diff --git a/src/background/main.js b/src/background/main.js
index f7c1e34..26b1c1d 100644
--- a/src/background/main.js
+++ b/src/background/main.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import {v4 as uuidv4} from 'uuid';
 import Queue from 'p-queue';
 
 import {initStorage} from 'storage/init';
-import {isStorageReady} from 'storage/storage';
+import {isStorageReady, encodeStorageData} from 'storage/storage';
 import storage from 'storage/storage';
 import {
   getEnabledEngines,
@@ -131,6 +131,11 @@ async function removeMenuItem(menuItemId, {throwError = false} = {}) {
   }
 }
 
+async function removeAllMenuItems() {
+  // removes context menu items from all instances
+  await browser.contextMenus.removeAll();
+}
+
 async function createMenu() {
   const context = {
     name: 'private',
@@ -153,13 +158,39 @@ async function createMenu() {
       await createMenuItem(item);
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    // removes context menu items from all instances
-    await browser.contextMenus.removeAll();
+    // The storage may have been cleared, and the context menu state is
+    // no longer known. All menu items are removed and the menu is recreated.
+
+    await removeAllMenuItems();
+
+    for (const item of newItems) {
+      await createMenuItem(item);
+    }
+
+    if (runOnce('createMenuError')) {
+      await dispatchMenuChangeEvent();
+    }
 
     throw err;
   }
 }
 
+async function dispatchMenuChangeEvent() {
+  if (['chrome', 'edge', 'opera'].includes(targetEnv)) {
+    // notify the other background script instance
+    await storage.set(
+      {menuChangeEvent: Date.now()},
+      {
+        area: mv3 ? 'session' : 'local',
+        context: {
+          name: 'private',
+          active: !browser.extension.inIncognitoContext
+        }
+      }
+    );
+  }
+}
+
 async function getMenuItem({
   id,
   title = '',
@@ -178,6 +209,10 @@ async function getMenuItem({
     type
   };
 
+  if (browser.extension.inIncognitoContext) {
+    params.id += '_private';
+  }
+
   if (documentUrlPatterns) {
     params.documentUrlPatterns = documentUrlPatterns;
   }
@@ -734,15 +769,9 @@ async function onActionPopupClick(engine, docUrl) {
 }
 
 async function setContextMenu() {
-  if (['chrome', 'edge', 'opera'].includes(targetEnv)) {
-    // notify all background script instances
-    await storage.set(
-      {setContextMenuEvent: Date.now()},
-      {area: mv3 ? 'session' : 'local'}
-    );
-  } else {
-    await createMenu();
-  }
+  await createMenu();
+
+  await dispatchMenuChangeEvent();
 }
 
 async function setBrowserAction() {
@@ -985,8 +1014,13 @@ async function onOptionChange() {
 }
 
 async function onStorageChange(changes, area) {
-  if (changes.setContextMenuEvent?.newValue) {
-    if (await isStorageReady({area: mv3 ? 'session' : 'local'})) {
+  if (await isStorageReady({area: mv3 ? 'session' : 'local'})) {
+    const menuChangeEvent = encodeStorageData('menuChangeEvent', {
+      name: 'private',
+      active: browser.extension.inIncognitoContext
+    });
+
+    if (changes[menuChangeEvent]?.newValue) {
       await queue.add(createMenu);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/storage/config.json b/src/storage/config.json
index b8b7439..6860324 100755
--- a/src/storage/config.json
+++ b/src/storage/config.json
@@ -16,8 +16,11 @@
       "20230713165504_add_perma.cc",
       "20230715152710_add_ghostarchive",
       "20230718120215_add_webcite",
-      "20240514170322_add_appversion"
+      "20240514170322_add_appversion",
+      "20240619180111_add_menuchangeevent"
     ],
-    "session": ["20240514122825_initial_version"]
+    "session": [
+      "20240514122825_initial_version"
+    ]
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/storage/revisions/local/20240619180111_add_menuchangeevent.js b/src/storage/revisions/local/20240619180111_add_menuchangeevent.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72e23b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/storage/revisions/local/20240619180111_add_menuchangeevent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+const message = 'Add menuChangeEvent';
+
+const revision = '20240619180111_add_menuchangeevent';
+
+async function upgrade() {
+  const changes = {
+    menuChangeEvent: 0,
+    privateMenuChangeEvent: 0
+  };
+
+  await browser.storage.local.remove('setContextMenuEvent');
+
+  changes.storageVersion = revision;
+  return browser.storage.local.set(changes);
+}
+
+export {message, revision, upgrade};
diff --git a/src/storage/revisions/session/20240514122825_initial_version.js b/src/storage/revisions/session/20240514122825_initial_version.js
index 638997f..96ddb3b 100644
--- a/src/storage/revisions/session/20240514122825_initial_version.js
+++ b/src/storage/revisions/session/20240514122825_initial_version.js
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ const revision = '20240514122825_initial_version';
 async function upgrade() {
   const changes = {
     platformInfo: null,
-    setContextMenuEvent: 0
+    menuChangeEvent: 0,
+    privateMenuChangeEvent: 0
   };
 
   changes.storageVersion = revision;
diff --git a/src/storage/storage.js b/src/storage/storage.js
index b218be6..af65165 100755
--- a/src/storage/storage.js
+++ b/src/storage/storage.js
@@ -50,27 +50,39 @@ async function ensureStorageReady({area = 'local'} = {}) {
   }
 }
 
-function encodeStorageData(data, context) {
-  if (context?.active) {
-    if (typeof data === 'string') {
-      return `${context.name}${capitalizeFirstLetter(data)}`;
-    } else if (Array.isArray(data)) {
-      const items = [];
+function processStorageKey(key, contextName, {encode = true} = {}) {
+  if (encode) {
+    return `${contextName}${capitalizeFirstLetter(key)}`;
+  } else {
+    return lowercaseFirstLetter(key.replace(new RegExp(`^${contextName}`), ''));
+  }
+}
 
-      for (const item of data) {
-        items.push(`${context.name}${capitalizeFirstLetter(item)}`);
-      }
+function processStorageData(data, contextName, {encode = true} = {}) {
+  if (typeof data === 'string') {
+    return processStorageKey(data, contextName, {encode});
+  } else if (Array.isArray(data)) {
+    const items = [];
 
-      return items;
-    } else {
-      const items = {};
+    for (const item of data) {
+      items.push(processStorageKey(item, contextName, {encode}));
+    }
 
-      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        items[`${context.name}${capitalizeFirstLetter(key)}`] = value;
-      }
+    return items;
+  } else {
+    const items = {};
 
-      return items;
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
+      items[processStorageKey(key, contextName, {encode})] = value;
     }
+
+    return items;
+  }
+}
+
+function encodeStorageData(data, context) {
+  if (context?.active) {
+    return processStorageData(data, context.name, {encode: true});
   }
 
   return data;
@@ -78,15 +90,7 @@ function encodeStorageData(data, context) {
 
 function decodeStorageData(data, context) {
   if (context?.active) {
-    const items = {};
-
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
-      items[
-        lowercaseFirstLetter(key.replace(new RegExp(`^${context.name}`), ''))
-      ] = value;
-    }
-
-    return items;
+    return processStorageData(data, context.name, {encode: false});
   }
 
   return data;
@@ -119,4 +123,4 @@ async function clear({area = 'local'} = {}) {
 }
 
 export default {get, set, remove, clear};
-export {isStorageArea, isStorageReady};
+export {isStorageArea, isStorageReady, encodeStorageData, decodeStorageData};