genus and differentia

[zhuyan166]

上下文：a definition of the term that makes use of the Aristotelian genus and differentia structure.
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上下文：
Both the Porphyrian and Linnaean taxonomies are built on the basis of an Aristotelian approach, which in effect conceives the is_a relation as a generalization of the species-genus relationship. In the Porphyrian Tree, material substance can be considered both as a species of the genus thing, and as a genus with animate entity and nonanimateentity as its two species. Animate entity, similarly, is the genus for both living entity with sensation (a species of animate entity) and living entity without sensation (another speciesof animate entity), and so on, down the tree to human. Importantly, at each step from a genus to a lower species, the species must be identified in terms of its possession of a differentia, some defining characteristic or characteristics that makes the species bothmore specific than its subsuming genus and serves to set it apart from other species of the same genus. In Porphyry’s taxonomy being a living thing is what makes animate entity more specific than material substance and also what differentiates it from nonanimate entity. Similarly, being rational is what makes rational animal more specific than living entity with sensation and differentiates it from other nonrational types of animals. (As we will discuss in more detail in chapter 4, stating the genus and differentia of a type is a crucial part of providing what we shall refer to as an “Aristotelian definition” of that type. Taxonomies and definitions are closely interconnected in ontology design.)
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翻译：属(genus)与种差 (differentia)