsup and Waterman, Andrew and Avi{\v{z}}ienis, Rimas and Wawrzynek, John and Asanovi{\'c}, Krste},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference},
  pages={1216--1225},
  year={2012},
}
 
 
 @article{Jiao2010,
author = {Jiao, Dong and Gu, Jie and Kim, Chris H.},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
month = {10},
number = {10},
pages = {2130--2141},
title = {Circuit Design and Modeling Techniques for Enhancing the Clock-Data Compensation Effect Under Resonant Supply Noise},
volume = {45},
year = {2010}
}
 
 @article{Snowdon2007,
author = {Snowdon, David C and Petters, Stefan M and Heiser, Gernot},
journal = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Conference on Embedded Software},
pages = {84--93},
title = {Accurate On-line Prediction of Processor and Memory Energy Usage Under Voltage Scaling},
year = {2007},
month = {9}
}
 
 @inproceedings{Turnquist2015,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits},
author={Turnquist, M. and Hiienkari, M. and Makipaa, J. and Jevtic, R. and Pohjalainen, E. and Kallio, T. and Koskinen, L.}, 
title={Fully integrated {DC-DC} converter and a {0.4V} 32-bit {CPU} with timing-error prevention supplied from a prototype {1.55V Li-ion battery}}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={320-321}, 
month={6},}

 @INPROCEEDINGS{Clerc2015, 
  author={Clerc, S. and Saligane, M. and Abouzeid, F. and Cochet, M. and Daveau, J.-M. and Bottoni, C. and Bol, D. and De-Vos, J. and Zamora, D. and Coeffic, B. and Soussan, D. and Croain, D. and Naceur, M. and Schamberger, P. and Roche, P. and Sylvester, D.}, 
  booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
  title={{A 0.33V/-40C process/temperature closed-loop compensation SoC embedding all-digital clock multiplier and DC-DC converter exploiting FDSOI 28nm back-gate biasing}}, 
  year={2015}, 
  month={2}, 
  pages={150--151}, 
}

 @INPROCEEDINGS{Kim2015, 
author={Kim, S.T. and Yi-Chun Shih and Mazumdar, K. and Jain, R. and Ryan, J.F. and Tokunaga, C. and Augustine, C. and Kulkarni, J.P. and Ravichandran, K. and Tschanz, J.W. and Khellah, M.M. and De, V.}, 
booktitle={{IEEE} International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={{Enabling wide autonomous DVFS in a 22nm graphics execution core using a digitally controlled hybrid LDO/switched-capacitor VR with fast droop mitigation}}, 
year={2015}, 
month={2}, 
pages={154--155}, 
}
 
 @INPROCEEDINGS{Krishnamurthy2014, 
author={Krishnamurthy, H.K. and Vaidya, V.A. and Kumar, P. and Matthew, G.E. and Weng, S. and Thiruvengadam, B. and Proefrock, W. and Ravichandran, K. and De, V.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits}, 
title={A 500 {MHz}, 68\% efficient, fully on-die digitally controlled buck Voltage Regulator on 22nm Tri-Gate {CMOS}}, 
year={2014}, 
pages={167--168}, 
month={6},}

 @article{Gupta2013,
author = {Gupta, Vishal and Singh, Montek},
isbn = {9781479906222},
journal = {Proc. International Green Computing Conference},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{Energy conservation in asynchronous systems using self-adaptive fine-grain voltage scaling}},
year = {2013},
month = {6}
}

@inproceedings{Marculescu2000,
author = {Marculescu, Diana},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Complexity-Effective Design},
keywords = {DVFS},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS},
title = {{On the use of microarchitecture-driven dynamic voltage scaling}},
year = {2000},
month = {6}
}

@inproceedings{Juang2005,
author = {Juang, Philo and {Qiang Wu} and {Li-Shiuan Peh} and Martonosi, Margaret and Clark, D.W.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design},
keywords = {DVFS,dynamic voltage scaling,power},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS},
pages = {127--130},
title = {{Coordinated, distributed, formal energy management of chip multiprocessors}},
year = {2005},
month = {8}
}


@article{Beigne2009,
author = {Beigne, Edith and Clermidy, Fabien and Lhermet, Hne and Miermont, Sylvain and Thonnart, Yvain and Tran, Xuan Tu and Valentian, Alexandre and Varreau, Didier and Vivet, Pascal and Popon, Xavier and Lebreton, Hugo},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
keywords = {DVFS,Distributed DSP,Dynamic power,GALS,Leakage power,Network-on-chip,Super cut-off{\&}DC-DC converters,Vdd-hopping},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS,Distributed DSP},
number = {4},
pages = {1167--1177},
title = {{An asynchronous power aware and adaptive NoC based circuit}},
volume = {44},
year = {2009},
month = {3}
}
 
 
 @article{Kim2008,
author = {Kim, Wonyoung and Gupta, MS},
isbn = {9781424420704},
journal = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture},
pages = {123--134},
title = {{System level analysis of fast, per-core DVFS using on-chip switching regulators}},
year = {2008},
month = {2}
}

 
@inproceedings{Blagojevic2016,
  title={A fast, flexible, positive and negative adaptive body-bias generator in 28nm {FDSOI}},
  author={Blagojevi{\'c}, Milovan and Cochet, Martin and Keller, Ben and Flatresse, Philippe and Vladimirescu, Andrei and Nikoli{\'c}, Borivoje},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits},
  pages={61--62},
  year={2016},
  month={6}
}
 
@ARTICLE{AgileHardwareMicro, 
author={Y. Lee and A. Waterman and H. Cook and B. Zimmer and B. Keller and A. Puggelli and J. Kwak and R. Jevtic and S. Bailey and M. Blagojevi{\'c} and P. F. Chiu and R. Avizienis and B. Richards and J. Bachrach and D. Patterson and E. Alon and B. Nikoli{\'c} and K. Asanovi{\'c}}, 
journal={{IEEE} Micro}, 
title={An Agile Approach to Building {RISC-V} Microprocessors}, 
year={2016}, 
volume={36}, 
number={2}, 
pages={8-20}, 
month={3},}
 
@article{Eyerman2011,
author = {Eyerman, Stijn and Eeckhout, Lieven},
journal = {{ACM} Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization},
keywords = {DVFS},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS},
month = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Fine-grained DVFS using on-chip regulators}},
volume = {8},
year = {2011}
}
 
 @techreport{Rocket2016,
    Author = {Asanovi{\'c}, Krste and Avizienis, Rimas and Bachrach, Jonathan and Beamer, Scott and Biancolin, David and Celio, Christopher and Cook, Henry and Dabbelt, Daniel and Hauser, John and Izraelevitz, Adam and Karandikar, Sagar and Keller, Ben and Kim, Donggyu and Koenig, John and Lee, Yunsup and Love, Eric and Maas, Martin and Magyar, Albert and Mao, Howard and Moreto, Miquel and Ou, Albert and Patterson, David A. and Richards, Brian and Schmidt, Colin and Twigg, Stephen and Vo, Huy and Waterman, Andrew},
    Title = {{The Rocket Chip Generator}},
    Institution = {Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley},
    Year = {2016},
    Month = {4},
    Number = {UCB/EECS-2016-17},
}
 
 @article{Rangan2009,
author = {Rangan, K. and Wei, G. and Brooks, D.},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
pages = {302--313},
title = {{Thread motion: fine-grained power management for multi-core systems}},
year = {2009},
month = {6}
}

 @inproceedings{Lee2014,
author={Yunsup Lee and Waterman, A. and Avizienis, R. and Cook, H. and Chen Sun and Stojanovic, V. and Asanovi{\'c}, K.}, 
title={A 45nm {1.3GHz} 16.7 Double-Precision {GFLOPS/W RISC-V} Processor with Vector Accelerators}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference}, 
year={2014}, 
month={9}, 
pages={199-202}, 
}
 
