diff --git a/doc_network/bso.md b/doc_network/bso.md index c5d090b1..c22f1efa 100644 --- a/doc_network/bso.md +++ b/doc_network/bso.md @@ -2,15 +2,16 @@ title: 'Mapping scientific communities at scale' author: - Victor Barbier: - institute: mesr + institute: inria - Eric Jeangirard: institute: mesr orcid: 0000-0002-3767-7125 idref: 242241344 - institute: - mesr: name: 'French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Paris, France' + - inria: + name: 'National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology, INRIA, Paris, France' bibliography: bso.bib date: January 2025 keywords: @@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ Analysing and mapping scientific communities provides an insight into the struct These maps are generally deduced from data in bibliographic databases (open or proprietary), based on co-publication or citation information. In the case of co-publications, two entities (authors, for example) will be linked if they have collaborated (co-published) on a piece of research. These links are then symmetrical. In the case of citation links, two authors will be linked if one cites the research work of another, in the list of references. This is a directed link, as one author may cite another without this being reciprocal. A lot of recent work uses this second approach, for example by trying to calculate composite indicators of novelty (or innovation) based on citation links. -The quality and completeness of the bibliographic metadata used are, of course, essential if we are to produce a relevant map. Today, the quality of open citation data still needs to be improved, cf [@alperin2024analysissuitabilityopenalexbibliometric]. -On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata on publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, the French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French publications with good coverage cf [@10.1162/qss_a_00179]. This corpus is exposed in the French research portal scanR [@jeangirard:hal-04813230]. This is a corpus containing about 4 millions publications in all disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambuation persistent identifier (PID) on authors, affiliations and topics. +The quality and completeness of the bibliographic metadata used are, of course, essential if we are to produce a relevant map. Today, the quality of open citation data still needs to be improved [@alperin2024analysissuitabilityopenalexbibliometric]. +On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata on publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, the French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French publications with good coverage cf [@10.1162/qss_a_00179]. This corpus is exposed in the French research portal scanR [@jeangirard:hal-04813230]. This is a corpus containing about 4 millions publications in all disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambiguation persistent identifier (PID) on authors, affiliations and topics. ## 1.1 Previous limits of the scanR application @@ -57,7 +58,9 @@ We propose a method for overcoming the limitations set out above. We also use a ## 2.1 Focusing on strongest interactions -One of the added values of mapping with a network view is to show the interactions between entities, i.e. the links between the nodes in the graph. These links provide crucial information that can be used to structure communities. If the size of the network needs to be reduced (for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and interpretability), it is vital to preserve the links that carry the most information, i.e. the strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it seems logical to reduce the size of the network by only affecting the strongest links. +One of the added values of mapping with a network view is to show the interactions between entities, i.e. the links between the nodes in the graph. These links provide crucial information that can be used to structure communities. Here If the size of the network needs to be reduced (for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and interpretability), it is vital to preserve the links that carry the most information, i.e. the strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it seems logical to reduce the size of the network by only affecting the strongest links. + +Here, we assume that there are no large isolated nodes (with no connection). An entity with no connection will not appear in the mapping. This assumption can sometimes prove to be false, particularly in the case of authors in literature, for example. Thus, from a given corpus, however large, we seek to extract the pairs of entities with the strongest interactions, for example the most co-signatures per pair of authors. From this list of pairs, we can naturally find the nodes of the graph and deduce a new graph. If the graph has several independent components, i.e. several unconnected sub-graphs, we can decide to keep only the main component(s). @@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ Each publication in the scanR corpus goes through a systematic enrichment pipeli For authors, the French-specific persistent identifier (PID) [https://www.idref.fr](https://www.idref.fr) is used. Its coverage, even if not perfect, for French affiliated authors is strong thanks to the deep linking between idref and the PhD thesis registration in France. Specific heuristics have been implemented to disambiguate names and link them to idref. -For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially SIRENE and RNSR. A specific module based on Elasticsearch [https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher](https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher) has been implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs [@lhote_using_2021]. +For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially [https://sirene.fr](https://sirene.fr) and [http://rnsr.fr](http://rnsr.fr). SIRENE is a national (French) PID for public and private institutions. RNSR