diff --git a/src/common/framework/test_config.ts b/src/common/framework/test_config.ts
index b5d5608dd851..072aaf736027 100644
--- a/src/common/framework/test_config.ts
+++ b/src/common/framework/test_config.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,20 @@ export type TestConfig = {
    */
   enableDebugLogs: boolean;
 
+  /**
+   * Maximum number of subcases in flight at once, within a case. Once this many
+   * are in flight, wait for a subcase to finish before starting the next one.
+   */
   maxSubcasesInFlight: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Every `subcasesBetweenAttemptingGC` subcases, run `attemptGarbageCollection()`.
+   * Setting to `Infinity` disables this. Setting to 1 attempts GC every time (slow!).
+   */
+  subcasesBetweenAttemptingGC: number;
+
   testHeartbeatCallback: () => void;
+
   noRaceWithRejectOnTimeout: boolean;
 
   /**
@@ -41,6 +53,7 @@ export type TestConfig = {
 export const globalTestConfig: TestConfig = {
   enableDebugLogs: false,
   maxSubcasesInFlight: 100,
+  subcasesBetweenAttemptingGC: 5000,
   testHeartbeatCallback: () => {},
   noRaceWithRejectOnTimeout: false,
   unrollConstEvalLoops: false,
diff --git a/src/common/internal/test_group.ts b/src/common/internal/test_group.ts
index aaaec9fe3f3a..ac3b11082771 100644
--- a/src/common/internal/test_group.ts
+++ b/src/common/internal/test_group.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import {
   stringifyPublicParamsUniquely,
 } from '../internal/query/stringify_params.js';
 import { validQueryPart } from '../internal/query/validQueryPart.js';
+import { attemptGarbageCollection } from '../util/collect_garbage.js';
 import { DeepReadonly } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, unreachable } from '../util/util.js';
 
@@ -696,6 +697,7 @@ class RunCaseSpecific implements RunCase {
                   subRec.threw(ex);
                 }
               })
+              .finally(attemptGarbageCollectionIfDue)
               .finally(subcaseFinishedCallback);
 