 @inproceedings{zscale,
author={Yunsup Lee}, 
booktitle={{OpenRISC Conference}}, 
title={{Z-scale: Tiny 32-bit RISC-V systems}}, 
year={2015}, 
month={10}, 
}

 @article{McGowen2006,
author = {McGowen, R. and Poirier, C.A. and Bostak, C. and Ignowski, J. and Millican, M. and Parks, W.H. and Naffziger, S.},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
number = {1},
pages = {229--237},
title = {{Power and temperature control on a 90-nm Itanium family processor}},
volume = {41},
year = {2006},
month={1}
}
 
 
 @INPROCEEDINGS{Oracle2015, 
author={Venkat Krishnaswamy and Jeffrey Brooks and Georgios Konstadinidis and Curtis McAllister and Ha Pham and Sebastian Turullols and Jinuk Luke Shin and Yifan YangGong and Haowei Zhang}, 
booktitle={Proc. {IEEE} International Solid-State Circuits Conference}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={74-76}, 
title={Fine-grained adaptive power management of the {SPARC M7} processor},
month={2},
}
  
 @ARTICLE{Zimmer2016, 
author={B. Zimmer and Y. Lee and A. Puggelli and J. Kwak and R. Jevti{\'c} and B. Keller and S. Bailey and M. Blagojevi{\'c} and P. F. Chiu and H. P. Le and P. H. Chen and N. Sutardja and R. Avizienis and A. Waterman and B. Richards and P. Flatresse and E. Alon and K. Asanovi{\'c} and B. Nikoli{\'c}}, 
journal={{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={A {RISC-V} Vector Processor With Simultaneous-Switching Switched-Capacitor {DC-DC} Converters in 28 nm {FDSOI}}, 
year={2016}, 
volume={51}, 
number={4}, 
pages={930-942}, 
month={4},}
 
 @inproceedings{Sinangil2014,
author={Sinangil, Y. and Neuman, S.M. and Sinangil, M.E. and Ickes, N. and Bezerra, G. and Lau, E. and Miller, J.E. and Hoffmann, H.C. and Devadas, S. and Chandraksan, A.P.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits}, 
year={2014}, 
pages={139-140}, 
title={A self-aware processor {SoC} using energy monitors integrated into power converters for self-adaptation}, 
month={6}
}
 
 @INPROCEEDINGS{Flatresse2013, 
author={Flatresse, P. and Giraud, B. and Noel, J. and Pelloux-Prayer, B. and Giner, F. and Arora, D. and Arnaud, F. and Planes, N. and Le Coz, J. and Thomas, O. and Engels, S. and Cesana, G. and Wilson, R. and Urard, P.}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
year={2013}, 
pages={424-425}, 
month={2},
title={Ultra-wide body-bias range {LDPC} decoder in 28nm {UTBB FDSOI} technology}, 
}
 
@article{Chandrakasan1992,
author = {Chandrakasan, A.P. and Sheng, S. and Brodersen, R.W.},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
month = 4,
number = {4},
pages = {473--484},
title = {Low-power {CMOS} digital design},
volume = {27},
year = {1992}
}

@inproceedings{Jain2012,
author = {Jain, Shailendra and Khare, Surhud and Yada, Satish and Ambili, V. and Salihundam, Praveen and Ramani, Shiva and Muthukumar, Sriram and Srinivasan, M. and Kumar, Arun and Gb, Shasi Kumar and Ramanarayanan, Rajaraman and Erraguntla, Vasantha and Howard, Jason and Vangal, Sriram and Dighe, Saurabh and Ruhl, Greg and Aseron, Paolo and Wilson, Howard and Borkar, Nitin and De, Vivek and Borkar, Shekhar},
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
pages = {66--67},
title = {{A 280mV-to-1.2V wide-operating-range IA-32 processor in 32nm CMOS}},
month=2,
year = {2012}
}
 
@article{Calhoun2005,
author = {Calhoun, Benton H. and Wang, Alice and Chandrakasan, Anantha},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
number = {9},
pages = {1778--1785},
title = {Modeling and sizing for minimum energy operation in subthreshold circuits},
volume = {40},
year = {2005}
}

@inproceedings{Ginosar2003,
author = {Ginosar, R.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
pages = {89--96},
title = {{Fourteen ways to fool your synchronizer}},
year = {2003},
month=3,
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Li2015, 
author={Li, P. and Shin, J.L. and Konstadinidis, G. and Schumacher, F. and Krishnaswamy, V. and Hoyeol Cho and Dash, S. and Masleid, R. and Chaoyang Zheng and Lin, Y.D. and Loewenstein, P. and Heechoul Park and Srinivasan, V. and Dawei Huang and Changku Hwang and Hsu, W. and McAllister, C.}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={A 20nm 32-Core {64MB L3} cache {SPARC M7} processor}, 
year={2015}, 
month={2}, 
pages={72--74}, 
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ARM2015, 
author={Myers, J. and Savanth, A. and Howard, D. and Gaddh, R. and Prabhat, P. and Flynn, D.}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={{An 80nW retention 11.7pJ/cycle active subthreshold ARM Cortex-M0 subsystem in 65nm CMOS for WSN applications}}, 
year={2015}, 
month={2}, 
pages={1-3}, 
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kurd2014, 
author={Kurd, N. and Chowdhury, M. and Burton, E. and Thomas, T.P. and Mozak, C. and Boswell, B. and Lal, M. and Deval, A. and Douglas, J. and Elassal, M. and Nalamalpu, A. and Wilson, T.M. and Merten, M. and Chennupaty, S. and Gomes, W. and Kumar, R.}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={Haswell: A family of {IA} 22nm processors}, 
year={2014}, 
month={2}, 
pages={112-113}, 
}

 @ARTICLE{Dike1999, 
author={Dike, C. and Burton, E.}, 
journal={{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={Miller and noise effects in a synchronizing flip-flop}, 
year={1999}, 
month={6}, 
volume={34}, 
number={6}, 
pages={849-855}, 
doi={10.1109/4.766819}, 
ISSN={0018-9200},}
 
 @INPROCEEDINGS{IBM2015, 
author={Warnock, J. and Curran, B. and Badar, J. and Fredeman, G. and Plass, D. and Yuen Chan and Carey, S. and Salem, G. and Schroeder, F. and Malgioglio, F. and Mayer, G. and Berry, C. and Wood, M. and Yiu-Hing Chan and Mayo, M. and Isakson, J. and Nagarajan, C. and Werner, T. and Sigal, L. and Nigaglioni, R. and Cichanowski, M. and Zitz, J. and Ziegler, M. and Bronson, T. and Strevig, G. and Dreps, D. and Puri, R. and Malone, D. and Wendel, D. and Pak-Kin Mak and Blake, M.}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={22nm Next-generation {IBM} {System z} microprocessor}, 
year={2015}, 
month={2}, 
pages={1-3}, 
}
 
@inproceedings{Cheng2008,
author = {Cheng, Wayne H. and Baas, Bevan M.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Symposium on Circuits and Systems},
month = 5,
pages = {1236--1239},
title = {Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling circuits with two supply voltages},
year = {2008}
}

@inproceedings{Park2010,
author = {Park, Jaehyun and Shin, Donghwa and Chang, Naehyuck and Pedram, Massoud},
booktitle = {Proc. {IEEE} International Symposium on Low-Power Electronics and Design},
title = {Accurate modeling and calculation of delay and energy overheads of dynamic voltage scaling in modern high-performance microprocessors},
year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{Naveh2011,
  title={{Power management architecture of the 2nd generation Intel Core microarchitecture, formerly codenamed Sandy Bridge}},
  author={Naveh, Alon and Rajwan, Doron and Ananthakrishnan, Avinash and Weissmann, Eli},
  booktitle={Hot Chips},
  year={2011},
  month={8}
}
 
