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Book Bans in the US | CS448 Project
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<div class="header-container container">
<h1>Book B<span class="title-strike">ur</span>ns<span class="title-sub">a</span><span>in the U.S. </span></h1>
<h5><i>Caitlin, Deepak, & Jiwon</i></h5>
</div>
<div class="header-image"></div>
</div>
<div id="mainContainer" class="container">
<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-easing="ease-in-back" data-aos-duration="2000" >
<p class="centered-text">
The last several months have seen a rapid, unprecedented increase in
the ban of books across the United States. This recent banning has been
known to target and censor books by or about people of underrepresented
communities such as the LGBTQ+ community and people of color, but there
have not been many extensive visualizations that shed light on the
significant impact of book bans in more detail. In order to contribute
further insight on this issue, we analyzed and visualized PEN America's
dataset that covers all instances of book bans during this recent
increase in bans from July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022.
</p>
<img class="book-storm" src="/images/book-storm.gif" />
</div>
<div class="section" id="banTimeline">
<h4>Timeline of Book Bans by State (July 2021 - June 2022)</h4>
<p>
First, let's start with an overview of what the recent spur in bans have looked like from month to month.
The visualization below is an interactive timeline of the past several months that show the top 10 states
with the highest number of bans. You can click the “Play” button to animate the changes from month to
month, or you can click on any of the months on the slider manually. You can also switch between the bar
graph from showing the number of bans occurring in each individual month (i.e. non-cumulative) or the
cumulative number of bans from July 2021. Play around with the visualization to see if there are any
particularly interesting findings.
</p>
<div style="display: none; left: 100px" id="toolTip">
<p class="bookCount"><span id="stateText"></span></p>
<p class="instruction"><span id="numBansText"></span> Titles Banned <span id="numBansTextDate"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="slidecontainer" width="100%">
<button onclick="playPauseSlider()"><span id="buttonText">Play</span></button>
<select name="barGraphType" id="barGraphType" onchange="updateGraphType(this.value)">
<option value="cumulative" selected>Cumulative</option>
<option value="non-cumulative">Non-Cumulative</option>
</select>
<datalist id="tickmarks">
<option value="0" label="Jul 21"></option>
<option value="1" label="Aug 21"></option>
<option value="2" label="Sep 21"></option>
<option value="3" label="Oct 21"></option>
<option value="4" label="Nov 21"></option>
<option value="5" label="Dec 21"></option>
<option value="6" label="Jan 22"></option>
<option value="7" label="Feb 22"></option>
<option value="8" label="Mar 22"></option>
<option value="9" label="Apr 22"></option>
<option value="10" label="May 22"></option>
<option value="11" label="Jun 22"></option>
</datalist>
<input id="monthYear" style="width: 100%" type="range" min="0" max="11" value="0" class="slider" id="monthSlider" onchange="updateSlider(this.value)" list="tickmarks">
</div>
<svg data-aos="fade-zoom-in" data-aos-easing="ease-in-back" data-aos-delay="300" data-aos-duration="1000" id="categories" width="100%" height="800"></svg>
<p style="margin-top: 50px;">
A couple of spikes in certain states that stand out — in August of 2021,
there was a big spike in the number of books banned in Pennsylvania.
This spike made news, which revealed that this book ban targeted black
and Latinx authors specifically. Another huge spike followed in December
of 2021 in Texas, where school districts began a massive banning on
books related to race and sexuality. In February of 2022, Tennessee then
follows suit in the nation-wide spur with a large spike of its own,
banning “obscene” books on race and gender. Florida, another leading
state in the book bans, seems to have relatively consistent and frequent
jumps in bans from month to month starting from November 2021. Notably,
these big spikes have occurred in mostly right-leaning states. More
information and news regarding these specific spikes in bans can be
found below:
</p>
<ul>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">August 2021 — <a href="https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/education/2021/09/01/afraid-teach-schools-book-ban-targeted-black-latino-authors/5601980001/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Pennsylvania</a> targets Black and Latinx authors by banning their books.
<li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">December 2021 — <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/texas-books-race-sexuality-schools-rcna13886" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Texas</a> begins a massive banning on books related to race and sexuality.
<li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">February 2022 — <a href="https://tn.chalkbeat.org/2022/1/28/22907090/school-library-book-ban-tennessee-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Tennessee</a> follows in the nation-wide spur by banning “obscene” books on race and gender.
<li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">A look back on the book bans from the 2021-2022 school year in <a href="https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/state/2022-in-the-classroom-a-look-back-on-book-bans-culture-wars-and-the-fight-over-parental-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Florida</a>.