is a French PID for the research structures like laboratories. A specific module based on Elasticsearch [https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher](https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher) has been implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs [@lhote_using_2021]. For topics, wikidata identifiers has been used using the entity-fishing module [https://github.com/kermitt2/entity-fishing](https://github.com/kermitt2/entity-fishing) cf [@foppiano2020entity]. @@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ To ensure that the network remains manageable and focuses on the most interestin In graph theory, a component refers to a subgraph in which any two nodes are connected to each other by paths, and which is connected to no additional nodes in the larger graph. Using Graphology, we filter the network components by iteratively removing the smallest components until the number of nodes falls below the threshold or only one component remains. This largest component is then subjected to further filtering if it still exceeds the node threshold. In this second filtering step, we utilize the betweenness centrality metric to retain the best-connected nodes. Betweenness centrality measures the extent to which a node lies on the shortest path between other nodes, thereby identifying nodes that act as bridges within the network. -Once the filtering process is complete, we apply a spatialization algorithm to position the nodes in a 2D space. For this purpose, we use the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce aesthetically pleasing and informative layouts by simulating a physical system where nodes repel each other and edges act as springs pulling connected nodes together. This results in a clear and intuitive visual representation of the network [@10.1371/journal.pone.0098679]. +Once the filtering process is complete, we apply a spatialization algorithm to position the nodes in a 2D space. For this purpose, we use the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce informative and aesthetically pleasing layouts by simulating a physical system where nodes repel each other and edges act as springs pulling connected nodes together. This results in a clear and intuitive visual representation of the network [@10.1371/journal.pone.0098679]. Thanks to Graphology, the settings of the ForceAtlas2 algorithm are automatically infered from our network order (number of nodes) as below: ``` barnesHutOptimize: order > 2000, @@ -199,7 +202,7 @@ We use citations data from OpenAlex, which is as of today one of the best open s ## 3.2 Custom perimeter -scanR offers this mapping tool for the entire indexed corpus, but it is also possible to adapt the tool to a restricted perimeter, at the user's discretion. For example, an institution or laboratory can define its own corpus (based on a list of publications) and a mapping tool dedicated to this perimeter is automatically created. Technically, elasticsearch queries are the same, with just an additional filter to query only the publications within the perimeter. The tool can be embedded in any website using an iframe. It's the same principle as the local barometer. This approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of affiliations, which remains a highly complex task. Automation is possible to a certain extent [@lhote_using_2021], but human curation remains necessary in the majority of cases [@jeangirard:hal-04598201]. In this way, users retain control over the definition of their perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct perimeters. +scanR offers this mapping tool for the entire indexed corpus, but it is also possible to adapt the tool to a restricted perimeter, at the user's discretion. For example, an institution or laboratory can define its own corpus (based on a list of publications) and a mapping tool dedicated to this perimeter is automatically created. Technically, elasticsearch queries are the same, with just an additional filter to query only the publications within the perimeter. The tool can be embedded in any website using an iframe. It's the same principle as the local Open Science Monitor: any French institution can benefit from the whole infrastructure already inplace and get a custom tool based on the same data, treatments and technologic stack as the national tool. This approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of affiliations, which remains a highly complex task. Automation is possible to a certain extent [@lhote_using_2021], but human curation remains necessary in the majority of cases [@jeangirard:hal-04598201]. In this way, users retain control over the definition of their perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct perimeters. # 4. Code availibility diff --git a/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.pdf b/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.pdf index 44404eb3..6f34f226 100644 Binary files a/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.pdf and b/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.pdf differ diff --git a/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.tex b/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.tex index d4bd4b97..ff4b3db0 100644 --- a/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.tex +++ b/doc_network/mapping_at_scale.tex @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ \title{Mapping scientific communities at scale} \usepackage{authblk} \author[% - 1% + 2% ]{% Victor Barbier% % @@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ } \affil[1]{French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Paris, France} +\affil[2]{National Institute for Research in Digital Science and +Technology, INRIA, Paris, France} \date{January 2025} \makeatletter @@ -223,14 +225,14 @@ \section{1. Motivation}\label{motivation}} The quality and completeness of the bibliographic metadata used are, of course, essential if we are to produce a relevant map. Today, the -quality of open citation data still