 @article{Calhoun2006,
author = {Calhoun, B. H. and Chandrakasan, a. P.},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
title = {Ultra-Dynamic Voltage scaling {(UDVS)} using sub-threshold operation and local voltage dithering},
year = {2006},
month={1},
volume={41}, 
number={1}, 
pages={238-245}, 
}
 
@INPROCEEDINGS{Nalamalpu2015, 
author={A. Nalamalpu and N. Kurd and A. Deval and C. Mozak and J. Douglas and A. Khanna and F. Paillet and G. Schrom and B. Phelps}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits}, 
title={Broadwell: A family of {IA} 14nm processors}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={C314-C315}, 
month={6},} 

@article{Ghiribaldi2013,
author = {Ghiribaldi, Alberto and Bertozzi, Davide and Nowick, Steven M.},
doi = {10.7873/DATE.2013.079},
isbn = {9781467350716},
journal = {Proc. {IEEE} Design, Automation \& Test in Europe},
pages = {332--337},
title = {{A Transition-Signaling Bundled Data NoC Switch Architecture for Cost-effective GALS Multicore Systems}},
year = {2013}
}
 
@ARTICLE{Sjogren2000, 
author={A. E. Sjogren and C. J. Myers}, 
journal={IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems}, 
title={Interfacing synchronous and asynchronous modules within a high-speed pipeline}, 
year={2000}, 
volume={8}, 
number={5}, 
pages={573-583}, 
month={10},}

@inproceedings{Sutherland2001,
author = {Sutherland, I. and Fairbanks, S.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
pages = {46--53},
title = {{GasP}: a minimal {FIFO} control},
year = {2001},
month = 3
}

@article{Sutherland1989,
author = {Sutherland, I. E.},
journal = {Communications of the ACM},
number = {6},
pages = {720--738},
title = {Micropipelines},
volume = {32},
year = {1989},
month = 6
}

@article{Teehan2007,
author = {Teehan, Paul and Greenstreet, Mark and Lemieux, Guy},
journal = {{IEEE} Design and Test of Computers},
number = {5},
pages = {418--428},
title = {A Survey and Taxonomy of {GALS} Design Styles},
volume = {24},
year = {2007},
month=10
}

@article{Singh2007,
journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems},
month = 6,
number = {6},
pages = {684--698},
title = {{MOUSETRAP}: High-Speed Transition-Signaling Asynchronous Pipelines},
volume = {15},
year = {2007},
author = {Singh, M. and Nowick, S.M.},
}

 @inproceedings{Mullins2007,
author = {Mullins, Robert and Moore, Simon},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
pages = {175--185},
title = {Demystifying Data-Driven and Pausible Clocking Schemes},
year = {2007},
month = 3
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Tuncer2009, 
author={Tuncer, E. and Cortadella, J. and Lavagno, L.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference}, 
title={Enabling adaptability through elastic clocks}, 
year={2009}, 
pages={8-10}, 
ISSN={0738-100X}
}

@inproceedings{Keller2015,
author = {Keller, Ben and Fojtik, Matt and Khailany, Brucek},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
pages = {1--8},
title = {A Pausible Bisynchronous {FIFO} for {GALS} Systems},
year = {2015},
month={5},}

@inproceedings{Moore2002,
author = {Moore, S. and Taylor, G. and Mullins, R. and Robinson, P.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
pages = {69--75},
year = {2002},
month = 4,
title = {{Point to point GALS interconnect}},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mekie2004, 
author={Mekie, J. and Chakraborty, S. and Sharma, D.K.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits}, 
title={Evaluation of pausible clocking for interfacing high speed IP cores in GALS framework}, 
year={2004}, 
pages={559-564}, 
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dally2010, 
author={W. J. Dally and S. G. Tell}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems}, 
title={The Even/Odd Synchronizer: A Fast, All-Digital, Periodic Synchronizer}, 
year={2010}, 
pages={75-84}, 
month={5},}

@inproceedings{Chakraborty2003,
author = {Chakraborty, A. and Greenstreet, M.R.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
pages = {78--88},
title = {Efficient Self-Timed Interfaces for Crossing Clock Domains},
year = {2003},
month=3,
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Yun1996, 
author={Yun, K.Y. and Donohue, R.P.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Conference on Computer Design}, 
title={Pausible clocking: a first step toward heterogeneous systems}, 
year={1996}, 
pages={118-123},
month=10,
}

@phdthesis{Chapiro1984,
  title={Globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous systems},
  author={Chapiro, Daniel M},
  School = {Department of Computer Science, Stanford University},
  year={1984},
  month=10
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Toprak-Deniz2014, 
author={Z. Toprak-Deniz and M. Sperling and J. Bulzacchelli and G. Still and R. Kruse and S. Kim and D. Boerstler and T. Gloekler and R. Robertazzi and K. Stawiasz and T. Diemoz and G. English and D. Hui and P. Muench and J. Friedrich}, 
booktitle={IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers}, 
title={Distributed system of digitally controlled microregulators enabling per-core {DVFS} for the {POWER8} microprocessor}, 
year={2014}, 
pages={98-99}, 
month={2},}

@inproceedings{Intel2014Xeon,
  title={Ivytown: A 22nm 15-core enterprise Xeon processor family},
  author={Rusu, Stefan and Muljono, Harry and Ayers, David and Tam, Simon and Chen, Wei and Martin, Aaron and Li, Shenggao and Vora, Sujal and Varada, Raj and Wang, Eddie},
  booktitle={Proc. {IEEE} International Solid-State Circuits Conference},
  pages={102--103},
  year={2014},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Burton2014, 
author={Burton, E.A. and Schrom, G. and Paillet, F. and Douglas, J. and Lambert, W.J. and Radhakrishnan, K. and Hill, M.J.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the Applied Power Electronics Conference}, 
title={{FIVR --- Fully integrated voltage regulators on 4th generation Intel Core SoCs}}, 
year={2014}, 
month=3, 
pages={432-439}, 
}

@inproceedings{AMD2014,
  title={Adaptive clocking system for improved power efficiency in a 28nm x86-64 microprocessor},
  author={Grenat, Aaron and Pant, Sanjay and Rachala, Ravinder and Naffziger, Samuel},
  booktitle={Proc. {IEEE} International Solid-State Circuits Conference},
  pages={106--107},
  year={2014},
}
 
 @inproceedings{Xie2003,
author = {Xie, F and Martonosi, Margaret and Malik, Sharad},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation},
title = {Compile-time dynamic voltage scaling settings: Opportunities and limits},
year = {2003},
month = 6,
pages = {49--62}
}
 
@ARTICLE{Choi2005, 
author={Kihwan Choi and R. Soma and M. Pedram}, 
journal={IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems}, 
title={Fine-grained dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for precise energy and performance tradeoff based on the ratio of off-chip access to on-chip computation times}, 
year={2005}, 
volume={24}, 
number={1}, 
pages={18-28}, 
month={1},}

@inproceedings{Wu2004,
author = {Wu, Qiang and Juang, Philo and Martonosi, Margaret and Clark, Douglas W.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems},
month = 10,
pages = {248--259},
title = {Formal online methods for voltage/frequency control in multiple clock domain microprocessors},
year = {2004},
}

@inproceedings{Magklis2006,
address = {New York, New York, USA},
author = {Magklis, Grigorios and Chaparro, Pedro and Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e} and Gonz{\'a}lez, Antonio},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design},
month = 10,
pages = {49},
title = {Independent front-end and back-end dynamic voltage scaling for a {GALS} microarchitecture},
year = {2006}
}

@article{Li2005,
author = {Li, Hai and Cher, Chen Yong and Roy, Kaushik and Vijaykumar, T. N.},
journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems},
keywords = {DVFS,Low-power-design,Microarchitecture,Superscalar pipeline,Supply-voltage scaling,System-level},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS},
number = {5},
pages = {564--575},
title = {{Combined circuit and architectural level variable supply-voltage scaling for low power}},
volume = {13},
year = {2005},
month = {5}
}
 