</ul>
<p>
This leads to the question of, where specifically within these states are we seeing these spikes?
Are there particular school districts within these states that are dominating the bans?
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="districtMap">
<!-- <div data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-easing="ease-in-back" data-aos-duration="1500" class="section bookBansMap"> -->
<h4>Where do book bans in the US occur the most?</h4>
<p>
We'll now examine the geographic distribution of total bans initiated from this time period. To gain more insight into how these
banning instances are distributed within a state, we'll explore the exact districts that instigated these bans and determine if there
are certain districts that are overrepresented in the dataset. The visualization below is an interactive
chloropleth map of the U.S. with gray mapping to zero bans and dark red mapping to the highest number of bans. You can
hover over a state to see its total number of bans initiated and its number of unique districts that initiated a ban. If you click
on a state, you can see a bar chart mapping the name of each banning district to the number of bans initiated by that district.
</p>
<div style="display: none; left: 100px" id="toolTip">
<p class="banCount"><span id="banText"></span></p>
<p class="info"><span id="numDistrictsText"></span> Titles Banned <span id="numBansTextDate"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="flex-container">
<svg id="map"></svg>
<div>
<svg id="districtbargraph"></svg>
</div>
</div>
<p style="margin-top: 50px;">
As expected from our findings in the book ban timeline, we notice that Texas (801) and Florida (566) are the top two contenders for the
highest overall number of bans passed, with Pennsylvania (458) and Tennessee (349) following close behind. As a whole, states in the midwest
and along the eastern and southern coasts show higher rates of banning than their western counterparts.
We observe that the strongest hotspots of banning tend to occur in historically Republican states but that for states with no bans at all,
there is little partisan correlation. Diving a little deeper, we notice that for each of the top 4 states, the total ban counts can be disproportionately
assigned to just one or two districts in the state: Texas-North East Independent School District, Florida-Duval County Public Schools and
Indian River County School District, Tennessee-Collierville Schools, and Pennsylvania-Central York School District. Let's examine a couple of the top
banning districts at a closer level:</p>
<ul>
<li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">Texas -
North East Independent School District (NEISD) is the second-largest school district in San Antonio.
This San Antonio Report news <a href="https://sanantonioreport.org/north-east-isd-removes-more-than-100-books-review-krause-list/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
article</a> details how in late 2021, NEISD librarians began removing books deemed
“obscene or vulgar” based on a list of 850 books circulated by state Rep. Matt Krause (R-Fort Worth),
ultimately choosing to review 431 titles for appropriateness. Much of the justification for NEISD book removals has included
"lack of professional reviews" or "outdated content" with librarians sourcing more recently published replacements on the same subject, even
for books containing personal, irreplacable anecdotes on navigating racial and sexual discrimination. As Amy Senia, an NEISD alumna and civil rights attorney,
puts it, NEISD's aggressive removal strategy is a "violation of NEISD students' First Amendment rights.” </li>
<!-- <li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">Florida - Duval County Public Schools —
The signing of House Bill 1467 by Governor Ron DeSantis in March, 2022, marked the requirement of library books to be
reviewed by <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/what-are-we-protecting-children-from-by-banning-books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
“certified media specialists” </a> for pornography themes and sources of potential “guilt, anguish, or other forms of
psychological distress” related to race or gender. Following the bill, Duval County began the process of reviewing <a href="https://news.wjct.org/first-coast/2022-09-20/dozens-of-books-banned-in-du" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
1.5 million titles, with 176 </a> titles banned before June 2022. In the interim, Duval has shown no signs of stopping: In 2023, according to several new state laws,
the district will “block books that depict pornography, instruction on sexual orientation and gender identity in grades K-3 or books that say
an individual is "inherently racist or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously." In a recent round of staff training, the district's
chief academic officer, Paula Renfro, informed teachers that they would have to <a href="https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/education/2023-01-29/duval-schools-tells-teachers-to-cover-or-store-books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
“cover or store” </a>any unapproved books. </br>A full list of titles reviewed by the district can be found <a href="https://dcps.duvalschools.org/Page/33207" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
here. </a></li> -->
<li style="font-size: 1.2em;line-height: 2em;">
Florida - Duval County Public Schools began the process of reviewing 1.5 million titles
since <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/what-are-we-protecting-children-from-by-banning-books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
the passing of House Bill 1467 in March 2022</a> by Governor Ron DeSantis that required library books to be reviewed for
pornography themes and sources of potential “guilt, anguish, or other forms of psychological
distress” related to race or gender. At the start of 2023, similar laws were passed
that have required districts to continue banning books of the same themes. In fact, in a recent round of staff training,
Duval's chief academic officer, Paula Renfro, informed teachers that they would have to <a href="https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/education/2023-01-29/duval-schools-tells-teachers-to-cover-or-store-books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
“cover or store” </a>any unapproved books. The full list of
titles can be found <a href="https://dcps.duvalschools.org/Page/33207" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The observations from this visualization and the context behind them give us a better sense of the motivation of the dominating
states and districts for the recent banning of books en masse. But do the books that are being banned actually fit the criteria
of being harmful or causing "guilt, anguish, or distress", as dictated by these states and districts? Let's take a closer look into exactly what kinds of books
are actually being banned.