needs to be improved, cf (Alperin et -al. 2024). On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata -on publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, -the French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French +quality of open citation data still needs to be improved (Alperin et al. +2024). On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata on +publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, the +French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French publications with good coverage cf (Chaignon and Egret 2022). This corpus is exposed in the French research portal scanR (Jeangirard 2024). This is a corpus containing about 4 millions publications in all -disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambuation +disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambiguation persistent identifier (PID) on authors, affiliations and topics. \hypertarget{previous-limits-of-the-scanr-application}{% @@ -301,11 +303,17 @@ \subsection{2.1 Focusing on strongest One of the added values of mapping with a network view is to show the interactions between entities, i.e.~the links between the nodes in the graph. These links provide crucial information that can be used to -structure communities. If the size of the network needs to be reduced -(for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and interpretability), it -is vital to preserve the links that carry the most information, i.e.~the -strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it seems logical to reduce -the size of the network by only affecting the strongest links. +structure communities. Here If the size of the network needs to be +reduced (for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and +interpretability), it is vital to preserve the links that carry the most +information, i.e.~the strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it +seems logical to reduce the size of the network by only affecting the +strongest links. + +Here, we assume that there are no large isolated nodes (with no +connection). An entity with no connection will not appear in the +mapping. This assumption can sometimes prove to be false, particularly +in the case of authors in literature, for example. Thus, from a given corpus, however large, we seek to extract the pairs of entities with the strongest interactions, for example the most @@ -329,11 +337,13 @@ \subsection{2.2 Publication metadata enrichment to produce different heuristics have been implemented to disambiguate names and link them to idref. -For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially SIRENE -and RNSR. A specific module based on Elasticsearch -\url{https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher} has been -implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs (L'Hôte and -Jeangirard 2021). +For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially +\url{https://sirene.fr} and \url{http://rnsr.fr}. SIRENE is a national +(French) PID for public and private institutions. RNSR is a French PID +for the research structures like laboratories. A specific module based +on Elasticsearch \url{https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher} +has been implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs +(L'Hôte and Jeangirard 2021). For topics, wikidata identifiers has been used using the entity-fishing module \url{https://github.com/kermitt2/entity-fishing} cf (Foppiano and @@ -435,8 +445,8 @@ \subsection{2.4 Network creation}\label{network-creation}} Once the filtering process is complete, we apply a spatialization algorithm to position the nodes in a 2D space. For this purpose, we use -the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce aesthetically -pleasing and informative layouts by simulating a physical system where +the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce informative and +aesthetically pleasing layouts by simulating a physical system where nodes repel each other and edges act as springs pulling connected nodes together. This results in a clear and intuitive visual representation of the network (Jacomy 2014).\\ @@ -590,14 +600,16 @@ \subsection{3.2 Custom perimeter}\label{custom-perimeter}} this perimeter is automatically created. Technically, elasticsearch queries are the same, with just an additional filter to query only the publications within the perimeter. The tool can be embedded in any -website using an iframe. It's the same principle as the local barometer. -This approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of -affiliations, which remains a highly complex task. Automation is -possible to a certain extent (L'Hôte and Jeangirard 2021), but human -curation remains necessary in the majority of cases (Jeangirard, Bracco, -and L'Hôte 2024). In this way, users retain control over the definition -of their perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct -perimeters. +website using an iframe. It's the same principle as the local Open +Science Monitor: any French institution can benefit from the whole +infrastructure already inplace and get a custom tool based on the same +data, treatments and technologic stack as the national tool. This +approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of affiliations, +which remains a highly complex task. Automation is possible to a certain +extent (L'Hôte and Jeangirard 2021), but human curation remains +necessary in the majority of cases (Jeangirard, Bracco, and L'Hôte +2024). In this way, users retain control over the definition of their +perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct perimeters. \hypertarget{code-availibility}{% \section{4. 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diff --git a/doc_network/out.epub b/doc_network/out.epub index 2941fac5..1f2a8873 100644 Binary files a/doc_network/out.epub and b/doc_network/out.epub differ diff --git a/doc_network/out.html b/doc_network/out.html index 79d3b1ec..52456369 100644 --- a/doc_network/out.html +++ b/doc_network/out.html @@ -494,12 +494,14 @@