 @inproceedings{Bhattacharjee2009,
author = {Bhattacharjee, Abhishek and Martonosi, Margaret},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
month = 6,
pages = {290--301},
title = {Thread criticality predictors for dynamic performance, power, and resource management in chip multiprocessors},
year = {2009}
}

 @article{Truong2009,
author = {Truong, Dean N. and Cheng, Wayne H. and Mohsenin, Tinoosh and Yu, Zhiyi and Jacobson, Anthony T. and Landge, Gouri and Meeuwsen, Michael J. and Watnik, Christine and Tran, Anh T. and Xiao, Zhibin and Work, Eric W. and Webb, Jeremy W. and Mejia, Paul V. and Baas, Bevan M.},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS,Distributed DSP},
month = 4,
number = {4},
pages = {1130--1144},
title = {A 167-Processor Computational Platform in 65 nm {CMOS}},
volume = {44},
year = {2009}
}

 @inproceedings{Semeraro2002,
author = {Semeraro, Greg and Magklis, Grigorios and Balasubramonian, Rajeev and Albonesi, David H. and Dwarkadas, Sandhya and Scott, Michael L.},
doi = {10.1109/HPCA.2002.995696},
isbn = {0-7695-1525-8},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture},
keywords = {DVFS,Energy Simulation},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS,Energy Simulation},
pages = {29--40},
title = {Energy-efficient processor design using multiple clock domains with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling},
year = {2002}
}

@inproceedings{Iyer2002,
author = {Iyer, Anoop and Marculescu, Diana},
isbn = {0780376072},
booktitle = {Proc. {IEEE} International Conference on Computer-Aided Design},
keywords = {DVFS},
mendeley-tags = {DVFS},
number = {4901},
pages = {379--386},
title = {Power efficiency of voltage scaling in multiple clock, multiple voltage cores},
volume = {78741},
year = {2002}
}

 
 
 @patent{NVIDIA12,
  author        = "Steve Felix",
  assignee      = "Nvidia Technology Uk Limited",
  address       = "Santa Clara, CA",
  title         = "Digital frequency locked loop",
  nationality   = "United States",
  number        = "US8723571",
  dayfiled      = "22",
  monthfiled    = 2,
  yearfiled     = "2011",
  day           = "13",
  month         = 5,
  year          = "2014"
}

 @ARTICLE{Jevtic2014, 
author={R. Jevti{\'c} and H. P. Le and M. Blagojevi{\'c} and S. Bailey and K. Asanovi{\'c} and E. Alon and B. Nikoli{\'c}}, 
journal={IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems}, 
title={Per-Core {DVFS} With Switched-Capacitor Converters for Energy Efficiency in Manycore Processors}, 
year={2015}, 
volume={23}, 
number={4}, 
pages={723-730}, 
month={4},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Fan2009, 
author={X. Fan and M. Krsti{\'c} and E. Grass}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design}, 
title={Analysis and optimization of pausible clocking based {GALS} design}, 
year={2009}, 
pages={358-365}, 
month={10},}

  @electronic{RISCV,
  title         = "The {RISC-V ISA}",
  url           = "http://riscv.org",
  key           = "riscv"
}

 @book{WesteandHarris,
 author = {Weste, Neil and Harris, David},
 title = {CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective},
 year = {2010},
 edition = {4th},
 publisher = {Addison-Wesley Publishing Company},
 address = {USA},
} 


@article{Sakurai1990,
author = {Sakurai, T and Newton, AR},
journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
keywords = {EE241},
mendeley-tags = {EE241},
number = {2},
pages = {584--594},
title = {{Alpha-power law MOSFET model and its applications to CMOS inverter delay and other formulas}},
volume = {25},
year = {1990}
}

@inproceedings{Lefurgy2011,
 author = {Lefurgy, Charles R. and Drake, Alan J. and Floyd, Michael S. and Allen-Ware, Malcolm S. and Brock, Bishop and Tierno, Jose A. and Carter, John B.},
 title = {Active Management of Timing Guardband to Save Energy in {POWER7}},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture},
 year = {2011},
 month=12,
 pages = {1--11},
 numpages = {11},
} 

@ARTICLE{Stackhouse2009, 
author={Stackhouse, B. and Bhimji, S. and Bostak, C. and Bradley, D. and Cherkauer, B. and Desai, J. and Francom, E. and Gowan, M. and Gronowski, P. and Krueger, D. and Morganti, C. and Troyer, S.}, 
journal={{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={A 65 nm 2-Billion Transistor Quad-Core {Itanium} Processor}, 
year={2009}, 
volume={44}, 
number={1}, 
pages={18-31}, 
month={1},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Abdelfattah2012, 
author={Abdelfattah, M. and Ghoneima, M. and Ismail, Y.I. and Lotfy, A. and Abdelsalam, M. and Abdelmoneum, M. and Kurd, N.A. and Taylor, G.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the {IEEE} System-on-Chip (SoC) Conference}, 
title={A novel digital loop filter architecture for bang-bang {ADPLL}}, 
year={2012}, 
pages={45-50}, 
month={9},}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Seeman2010, 
author={Seeman, M.D. and Ng, V.W. and Hanh-Phuc Le and John, M. and Alon, E. and Sanders, S.R.}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the {IEEE} Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics}, 
title={A comparative analysis of Switched-Capacitor and inductor-based {DC-DC} conversion technologies}, 
year={2010}, 
%pages={1-7}, 
month={6},}

 @ARTICLE{Le2011, 
author={Hanh-Phuc Le and Sanders, S.R. and Alon, E.}, 
journal={{IEEE} Journal of Solid-State Circuits}, 
title={Design Techniques for Fully Integrated Switched-Capacitor {DC-DC} Converters}, 
year={2011}, 
month={9}, 
volume={46}, 
number={9}, 
pages={2120-2131}, 
}
 
references for the IEEEtran.bst documentation
IEEEtran homepage
@electronic{IEEEhowto:IEEEtranpage,
  author        = "Michael Shell",
  title         = "{IEEE}tran Homepage",
  url           = "http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/",
  year          = "2007"
}


the distribution site for IEEEtran.bst
@electronic{IEEEexample:shellCTANpage,
  author        = "Michael Shell",
  title         = "{IEEE}tran Webpage on {CTAN}",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/",
  year          = "2007"
}


the IEEE website
sort key is needed for sorting styles
@electronic{IEEEexample:IEEEwebsite,
  title         = "The {IEEE} Website",
  url           = "http://www.ieee.org/",
  year          = "2007",
  key           = "IEEE"
}


The BibTeX user's guide.
The filename could have been put in the URL instead. But, there might
be other interesting things for the user in the same directory - and
the filename might change before the directory that contains it.
@electronic{IEEEexample:bibtexuser,
  author        = "Oren Patashnik",
  title         = "{{\BibTeX}}ing",
  howpublished  = "{btxdoc.pdf}",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/",
  month         = 2,
  year          = "1988"
}


The BibTeX style designer's guide.
@electronic{IEEEexample:bibtexdesign,
  author        = "Oren Patashnik",
  title         = "Designing {{\BibTeX}} Styles",
  howpublished  = "{btxhak.pdf}",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/",
  month         = 2,
  year          = "1988"
}


A comprehensive BibTeX tutorial.
@electronic{IEEEexample:tamethebeast,
  author        = "Nicolas Markey",
  title         = "Tame the BeaST  ---  The B to X of {{\BibTeX}}",
  url           = "http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/",
  month         = 10,
  year          = "2005"
}


The BibTeX Tips and FAQ guide.
@electronic{IEEEexample:bibtexFAQ,
  author        = "David Hoadley and Michael Shell",
  title         = "{{\BibTeX}} Tips and {FAQ}",
  howpublished  = "{btxFAQ.pdf}",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "2007"
}