</p>
<!-- </div> -->
</div>
<div class="section wordCloudChart">
<h4>What kinds of books are being targeted?</h4>
<p>
To get an initial sense of what kinds of books are being banned, let's examine and explore their titles.
Below are the titles of the most banned books, ordered from most frequently banned to least. Clicking on
a title will show the districts and states in which it is banned. You can also
search for any title or author you are interested in seeing whether it has been banned or not.
</p>
<h5>Titles of the Most Banned Books</h5>
<div id="bookSearchList">
<input type="text" class="search" placeholder="Search Book Title, Author"/>
<ul class="list accordion-container"></ul>
<ul class="pagination"></ul>
</div>
<p style="margin-top: 50px;">
Looking at even just the top ten titles allows us to gain insight on what kinds of books are being targeted.
One can reasonably infer that top two most banned titles, "Gender Queer: A Memoir" and
"All Boys Aren't Blue" not only are about or have themes of queerness and sexual orientation,
but were also likely written with the intention of helping LGBTQ+ kids feel more included and less othered.
Looking at number 7, "The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian", also reveals that
themes of indigenous culture and Native American authors have been targeted as well. Let's now dive a little
deeper and conduct a more systematic analysis of the most commonly shared words across
the titles of all of the banned books.
</p>
<h5>What words are shared most across titles?</h5>
<p>
Below is a word cloud of the most commonly occurring words in the titles of the banned books.
The size of the word correlates to its frequency, and clicking on a word will reveal all of
the books with that word in its title. Hovering over a listed book title will show the
districts in which that book is banned. Play around with this visualization to explore how the
words in this cloud are connected to certain book titles and/or districts.
</p>
<div id="titleWordCloud">
<div style="display: none; left: 100px" id="hoverBox">
<p class="bookCount"><span id="onHoverText">Hover</span> Book Titles</p>
<p class="instruction">Click to view the book titles below!</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bookListHoverBox" style="display: none">
<div class="bookListHoverBoxContent">
<p class="bookListHoverTextLine bookListTitle">
<span id="bookListTitle">Book Title</span>
</p>
<p class="bookListHoverTextLine">
<span id="bookListAuthor">Author Name</span>
</p>
<hr />
<p
class="bookListHoverTextLine bookListBannedCount"
id="bookListBannedCountLine"
>
Banned in <span id="bookListBannedCount">Ban Count</span>
</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="bookListPlaceTableRow">
<td>State</td>
<td>Districts</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody id="bookListPlaceTableContent"></tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="booksListContainer">
<p class="booksListTitle">Titles with word <b><span id="bookListTitleWord"></span></b></p>
<div id="booksList"></div>
<div id="booksListContainerBtn" style="display: none;"></div>
</div>
<p>
There is a lot to be revealed here. This word cloud makes very clear what kinds of
books are being targeted by these bans. With the words “girl” and “boy” being the
two most prominent, it seems as though school districts care most about making sure
their kids conform to outdated gender norms and are not exposed to ideas of
queerness or sexual orientation. This is further compounded by the words “sex”,
“gender”, “identity”, and even “guide” being among the most common words — when you
click on the word “guide” to show the titles with the word in it, it shows that
many of the books are guides for navigating things like sexual identity and
orientation, queerness, and more.
</p>
<p>
Another important observation is that among the most common words are “white” and
“black”. It is made quite clear these school districts care more about white authors and
protecting their image of whiteness than supporting black authors. The titles of the banned
books with the word “white” hint toward their books being about criticism of whiteness and
racial divide, while the titles of the books with “black” are related to the black
American experience and uplifting the marginalized voices of the community. It is certainly
no longer a coincidence that the states that are leading the charge in these book bannings are
and have been known to be very much right-leaning. It does not actually seem as though
these banned books are causing harm or are being banned for the reasons laid out by the
states — more so that the books don't fit into what they deem to be in line with their
political values.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4>Conclusion</h4>
<p>
We have observed a heavy underlying theme in the onset of these bans: strong demands in historically Republican states
to remove books that explore topics including race, sexual identity, civil rights, resulting in further isolation
of students from historically marginalized backgrounds, with stories that perhaps once gave them a feeling of belonging, now disappearing from shelves.