Mapping scientific communities at scale

- Victor Barbier1, + Victor Barbier2, and Eric Jeangirard1

1French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Paris, France
+
2National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology, INRIA, Paris, France +
@@ -512,7 +514,7 @@

Mapping scientific communities at scale

1. Motivation

Analysing and mapping scientific communities provides an insight into the structure and evolution of academic disciplines. This involves providing an analytical and visual representation of the relationships between entities (e.g. researchers, research laboratories, research themes), with the aim, in particular, of understanding the networks and dynamics of scientific collaboration, and identifying collaborative groups and their influences. From the point of view of decision-makers, this type of tool is useful for strategic decision-making with a view to public policy and funding.

These maps are generally deduced from data in bibliographic databases (open or proprietary), based on co-publication or citation information. In the case of co-publications, two entities (authors, for example) will be linked if they have collaborated (co-published) on a piece of research. These links are then symmetrical. In the case of citation links, two authors will be linked if one cites the research work of another, in the list of references. This is a directed link, as one author may cite another without this being reciprocal. A lot of recent work uses this second approach, for example by trying to calculate composite indicators of novelty (or innovation) based on citation links.

-

The quality and completeness of the bibliographic metadata used are, of course, essential if we are to produce a relevant map. Today, the quality of open citation data still needs to be improved, cf (Alperin et al. 2024). On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata on publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, the French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French publications with good coverage cf (Chaignon and Egret 2022). This corpus is exposed in the French research portal scanR (Jeangirard 2024). This is a corpus containing about 4 millions publications in all disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambuation persistent identifier (PID) on authors, affiliations and topics.

+

The quality and completeness of the bibliographic metadata used are, of course, essential if we are to produce a relevant map. Today, the quality of open citation data still needs to be improved (Alperin et al. 2024). On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata on publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, the French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French publications with good coverage cf (Chaignon and Egret 2022). This corpus is exposed in the French research portal scanR (Jeangirard 2024). This is a corpus containing about 4 millions publications in all disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambiguation persistent identifier (PID) on authors, affiliations and topics.

1.1 Previous limits of the scanR application

Launched in 2016, the scanR portal used to be a search engine. Its scope first focused on research entities (institutions, laboratories and private companies) and was extended in 2020 to cover fundings, publications, patents and authors. Two main use cases were covered. Firstly, the ability to generate a list of search results corresponding to a user query. A list of laboratories, authors, funding or publications could be generated. Secondly, for each institution (or laboratory), a unified view of all the data concerning it was grouped together on a dedicated page in scanR (administrative information, list of publications, list of funding, main partners, etc.).

However, these functions only gave a flat view of the different dimensions, without providing any insights into the interactions between laboratories or authors. For a user interested in a research theme, for example, the list of the main contributors (those who have co-authored the most publications) does not give a clear idea of which research communities are at work and how they interact with each other. A network analysis tool to describe these interactions and attempt to detect research communities could therefore enable us to go further in creating tools to help explore fields of research and innovation.

@@ -521,12 +523,13 @@

1.2 Network analysis limits

2. Network analysis at scale

We propose a method for overcoming the limitations set out above. We also use a filtering technique to reduce the size of the network, but with a dual approach: instead of filtering the nodes, we filter the links.