The TeX FAQ
@electronic{IEEEexample:texfaq,
  author        = "Robin Fairbairns",
  title         = "The {{\TeX}} {FAQ}",
  url           = "http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html/",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "2007"
}


A BibTeX Guide via Examples.
@electronic{IEEEexample:bibtexguide,
  author        = "Ki-Joo Kim",
  title         = "A {{\BibTeX}} Guide via Examples",
  howpublished  = "{bibtex\_guide.pdf}",
  url           = "http://www.geocities.com/kijoo2000/",
  month         = 4,
  year          = "2004"
}


TeX User Group Bibliography Archive
@electronic{IEEEexample:beebe_archive,
  author        = "Nelson H. F. Beebe",
  title         = "{{\TeX}} User Group Bibliography Archive",
  url           = "http://www.math.utah.edu:8080/pub/tex/bib/index-table.html",
  month         = 8,
  year          = "2006"
}

The natbib.sty package.
@electronic{ctan:natbib,
  author        = "Patrick W. Daly",
  title         = "The natbib.sty package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/natbib/",
  month         = 9,
  year          = "2006"
}

The url.sty package.
@electronic{IEEEexample:urlsty,
  author        = "Donald Arseneau",
  title         = "The url.sty Package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/",
  month         = 6,
  year          = "2005",
}


The hyperref.sty package.
@electronic{IEEEexample:hyperrefsty,
  author        = "Sebastian Rahtz and Heiko Oberdiek",
  title         = "The hyperref.sty Package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/",
  month         = 11,
  year          = "2006",
}


The breakurl.sty package.
@electronic{IEEEexample:breakurl,
  author        = "Vilar Camara Neto",
  title         = "The breakurl.sty Package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/breakurl/",
  month         = 8,
  year          = "2006",
}


The Babel package.
@electronic{IEEEexample:babel,
  author        = "Johannes Braams",
  title         = "The Babel Package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/babel/",
  month         = 11,
  year          = "2005",
}


The multibib package.
@electronic{IEEEexample:multibibsty,
  author        = "Thorsten Hansen",
  title         = "The multibib.sty package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/multibib/",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "2004"
}


The biblatex package.
@electronic{IEEEexample:biblatex,
  author        = "Philipp Lehman",
  title         = "The biblatex package",
  url           = "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/exptl/biblatex/",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "2007"
}



The three most common and typical types of references used in
IEEE publications:

an article in a journal
Note the use of the IEEE_J_EDL string, defined in the IEEEabrv.bib file,
for the journal name. IEEEtran.bst defines the BibTeX standard three
letter month codes per IEEE style.
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices",
page 996, reference #16.
@article{IEEEexample:article_typical,
  author        = "S. Zhang and C. Zhu and J. K. O. Sin and P. K. T. Mok",
  title         = "A Novel Ultrathin Elevated Channel Low-temperature 
                   Poly-{Si} {TFT}",
  journal       = IEEE_J_EDL,
  volume        = "20",
  month         = 11,
  year          = "1999",
  pages         = "569-571"
}


journal article using et al.
The (five) authors are actually: F. Delorme, S. Slempkes, G. Alibert, 
B. Rose, J. Brandon
The month (July) was not given here.
From the September 1998 issue of "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications", page 1257, reference #28.
@article{IEEEexample:articleetal,
  author        = "F. Delorme and others",
  title         = "Butt-jointed {DBR} Laser With 15 {nm} Tunability Grown
                   in Three {MOVPE} Steps",
  journal       = "Electron. Lett.",
  volume        = "31",
  number        = "15",
  year          = "1995",
  pages         = "1244-1245"
}


a paper in a conference proceedings
"conference" can be used as an alias for "inproceedings"
From the June 2002 issue of "Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems",
page 205, reference #16.
@inproceedings{IEEEexample:conf_typical,
  author        = "R. K. Gupta and S. D. Senturia",
  title         = "Pull-in Time Dynamics as a Measure of Absolute Pressure",
  booktitle     = "Proc. {IEEE} International Workshop on
                   Microelectromechanical Systems ({MEMS}'97)",
  address       = "Nagoya, Japan",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "1997",
  pages         = "290-294"
}


a book
From the May 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Magnetics",
page 1466, reference #4.
@book{IEEEexample:book_typical,
  author        = "B. D. Cullity",
  title         = "Introduction to Magnetic Materials",
  publisher     = "Addison-Wesley",
  address       = "Reading, MA",
  year          = "1972"
}




Other examples

journal article with large page numbers, IEEE will divide numbers 5 digits
or longer into groups of three with small spaces between them. Page ranges
can be separated via either "-" or "--", IEEEtran.bst will automatically
convert the separator dash(es) to "--".
Authors and/or IEEE do not always provide/use the journal number, but it
was used in this case. IEEEtran.bst can be configured to ignore journal
numbers if desired.
From the August 2000 issue of "IEEE Photonics Technology Letters",
page 1039, reference #11.
@article{IEEEexample:articlelargepages,
  author        = "A. Castaldini and A. Cavallini and B. Fraboni
                   and P. Fernandez and J. Piqueras",
  title         = "Midgap Traps Related to Compensation Processes in
                   {CdTe} Alloys",
  journal       = "Phys. Rev. B.",
  volume        = "56",
  number        = "23",
  year          = "1997",
  pages         = "14897-14900"
}


journal article with dual months 
use the BibTeX "#" concatenation operator
From the March 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Mechatronics",
page 21, reference #8.
@article{IEEEexample:articledualmonths,
  author        = "Y. Okada and K. Dejima and T. Ohishi",
  title         = "Analysis and Comparison of {PM} Synchronous Motor and
                   Induction Motor Type Magnetic Bearings",
  journal       = IEEE_J_IA,
  volume        = "31",
  month         = 9 # "/" # 10,
  year          = "1995",
  pages         = "1047-1053"
}


journal article to be published as a misc entry type
date information like month and year is optional 
However, the article form like that below may be a better approach.
From the May 2002 issue of "IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in 
Communication", page 725, reference #3.
@misc{IEEEexample:TBPmisc,
  author        = "M. Coates and A. Hero and R. Nowak and B. Yu",
  title         = "Internet Tomography",
  howpublished  = IEEE_M_SP,
  month         = 5,
  year          = "2002",
  note          = "to be published"
}


journal article to be published as an article entry type
year is required, so if absent, use the year field to hold
the "submitted for publication" in order to avoid a warning for
the missing year field.
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
page 1461, reference #21.
@article{IEEEexample:TBParticle,
  author        = "N. Kahale and R. Urbanke",
  title         = "On the Minimum Distance of Parallel and Serially
                   Concatenated Codes",
  journal       = IEEE_J_IT,
  year          = "submitted for publication"
}





book with editor and no author
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
page 1725, reference #1.
@book{IEEEexample:bookwitheditor,
  editor        = "J. C. Candy and G. C. Temes",
  title         = "Oversampling Delta-Sigma Data Converters Theory,
                   Design and Simulation",
  publisher     = "{IEEE} Press.",
  address       = "New York",
  year          = "1992"
}


book with edition, author and editor
Note that the standard BibTeX styles do not support book entries with both
author and editor fields, but IEEEtran.bst does.
The standard BibTeX way of specifying the edition is to use capitalized
ordinal words such as "First", "Second", etc. Most .bst files can convert
up to about "Fifth" into the format needed. IEEEtran.bst can convert up
to "Tenth" to the "Arabic ordinal" form IEEE uses (e.g., "10th"). For
editions over the tenth, it is best to use the "Arabic ordinal" form for
IEEE related work (e.g., "101st")
Note how "Jr." has to be entered.
From the May 2002 issue of "Journal of Lightwave Technology", page 856,
reference #17.
@book{IEEEexample:book,
  author        = "S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko",
  editor        = "Osgood, Jr., R. M.",
  title         = "Laser Assisted Microtechnology",
  edition       = "Second",
  publisher     = "Springer-Verlag",
  address       = "Berlin, Germany",
  year          = "1998"
}