Thankfully, these actions are not met without resistance from the local community — we have also found that for every story criticizing the decisions made by
district leadership, there are uplifting stories of local communities and
organizations coming together to fight back against the injustice.
</p>
<p>
For example, in early March of 2023, two organizations (MomsRising.org and JaxbyJax Literary Arts Festival)
are <a href="https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2023/03/05/2-organizations-offer-children-books-banned-at-schools/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
partnering up </a> to provide Duval County students access to books that have already been banned. Last month, Jacksonville bookstore
<a href="https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/education/jacksonville-bookstore-banned-book-display-duval-county/77-99525142-85d6-48a4-90f7-135b05cbb873" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Chamblin Bookmine </a> proudly put up a “Books Recently Banned in Duval County” display.
</p>
<p>
In Texas, NEISD has been heavily criticized by the <a href="https://www.sacurrent.com/news/san-antonios-north-east-isd-banned-more-books-than-any-other-texas-school-district-report-shows-29582596" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
ACLU and its teacher's union</a> for its compliance with Krause's demands and in late August of 2022, students of the
district banded together to sign a <a href="https://www.change.org/p/north-east-independent-school-district-remove-the-krause-list-from-all-neisd-schools?redirect=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
petition</a> decrying NEISD's restriction of their access to reading material on
critical social and racial issues, safe sex resources, and LGBTQ relationships.
Details of NEISD's decision to keep or remove particular titles from Krause's list can be found <a href="https://www.neisd.net/Page/34461" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
here</a>.
</p>
<p>We hope that there is further justice from the community to unban the books
that give the underrepresented and marginalized communities a sense of belonging. We also hope
that this data explainer and its visualizations have helped for gaining a better understanding of
this recent spur in book bans across America.
</p>
</div>
<div class="data methods">
<h4>Data and Methods</h4>
<p>
Our visualizations rely on data generated by Pen America covering all instances of book bans from July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022 and is directly linked <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hTs_PB7KuTMBtNMESFEGuK-0abzhNxVv4tgpI5-iKe8/edit#gid=1623346099"target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.
Briefly, PEN America is a non profit organization that aims to unite writers in the celebration and protection of creative expression, standing at "the intersection of literature and human rights."
To generate the data, PEN America studied news articles, corresponded with educators and authors, and reviewed letters to school districts from the NCAC to identify as many counts of challenges, restrictions, and bans on
school library books across the US between July 2021 and March 2022. More details about PEN's methodology can be found <a href="https://pen.org/banned-in-the-usa/#methodology"target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here.</a>
</p>
<p>
We conducted initial exploratory data analysis in Tableau. Further filtering and aggregation of data to generate the data underlying
each of the visualizations — the state-district breakdown, the banning date timeline, the Search, and the title word frequencies — were done
using Excel and plain JavaScript. The word frequencies in the titles were calculated using the COUNT and SEARCH functions in Excel.
JSON object arrays to represent the data for each of the visualizations were constructed in Excel, added to the JS file, and used for
the visualizations using d3.js.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section references">
<h4>Resources</h4>
<p>The following references cite additional media we incorporated on our site and coding resources/examples for generating the
specific visualizations we designed using D3.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Book Storm GIF: <a href="foreshortening.tumblr.com">foreshortening.tumblr.com</a></li>
<li>
Cloropleth Map:
<a href="https://observablehq.com/@robertmreedy/fivethirtyeight-2020-presidential-election-forecast">https://observablehq.com/@robertmreedy/fivethirtyeight-2020-presidential-election-forecast</a>
</li>
<li>
Cover Photo:
<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/assorted-title-novel-book-photo-775998/">https://www.pexels.com/photo/assorted-title-novel-book-photo-775998/</a>
</li>
<li>
D3 Word Cloud:
<a href="https://github.com/jasondavies/d3-cloud">https://github.com/jasondavies/d3-cloud</a>
</li>
<li>
Search:
<a href="https://listjs.com/">https://listjs.com/</a>
</li>
<li>
Sharing:
<a href="https://ellisonleao.github.io/sharer.js/">https://ellisonleao.github.io/sharer.js/</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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