2.1 Focusing on strongest interactions

-

One of the added values of mapping with a network view is to show the interactions between entities, i.e. the links between the nodes in the graph. These links provide crucial information that can be used to structure communities. If the size of the network needs to be reduced (for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and interpretability), it is vital to preserve the links that carry the most information, i.e. the strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it seems logical to reduce the size of the network by only affecting the strongest links.

+

One of the added values of mapping with a network view is to show the interactions between entities, i.e. the links between the nodes in the graph. These links provide crucial information that can be used to structure communities. Here If the size of the network needs to be reduced (for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and interpretability), it is vital to preserve the links that carry the most information, i.e. the strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it seems logical to reduce the size of the network by only affecting the strongest links.

+

Here, we assume that there are no large isolated nodes (with no connection). An entity with no connection will not appear in the mapping. This assumption can sometimes prove to be false, particularly in the case of authors in literature, for example.

Thus, from a given corpus, however large, we seek to extract the pairs of entities with the strongest interactions, for example the most co-signatures per pair of authors. From this list of pairs, we can naturally find the nodes of the graph and deduce a new graph. If the graph has several independent components, i.e. several unconnected sub-graphs, we can decide to keep only the main component(s).

2.2 Publication metadata enrichment to produce different mapping

Each publication in the scanR corpus goes through a systematic enrichment pipeline, including author and affiliation disambiguation, full-text parsing, topic detection.

For authors, the French-specific persistent identifier (PID) https://www.idref.fr is used. Its coverage, even if not perfect, for French affiliated authors is strong thanks to the deep linking between idref and the PhD thesis registration in France. Specific heuristics have been implemented to disambiguate names and link them to idref.

-

For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially SIRENE and RNSR. A specific module based on Elasticsearch https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher has been implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs (L’Hôte and Jeangirard 2021).

+

For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially https://sirene.fr and http://rnsr.fr. SIRENE is a national (French) PID for public and private institutions. RNSR is a French PID for the research structures like laboratories. A specific module based on Elasticsearch https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher has been implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs (L’Hôte and Jeangirard 2021).

For topics, wikidata identifiers has been used using the entity-fishing module https://github.com/kermitt2/entity-fishing cf (Foppiano and Romary 2020).

Other enrichments, like software detection are also present. These are based on software mentions detections using GROBID and Softcite at scale on the French corpus (Bassinet et al. 2023).

2.3 Elasticsearch implementation

@@ -569,7 +572,7 @@

2.4 Network creation

The network creation process begins with the results obtained from Elasticsearch, utilizing the open-source JavaScript library Graphology https://github.com/graphology/graphology to construct and manipulate the network. Each link result from Elasticsearch is transformed into nodes and edges, with edge strength corresponding to the number of aggregated documents.

To ensure that the network remains manageable and focuses on the most interesting nodes, we employ a strategy that prioritizes the best-connected nodes rather than the largest nodes. By default, the maximum number of nodes is set to 300. This threshold helps in maintaining the computational efficiency and interpretability of the network.

In graph theory, a component refers to a subgraph in which any two nodes are connected to each other by paths, and which is connected to no additional nodes in the larger graph. Using Graphology, we filter the network components by iteratively removing the smallest components until the number of nodes falls below the threshold or only one component remains. This largest component is then subjected to further filtering if it still exceeds the node threshold. In this second filtering step, we utilize the betweenness centrality metric to retain the best-connected nodes. Betweenness centrality measures the extent to which a node lies on the shortest path between other nodes, thereby identifying nodes that act as bridges within the network.