book with series and volume
From the January 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 11, reference #31.
@book{IEEEexample:bookwithseriesvolume,
  editor        = "J. Breckling",
  title         = "The Analysis of Directional Time Series: Applications to
                   Wind Speed and Direction",
  series        = "Lecture Notes in Statistics",
  publisher     = "Springer",
  address       = "Berlin, Germany",
  year          = "1989",
  volume        = "61"
}


inbook with chapter number. The pages field could also have been given.
The chapter number could be changed to something else such as a section
number via the type field: type = "sec.".
From the May 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems---I: 
Fundamental Applications and Theory", page 638, reference #22.
@inbook{IEEEexample:inbook,
  author        = "H. E. Rose",
  title         = "A Course in Number Theory",
  publisher     = "Oxford Univ. Press",
  address       = "New York, NY",
  year          = "1988",
  chapter       = "3"
}


inbook with pages and note. The language field is not set to Russian
because the title is presented here in its translated, English, form.
From the May 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Magnetics", page 1533,
reference #5.
@inbook{IEEEexample:inbookpagesnote,
  author        = "B. K. Bul",
  title         = "Theory Principles and Design of Magnetic Circuits",
  publisher     = "Energia Press",
  address       = "Moscow",
  year          = "1964",
  pages         = "464",
  note          = "(in Russian)"
}





incollection with author and editor
From the May 2002 issue of "Journal of Lightwave Technology",
page 807, reference #7.
@incollection{IEEEexample:incollection,
  author        = "W. V. Sorin",
  editor        = "D. Derickson",
  title         = "Optical Reflectometry for Component Characterization",
  booktitle     = "Fiber Optic Test and Measurement",
  publisher     = "Prentice-Hall",
  address       = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
  year          = "1998"
}


incollection with series
From the April 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communication",
page 609, reference #3.
@incollection{IEEEexample:incollectionwithseries,
  author        = "J. B. Anderson and K. Tepe",
  title         = "Properties of the Tailbiting {BCJR} Decoder",
  booktitle     = "Codes, Systems and Graphical Models",
  series        = "{IMA} Volumes in Mathematics and Its Applications",
  publisher     = "Springer-Verlag",
  address       = "New York",
  year          = "2000"
  
}


incollection with author, editor, chapter and pages
From the January 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 16, reference #9.
@incollection{IEEEexample:incollection_chpp,
  author        = "P. Hedelin and P. Knagenhjelm and M. Skoglund",
  editor        = "W. B. Kleijn and K. K. Paliwal",
  title         = "Theory for Transmission of Vector Quantization Data",
  booktitle     = "Speech Coding and Synthesis",
  publisher     = "Elsevier Science",
  address       = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
  year          = "1995",
  chapter       = "10",
  pages         = "347-396"
}


incollection with a large number of authors, some authors/journals will
use et al. for so many names. IEEEtran.bst can be configured to do this
if desired, or "R. M. A. Dawson and others" can be used instead.
Note that IEEE may not include the publisher for incollection entries -
IEEEtran.bst will not issue a warning if the publisher is missing for
incollections - but other .bst files often will.
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices",
page 996, reference #12.
@incollection{IEEEexample:incollectionmanyauthors,
  author        = "R. M. A. Dawson and Z. Shen and D. A. Furst and
                   S. Connor and J. Hsu and M. G. Kane and R. G. Stewart and
                   A. Ipri and C. N. King and P. J. Green and R. T. Flegal
                   and S. Pearson and W. A. Barrow and E. Dickey and K. Ping
                   and C. W. Tang and S. Van. Slyke and
                   F. Chen and J. Shi and J. C. Sturm and M. H. Lu",
  title         = "Design of an Improved Pixel for a Polysilicon 
                   Active-Matrix Organic {LED} Display",
  booktitle     = "{SID} Tech. Dig.",
  volume        = "29",
  year          = "1998",
  pages         = "11-14"
}





A Motorola data book as a manual
It is somewhat unusual to include the data book part number.
in the title. It might be more correct to put this information
in the howpublished field instead.
From the December 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 1986, reference #10.
@manual{IEEEexample:motmanual,
  title         = "{FLEXChip} Signal Processor ({MC68175/D})",
  organization  = "Motorola",
  year          = "1996"
}


same reference, but using IEEEtran's howpublished extension
@manual{IEEEexample:motmanualhowpub,
  title         = "{FLEXChip} Signal Processor",
  howpublished  = "{MC68175/D}",
  organization  = "Motorola",
  year          = "1996"
}




conference paper with an address and days. Some journals capitalize the
letters in "Globecom", this one did not.
From the May 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 697, reference #12.
@inproceedings{IEEEexample:confwithadddays,
  author        = "M. S. Yee and L. Hanzo",
  title         = "Radial Basis Function Decision Feedback Equaliser
                   Assisted Burst-by-burst Adaptive Modulation",
  booktitle     = "Proc. {IEEE} Globecom '99",
  address       = "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",
  month         = 12 # " 5--9,",
  year          = "1999",
  pages         = "2183-2187"
}


conference paper with volume number. A conference proceedings with a vol
number is a little uncommon, note that the vol number is placed
before the address in the formatted bibliography entry
From the April 2002 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 181, reference #26.
@inproceedings{IEEEexample:confwithvolume,
  author        = "M. Yajnik and S. B. Moon and J. Kurose and D. Towsley",
  title         = "Measurement and Modeling of the Temporal Dependence in
                   Packet Loss",
  booktitle     = "Proc. {IEEE} {INFOCOM}'99",
  volume        = "1",
  address       = "New York, NY",
  month         = 3,
  year          = "1999",
  pages         = "345-352"
}


conference paper with a paper number, the type field can be used to
override the word "paper", e.g., type = "postdeadline paper". A type
can be given even without a paper  field.
Also, IEEEtran.bst can be configured to ignore paper numbers and types.
From the May 2002 issue of "Journal of Lightwave Technology",
page 807, reference #4.
@inproceedings{IEEEexample:confwithpaper,
  author        = "M. Wegmuller and J. P. von der Weid and P. Oberson
                   and N. Gisin",
  title         = "High Resolution Fiber Distributed Measurements With
                   Coherent {OFDR}",
  booktitle     = "Proc. {ECOC}'00",
  year          = "2000",
  paper         = "11.3.4",
  pages         = "109"
}


conference paper with a postdeadline type paper, the paper field is
optional.
From the August 2000 issue of "IEEE Photonics Technology Letters",
page 1087, reference #12.
@inproceedings{IEEEexample:confwithpapertype,
  author        = "B. Mikkelsen and G. Raybon and R.-J. Essiambre and
                   K. Dreyer and Y. Su. and L. E. Nelson and J. E. Johnson
                   and G. Shtengel and A. Bond and D. G. Moodie and
                   A. D. Ellis",
  title         = "160 {Gbit/s} Single-channel Transmission Over 300 km 
                   Nonzero-dispersion Fiber With Semiconductor Based
                   Transmitter and Demultiplexer",
  booktitle     = "Proc. {ECOC}'99",
  year          = "1999",
  paper         = "2-3",
  type          = "postdeadline paper",
  pages         = "28-29"
}


presented at a conference
intype overrides the default "in" and causes the booktitle not to be
emphasized (rendered in italics).
From the February 2002 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 163, reference #6.
@inproceedings{IEEEexample:presentedatconf,
  author        = "S. G. Finn and M. M{\'e}dard and R. A. Barry",
  title         = "A Novel Approach to Automatic Protection Switching
                   Using Trees",
  intype        = "presented at the",
  booktitle     = "Proc. Int. Conf. Commun.",
  year          = "1997"
}





master's thesis, often the University name will be abbreviated and the
state or country will be included in the address. The type field can
used to override the default type "Master's thesis"
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Microelectromechanical
Systems", page 186, reference #11.
@mastersthesis{IEEEexample:masters,
  author        = "Nin C. Loh",
  title         = "High-Resolution Micromachined Interferometric
                   Accelerometer",
  school        = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
  address       = "Cambridge",
  year          = "1992"
}


master's thesis with a type field
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 391, reference #12.
@mastersthesis{IEEEexample:masterstype,
  author        = "A. Karnik",
  title         = "Performance of {TCP} Congestion Control with Rate
                   Feedback: {TCP/ABR} and Rate Adaptive {TCP/IP}",
  school        = "Indian Institute of Science",
  type          = "M. Eng. thesis",
  address       = "Bangalore, India",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "1999"
}





Ph.D. dissertation with a URL field, the university is abbreviated
From the October 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 590, reference #11.
@phdthesis{IEEEexample:phdurl,
  author        = "Q. Li",
  title         = "Delay Characterization and Performance Control of
                   Wide-area Networks",
  school        = "Univ. of Delaware",
  address       = "Newark",
  month         = 5,
  year          = "2000",
  url           = "http://www.ece.udel.edu/~qli"
}





technical report
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 490, reference #15.
@techreport{IEEEexample:techrep,
  author        = "R. Jain and K. K. Ramakrishnan and D. M. Chiu",
  title         = "Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks with a 
                   Connectionless Network Layer",
  institution   = "Digital Equipment Corporation",
  address       = "MA",
  number        = "DEC-TR-506",
  month         = 8,
  year          = "1987"
}


technical report with type
for those times when "Tech. Rep." needs to be modified
From the February 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 46, reference #8.
@techreport{IEEEexample:techreptype,
  author        = "J. Padhye and V. Firoiu and D. Towsley",
  title         = "A Stochastic Model of {TCP} {R}eno Congestion Avoidance
                   and Control",
  institution   = "Univ. of Massachusetts",
  address       = "Amherst, MA",
  type          = "CMPSCI Tech. Rep.",
  number        = "99-02",
  year          = "1999"
}


technical report with type
for those times when "Tech. Rep." needs to be modified
This reference did not have an address.
From the January 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 117, reference #6.
@techreport{IEEEexample:techreptypeii,
  author        = "D. Middleton and A. D. Spaulding",
  title         = "A Tutorial Review of Elements of Weak Signal Detection
                   in Non-{G}aussian {EMI} Environments",
  institution   = "National Telecommunications and Information
                   Administration ({NTIA}), U.S. Dept. of Commerce",
  type          = "NTIA Report",
  number        = "86-194",
  month         = 5,
  year          = "1986"
}





an unpublished work
for unpublished types, the note field is required. IEEE usually
just uses the word "unpublished" for the note.
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 391, reference #16.
@unpublished{IEEEexample:unpublished,
  author        = "T. J. Ott and N. Aggarwal",
  title         = "{TCP} over {ATM}: {ABR} or {UBR}",
  note          = "Unpublished"
}





electronic with a howpublished information field 
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 391, reference #7.
@electronic{IEEEexample:electronhowinfo,
  author        = "V. Jacobson",
  title         = "Modified {TCP} Congestion Avoidance Algorithm",
  howpublished  = "end2end-interest mailing list",
  url           = "ftp://ftp.isi.edu/end2end/end2end-interest-1990.mail",
  month         = 4,
  year          = "1990"
}


electronic with a howpublished information field 
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 418, reference #31.
@electronic{IEEEexample:electronhowinfo2,
  author        = "V. Valloppillil and K. W. Ross",
  title         = "Cache Array Routing Protocol v1.1",
  howpublished  = "Internet draft",
  url           = "http://ds1.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-vinod-carp-v1-03.txt",
  year          = "1998"
}


electronic with an organization and address
From the February 2002 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 114, reference #15.
@electronic{IEEEexample:electronorgadd,
  author        = "D. H. Lorenz and A. Orda",
  title         = "Optimal Partition of {QoS} Requirements on Unicast
                   Paths and Multicast Trees",
  organization  = "Dept. Elect. Eng., Technion",
  address       = "Haifa, Israel",
  url           = "ftp://ftp.technion.ac.il/pub/supported/ee/Network/lor.mopq98.ps",
  month         = 7,
  year          = "1998"
}





U.S. patent
Use the type field to override the patent type. e.g.,
type = "Patent Application"
The address is that of the assignee. Note that IEEE does not
display the assignee, the address, and only displays one date.
(if year is not present, the filed dates are used.) However, this
information should be entered as other BibTeX styles may use it.
alternatively, nationality could be entered as "U.S." 
From the April 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 542, reference #6.
@patent{IEEEexample:uspat,
  author        = "Ronald E. Sorace and Victor S. Reinhardt and
                   Steven A. Vaughn",
  assignee      = "Hughes Aircraft Company",
  address       = "Los Angeles, CA",
  title         = "High-Speed Digital-to-{RF} Converter",
  nationality   = "United States",
  number        = "5668842",
  dayfiled      = "28",
  monthfiled    = 2,
  yearfiled     = "1995",
  day           = "16",
  month         = 9,
  year          = "1997"
}


Japanese Patent
From the April 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 556, reference #6.
@patent{IEEEexample:jppat,
  author        = "U. Hideki",
  title         = "Quadrature Modulation Circuit",
  nationality   = "Japanese",
  number        = "152932/92",
  day           = "20",
  month         = 5,
  year          = "1992"
}


French Patent request, the language field must be entered in lower case
as this is the option name Babel uses. The nationality field needs to be
capitalized. Because this is a patent request, the date filed fields are
used while the date fields are left empty/missing. In other countries,
the words "Patent Application", etc. are used instead.
From the April 2000 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
page 556, reference #9.
@patent{IEEEexample:frenchpatreq,
  author        = "F. Kowalik and M. Isard",
  title         = "Estimateur d'un D{\'e}faut de Fonctionnement 
                   d'un Modulateur en Quadrature et {\'E}tage de Modulation
                   l'Utilisant",
  language      = "french",
  nationality   = "French",
  type          = "Patent Request",
  number        = "9500261",
  dayfiled      = "11",
  monthfiled    = 1,
  yearfiled     = "1995"
}





a periodical
From the April 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 160, reference #1.
sort key is needed for sorting styles
@periodical{IEEEexample:periodical,
  title         = IEEE_M_PCOM # ", Special Issue on Wireless {ATM}",
  volume        = "3",
  month         = 8,
  year          = "1996",
  key           = "IEEE"
}





standard, IEEE does not use the address for standards, but it is good
to provide one for BibTeX styles that use it.
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 451, reference #2.
@standard{IEEEexample:standard,
  title         = "Wireless {LAN} Medium Access Control {(MAC)} and 
                   Physical Layer {(PHY)} Specification",
  organization  = "IEEE",
  address       = "Piscataway, NJ",
  number        = "802.11",
  year          = "1997"
}


standard with type and revision, the type overrides the word standard
(or std.). Here a standard number is not available and a revision number
is used.
From the August 2000 issue of "IEEE Photonics Technology Letters",
page 1048, reference #13.
@standard{IEEEexample:standardproposed,
  title         = "Fiber Channel Physical Interface ({FC-PI})",
  institution   = "NCITS",
  address       = "Washington, DC",
  type          = "Working Draft Proposed Standard",
  revision      = "5.2",
  year          = "1999"
}


standard draft as a misc with author
From the May 2002 issue of "IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in
Communication", page 725, reference #16.
@misc{IEEEexample:draftasmisc,
  author        = "I. Widjaja and A. Elwalid",
  title         = "{MATE}: {MPLS} Adaptive Traffic Engineering",
  howpublished  = "IETF Draft",
  year          = "1999"
}





misc for a techreport like reference
techreport is not perfectly suitable because this entry lacks
an institution field
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 490, reference #22.
@misc{IEEEexample:miscforum,
  author        = "L. Roberts",
  title         = "Enhanced Proportional Rate Control Algorithm {PRCA}",
  howpublished  = "{ATM} Forum Contribution 94-0735R1",
  month         = 8,
  year          = "1994"
}


misc for a white paper
From the August 2001 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 478, reference #4 - Note that the reference there (improperly?)
used the author field for "Cisco".
@misc{IEEEexample:whitepaper,
  title         = "Advanced {QoS} Services for the Intelligent Internet",
  howpublished  = "White Paper",
  organization  = "Cisco",
  month         = 5,
  year          = "1997"
}


misc for a data sheet
From the November 2000 issue of "IEEE Photonics Technology Letters",
page 1551, reference #6.
@misc{IEEEexample:datasheet,
  title         = "{PDCA12-70} Data Sheet",
  organization  = "Opto Speed SA",
  address       = "Mezzovico, Switzerland"
}