-

Once the filtering process is complete, we apply a spatialization algorithm to position the nodes in a 2D space. For this purpose, we use the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce aesthetically pleasing and informative layouts by simulating a physical system where nodes repel each other and edges act as springs pulling connected nodes together. This results in a clear and intuitive visual representation of the network (Jacomy 2014).
+

Once the filtering process is complete, we apply a spatialization algorithm to position the nodes in a 2D space. For this purpose, we use the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce informative and aesthetically pleasing layouts by simulating a physical system where nodes repel each other and edges act as springs pulling connected nodes together. This results in a clear and intuitive visual representation of the network (Jacomy 2014).
Thanks to Graphology, the settings of the ForceAtlas2 algorithm are automatically infered from our network order (number of nodes) as below:

barnesHutOptimize: order > 2000,
 strongGravityMode: true,
@@ -615,7 +618,7 @@ 
3.1 LLM trick

 
3.1 Citation / hot topics

 
A citation score is estimated for each cluster. This score relates the number of recent citations (over the last two years) to the number of total publications in the cluster. This score is intended to help detect hotspots in the communities identified in the corpus. We use citations data from OpenAlex, which is as of today one of the best open source datasource. However, citations metadata from OpenAlex remains incomplete and must therefore be interpreted with caution (Alperin et al. 2024).

 
3.2 Custom perimeter

-
scanR offers this mapping tool for the entire indexed corpus, but it is also possible to adapt the tool to a restricted perimeter, at the user’s discretion. For example, an institution or laboratory can define its own corpus (based on a list of publications) and a mapping tool dedicated to this perimeter is automatically created. Technically, elasticsearch queries are the same, with just an additional filter to query only the publications within the perimeter. The tool can be embedded in any website using an iframe. It’s the same principle as the local barometer. This approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of affiliations, which remains a highly complex task. Automation is possible to a certain extent (L’Hôte and Jeangirard 2021), but human curation remains necessary in the majority of cases (Jeangirard, Bracco, and L’Hôte 2024). In this way, users retain control over the definition of their perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct perimeters.

+
scanR offers this mapping tool for the entire indexed corpus, but it is also possible to adapt the tool to a restricted perimeter, at the user’s discretion. For example, an institution or laboratory can define its own corpus (based on a list of publications) and a mapping tool dedicated to this perimeter is automatically created. Technically, elasticsearch queries are the same, with just an additional filter to query only the publications within the perimeter. The tool can be embedded in any website using an iframe. It’s the same principle as the local Open Science Monitor: any French institution can benefit from the whole infrastructure already inplace and get a custom tool based on the same data, treatments and technologic stack as the national tool. This approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of affiliations, which remains a highly complex task. Automation is possible to a certain extent (L’Hôte and Jeangirard 2021), but human curation remains necessary in the majority of cases (Jeangirard, Bracco, and L’Hôte 2024). In this way, users retain control over the definition of their perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct perimeters.

 
4. Code availibility

 
The code developed for the scanR web application is open source and available online on GitHub https://github.com/dataesr/scanr-ui

 
References

diff --git a/doc_network/out.latex b/doc_network/out.latex
index d4bd4b97..ff4b3db0 100644
--- a/doc_network/out.latex
+++ b/doc_network/out.latex
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ analysis},
 \title{Mapping scientific communities at scale}
 \usepackage{authblk}
 \author[%
-  1%
+  2%
   ]{%
   Victor Barbier%
   %
@@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ analysis},
 }
 \affil[1]{French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Paris,
 France}
+\affil[2]{National Institute for Research in Digital Science and
+Technology, INRIA, Paris, France}
 \date{January 2025}
 
 \makeatletter
@@ -223,14 +225,14 @@ composite indicators of novelty (or innovation) based on citation links.
 
 The quality and completeness of the bibliographic metadata used are, of
 course, essential if we are to produce a relevant map. Today, the
-quality of open citation data still needs to be improved, cf (Alperin et
-al. 2024). On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata
-on publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example,
-the French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French
+quality of open citation data still needs to be improved (Alperin et al.
+2024). On the other hand, it is possible to obtain quality metadata on
+publications (and therefore links to co-publications). For example, the
+French Open Science Monitor (BSO) has compiled a corpus of French
 publications with good coverage cf (Chaignon and Egret 2022). This
 corpus is exposed in the French research portal scanR (Jeangirard 2024).
 This is a corpus containing about 4 millions publications in all
-disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambuation
+disciplines. These publications have been enriched with disambiguation
 persistent identifier (PID) on authors, affiliations and topics.
 