Other unusual references

a private communication as a misc entry type
sometimes the designation "personal communication" is used instead
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
page 1725, reference #16.
@misc{IEEEexample:private,
  author        = "S. Konyagin",
  howpublished  = "private communication",
  year          = "1998"
}


an internet request for comments (RFC) as a misc entry type
It would also be nice to add a URL to these types of things.
RFCs can also be handled as electronic references.
From the April 2002 issue of "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 181, reference #14.
@misc{IEEEexample:miscrfc,
  author        = "K. K. Ramakrishnan and S. Floyd",
  title         = "A Proposal to Add Explicit Congestion
                   Notification ({ECN}) to {IP}",
  howpublished  = "RFC 2481",
  month         = 1,
  year          = "1999"
}


a software package as a manual
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical
Systems", page 205, reference #20.
Sometimes they put the version/release information in the title.
@manual{IEEEexample:softmanual,
  title         = "SaberDesigner Reference Manual",
  organization  = "Analogy, Inc.",
  address       = "Beaverton, OR",
  year          = "1998",
  note          = "Release 4.3"
}


a software package as an electronic reference
From the February 2003 issue of  "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
page 46, reference #24. If there is no author or organization, a sorting
key is required for sorting styles. It might be a good idea to include
month and year fields as well.
@electronic{IEEEexample:softonline,
  title         = "Ucb/lbnl/vint Network Simulator---ns (Version 2)",
  url           = "http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/",
  key           = "ns"
}


misc for a German regulation
In German, the first letters of nouns are capitalized, so we do so here.
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Journal in Selected Areas in
Communication", page 892, reference #9.
@misc{IEEEexample:miscgermanreg,
  title         = "{M}essung von {S}t{\"o}rfeldern an {A}nlagen 
                   und {L}eitungen der {T}elekommunikation im
                   {F}requenzbereich 9 {kHz} bis 3 {GHz}",
  language      = "german",
  howpublished  = "{M}e{\ss}vorschrift {R}eg {TP} {MV} 05",
  organization  = "Regulierungsbeh{\"o}rde f{\"u}r {T}elekommunikation und
                   {P}ost ({R}eg {TP})"
}



Ways to handle things like CCSDS's Blue Books
journal article with a URL. However, this is not a very good approach
because the Blue Books are not really journals and the author field has
to be abused.
From the June 2002 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
page 1461, reference #7.
@article{IEEEexample:bluebookarticle,
  author        = "{Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)}",
  title         = "Telemetry Channel Coding",
  journal       = "Blue Book",
  number        = "4",
  year          = "1999",
  url           = "http://www.ccsds.org/documents/pdf/CCSDS-101.0-B-4.pdf"
}


CCSDS's Blue Book handled as a book
However, it is not a good idea to have to use the author field for
an organization (done here because the book entry type requires an
author field).
@book{IEEEexample:bluebookbook,
  author        = "{Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)}",
  title         = "Telemetry Channel Coding",
  series        = "Blue Book",
  number        = "4",
  publisher     = "{CCSDS}",
  address       = "Newport Beach, {CA}",
  year          = "1999",
  url           = "http://www.ccsds.org/documents/pdf/CCSDS-101.0-B-4.pdf"
}


CCSDS's Blue Book handled as a manual
This is a much better approach, but uses the howpublished field.
@manual{IEEEexample:bluebookmanual,
  title         = "Telemetry Channel Coding",
  howpublished  = "ser. Blue Book, No. 4",
  organization  = "Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)",
  address       = "Newport Beach, CA",
  year          = "1999",
  url           = "http://www.ccsds.org/documents/pdf/CCSDS-101.0-B-4.pdf"
}



CCSDS's Blue Book handled as a standard
Probably the best approach for this particular case because the work
is standard related. Note that IEEE does not display the address for
standards.
@standard{IEEEexample:bluebookstandard,
  title         = "Telemetry Channel Coding",
  howpublished  = "ser. Blue Book, No. 4",
  organization  = "Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)",
  address       = "Newport Beach, CA",
  type          = "Recommendation for Space Data System Standard",
  number        = "101.0-B-4",
  month         = 5,
  year          = "1999",
  url           = "http://www.ccsds.org/documents/pdf/CCSDS-101.0-B-4.pdf"
}








An example of a IEEEtran control entry which can change some IEEEtran.bst
settings. An entry like this must be cited via \bstctlcite{} command
before the first real \cite{}. The same entry key cannot be called twice
(just like multiple \cite{} of the same entry key place only one entry
in the bibliography.)
The available control fields are:

CTLuse_article_number
"no" turns off the display of the number for articles.
"yes" enables

CTLuse_paper
"no" turns off the display of the paper and type fields in inproceedings.
"yes" enables

CTLuse_forced_etal 
"no" turns off the forced use of "et al."
"yes" enables

CTLmax_names_forced_etal
The maximum number of names that can be present beyond which an "et al."
usage is forced. Be sure that CTLnames_show_etal (below)
is not greater than this value!

CTLnames_show_etal
The number of names that will be shown with a forced "et al.".
Must be less than or equal to CTLmax_names_forced_etal

CTLuse_alt_spacing 
"no" turns off the alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs.
"yes" enables

CTLalt_stretch_factor
If alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs is enabled, this is
the interword spacing stretch factor that will be used. For example, the
default "4" here means that the interword spacing in entries with URLs can
stretch to four times normal. Does not have to be an integer.

CTLdash_repeated_names
"no" turns off the "dashification" of repeated (i.e., identical to those
of the previous entry) names. IEEE normally does this.
"yes" enables

CTLname_format_string
The name format control string as explained in the BibTeX style hacking
guide.
IEEE style "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" is the default,

CTLname_latex_cmd
A LaTeX command that each name will be fed to (e.g., "\textsc").
Leave empty if no special font is desired for the names.
The default is empty.

CTLname_url_prefix
The prefix text used before URLs.
The default is "[Online]. Available:" A space will be inserted after this
text. If this space is not wanted, just use \relax at the end of the
prefix text.


Those fields that are not to be changed can be left out.
@IEEEtranBSTCTL{BSTControl1,
  CTLuse_article_number     = "yes",
  CTLuse_paper              = "yes",
  CTLuse_forced_etal        = "yes",
  CTLmax_names_forced_etal  = "2",
  CTLnames_show_etal        = "1",
  CTLuse_alt_spacing        = "yes",
  CTLalt_stretch_factor     = "4",
  CTLdash_repeated_names    = "yes",
  CTLname_format_string     = "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}",
  CTLname_latex_cmd         = "",
  CTLname_url_prefix        = "[Online]. Available:"
}

@IEEEtranBSTCTL{SaneEtAl,
  CTLuse_forced_etal        = "yes",
  CTLmax_names_forced_etal  = "3",
  CTLnames_show_etal        = "1",
  CTLdash_repeated_names    = "no",
}

@IEEEtranBSTCTL{NoWeirdDash,
  CTLdash_repeated_names = "no"
}