 \hypertarget{previous-limits-of-the-scanr-application}{%
@@ -301,11 +303,17 @@ interactions}\label{focusing-on-strongest-interactions}}
 One of the added values of mapping with a network view is to show the
 interactions between entities, i.e.~the links between the nodes in the
 graph. These links provide crucial information that can be used to
-structure communities. If the size of the network needs to be reduced
-(for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and interpretability), it
-is vital to preserve the links that carry the most information, i.e.~the
-strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it seems logical to reduce
-the size of the network by only affecting the strongest links.
+structure communities. Here If the size of the network needs to be
+reduced (for reasons of computation, speed, legibility and
+interpretability), it is vital to preserve the links that carry the most
+information, i.e.~the strongest interactions. With this reasoning, it
+seems logical to reduce the size of the network by only affecting the
+strongest links.
+
+Here, we assume that there are no large isolated nodes (with no
+connection). An entity with no connection will not appear in the
+mapping. This assumption can sometimes prove to be false, particularly
+in the case of authors in literature, for example.
 
 Thus, from a given corpus, however large, we seek to extract the pairs
 of entities with the strongest interactions, for example the most
@@ -329,11 +337,13 @@ between idref and the PhD thesis registration in France. Specific
 heuristics have been implemented to disambiguate names and link them to
 idref.
 
-For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially SIRENE
-and RNSR. A specific module based on Elasticsearch
-\url{https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher} has been
-implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs (L'Hôte and
-Jeangirard 2021).
+For affiliations, again French specific PID are used, especially
+\url{https://sirene.fr} and \url{http://rnsr.fr}. SIRENE is a national
+(French) PID for public and private institutions. RNSR is a French PID
+for the research structures like laboratories. A specific module based
+on Elasticsearch \url{https://github.com/dataesr/affiliation-matcher}
+has been implemented to automatically link pblications to those PIDs
+(L'Hôte and Jeangirard 2021).
 
 For topics, wikidata identifiers has been used using the entity-fishing
 module \url{https://github.com/kermitt2/entity-fishing} cf (Foppiano and
@@ -435,8 +445,8 @@ identifying nodes that act as bridges within the network.
 
 Once the filtering process is complete, we apply a spatialization
 algorithm to position the nodes in a 2D space. For this purpose, we use
-the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce aesthetically
-pleasing and informative layouts by simulating a physical system where
+the ForceAtlas2 algorithm, which is designed to produce informative and
+aesthetically pleasing layouts by simulating a physical system where
 nodes repel each other and edges act as springs pulling connected nodes
 together. This results in a clear and intuitive visual representation of
 the network (Jacomy 2014).\\
@@ -590,14 +600,16 @@ corpus (based on a list of publications) and a mapping tool dedicated to
 this perimeter is automatically created. Technically, elasticsearch
 queries are the same, with just an additional filter to query only the
 publications within the perimeter. The tool can be embedded in any
-website using an iframe. It's the same principle as the local barometer.
-This approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of
-affiliations, which remains a highly complex task. Automation is
-possible to a certain extent (L'Hôte and Jeangirard 2021), but human
-curation remains necessary in the majority of cases (Jeangirard, Bracco,
-and L'Hôte 2024). In this way, users retain control over the definition
-of their perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct
-perimeters.
+website using an iframe. It's the same principle as the local Open
+Science Monitor: any French institution can benefit from the whole
+infrastructure already inplace and get a custom tool based on the same
+data, treatments and technologic stack as the national tool. This
+approach eliminates the need for automatic alignment of affiliations,
+which remains a highly complex task. Automation is possible to a certain
+extent (L'Hôte and Jeangirard 2021), but human curation remains
+necessary in the majority of cases (Jeangirard, Bracco, and L'Hôte
+2024). In this way, users retain control over the definition of their
+perimeter, and can, if they wish, have several distinct perimeters.
 
 \hypertarget{code-availibility}{%
 \section{4. Code availibility}\label{code-availibility}}
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