             allPreviousSubcasesFinalizedPromise = allPreviousSubcasesFinalizedPromise.then(
@@ -711,13 +713,17 @@ class RunCaseSpecific implements RunCase {
             rec.skipped(new SkipTestCase('all subcases were skipped'));
           }
         } else {
-          await this.runTest(
-            rec,
-            sharedState,
-            this.params,
-            /* throwSkip */ false,
-            getExpectedStatus(selfQuery)
-          );
+          try {
+            await this.runTest(
+              rec,
+              sharedState,
+              this.params,
+              /* throwSkip */ false,
+              getExpectedStatus(selfQuery)
+            );
+          } finally {
+            await attemptGarbageCollectionIfDue();
+          }
         }
       } finally {
         testHeartbeatCallback();
@@ -754,3 +760,17 @@ export type CaseTimingLogLine = {
    */
   nonskippedSubcaseCount: number;
 };
+
+/** Every `subcasesBetweenAttemptingGC` calls to this function will `attemptGarbageCollection()`. */
+const attemptGarbageCollectionIfDue: () => Promise<void> = (() => {
+  // This state is global because garbage is global.
+  let subcasesSinceLastGC = 0;
+
+  return async function attemptGarbageCollectionIfDue() {
+    subcasesSinceLastGC++;
+    if (subcasesSinceLastGC >= globalTestConfig.subcasesBetweenAttemptingGC) {
+      subcasesSinceLastGC = 0;
+      return attemptGarbageCollection();
+    }
+  };
+})();
diff --git a/src/resources/cache/hashes.json b/src/resources/cache/hashes.json
index 76381468a48d..e2224325944f 100644
--- a/src/resources/cache/hashes.json
+++ b/src/resources/cache/hashes.json
@@ -1,112 +1,112 @@
 {
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_addition.bin": "7c0379bf",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_logical.bin": "96b98d5d",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_division.bin": "ba1c0a85",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_addition.bin": "fc3aca75",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_subtraction.bin": "fa1d87d",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_multiplication.bin": "37a9fde9",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_remainder.bin": "bccf1121",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_subtraction.bin": "d2e591f4",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_addition.bin": "e4819c49",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_logical.bin": "43368022",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_division.bin": "215a9d5f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_addition.bin": "44df582a",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_matrix_multiplication.bin": "9cbf9947",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_scalar_multiplication.bin": "c691df11",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_subtraction.bin": "50d96924",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_vector_multiplication.bin": "f85f0f3f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_multiplication.bin": "d901ae1f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_remainder.bin": "ddce5a62",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_subtraction.bin": "550bceb7",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_addition.bin": "3f664fc9",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_logical.bin": "959f6412",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_division.bin": "3c922562",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_addition.bin": "9ae0abcb",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_matrix_multiplication.bin": "4c4ae637",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_scalar_multiplication.bin": "c5e67908",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_subtraction.bin": "f5a0975b",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_vector_multiplication.bin": "f4f0673f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_multiplication.bin": "efa37ecc",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_remainder.bin": "23865464",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_subtraction.bin": "1c7b460",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/i32_arithmetic.bin": "c12c837f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/i32_comparison.bin": "7bede79f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/u32_arithmetic.bin": "83459533",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/u32_comparison.bin": "cb6c7d10",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/abs.bin": "5991874e",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/acos.bin": "2ed85ea",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/acosh.bin": "dca17f4f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/asin.bin": "4ff413c2",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/asinh.bin": "9c22347c",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/atan.bin": "be66d53",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/atan2.bin": "2592c543",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/atanh.bin": "53fb672c",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/bitcast.bin": "7bab3e11",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/ceil.bin": "f849e1e4",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/clamp.bin": "71061b70",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/cos.bin": "ff53edaa",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/cosh.bin": "98c5dc24",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/cross.bin": "8f426492",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/degrees.bin": "f77a9312",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/determinant.bin": "e66d6051",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/distance.bin": "e7e5ec3f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/dot.bin": "5875abdb",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/exp.bin": "2d0e864",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/exp2.bin": "ca8333fc",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/faceForward.bin": "7ac5e40e",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/floor.bin": "b640c123",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/fma.bin": "1d693a83",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/fract.bin": "33350e24",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/frexp.bin": "f988e9f5",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/inverseSqrt.bin": "5b860456",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/ldexp.bin": "2d1f7a2b",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/length.bin": "c9942cac",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/log.bin": "15d93019",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/log2.bin": "51801d3c",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/max.bin": "64f6084f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/min.bin": "2bd03e23",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/mix.bin": "6639acfd",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/modf.bin": "20764644",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/normalize.bin": "dc436ae",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/pack2x16float.bin": "5b7c4f27",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/pow.bin": "ee13e689",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/quantizeToF16.bin": "170ed69a",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/radians.bin": "d65a64ef",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/reflect.bin": "b51bee35",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/refract.bin": "eecc27c2",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/round.bin": "6f41466e",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/saturate.bin": "a32a0b03",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/sign.bin": "aace655c",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/sin.bin": "6d317fcc",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/sinh.bin": "1ff4cfa8",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/smoothstep.bin": "2fe663e1",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/sqrt.bin": "57534d22",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/step.bin": "83066922",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/tan.bin": "d2a2985",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/tanh.bin": "f2b896ce",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/transpose.bin": "bc6cf373",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/trunc.bin": "b9a32a1f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack2x16float.bin": "dc335b33",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack2x16snorm.bin": "1633b95f",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack2x16unorm.bin": "f945c3b1",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack4x8snorm.bin": "71858b12",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack4x8unorm.bin": "14d9dee7",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/af_arithmetic.bin": "1244dc59",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/af_assignment.bin": "4977c89a",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/bool_conversion.bin": "fa8980ab",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f16_arithmetic.bin": "2cbcc359",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f16_conversion.bin": "5391f8be",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f32_arithmetic.bin": "e75aea78",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f32_conversion.bin": "41d8c357",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/i32_arithmetic.bin": "c5c7c981",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/i32_conversion.bin": "1816a122",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/u32_conversion.bin": "5ccdf1c1",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/ai_assignment.bin": "dfcceb5e",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/ai_arithmetic.bin": "19fab64c",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/ai_arithmetic.bin": "84c6cd22",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_matrix_multiplication.bin": "2f1e6c16",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_scalar_multiplication.bin": "64dfd4a1",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_vector_multiplication.bin": "48559d35",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/derivatives.bin": "9297dd6d",
-  "webgpu/shader/execution/fwidth.bin": "76674f5a"
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_addition.bin": "d0c1b760",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_logical.bin": "ca60ce77",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_division.bin": "47ae1ca1",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_addition.bin": "afaf9bae",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_subtraction.bin": "42433bf3",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_multiplication.bin": "babfc501",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_remainder.bin": "19995293",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_subtraction.bin": "62f090b9",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_addition.bin": "540ae334",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_logical.bin": "c1f09c30",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_division.bin": "b4eabc05",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_addition.bin": "6b9113b",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_matrix_multiplication.bin": "a7362ff1",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_scalar_multiplication.bin": "4ac4e5bb",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_subtraction.bin": "93d4d43a",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_matrix_vector_multiplication.bin": "beed89d5",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_multiplication.bin": "6b5f0d51",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_remainder.bin": "a1f499b3",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f16_subtraction.bin": "61a571d5",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_addition.bin": "fa6cc596",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_logical.bin": "2b155b60",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_division.bin": "243c9ce6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_addition.bin": "d3bc6ed6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_matrix_multiplication.bin": "2a4c1527",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_scalar_multiplication.bin": "d695442",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_subtraction.bin": "b306b19",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_matrix_vector_multiplication.bin": "aac6cbfd",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_multiplication.bin": "a21303f5",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_remainder.bin": "79e462a1",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/f32_subtraction.bin": "4e6bbf38",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/i32_arithmetic.bin": "167760cc",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/i32_comparison.bin": "6a9f856a",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/u32_arithmetic.bin": "ac424b44",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/u32_comparison.bin": "a9e71302",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/abs.bin": "a42729c4",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/acos.bin": "664a5662",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/acosh.bin": "d3fb8eb0",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/asin.bin": "5a4f5b9e",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/asinh.bin": "3ce3fe4d",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/atan.bin": "759d432",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/atan2.bin": "95008607",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/atanh.bin": "569bd1b6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/bitcast.bin": "4329e501",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/ceil.bin": "55cc76e5",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/clamp.bin": "d580a273",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/cos.bin": "3107bc4b",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/cosh.bin": "d36c86cc",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/cross.bin": "e48c39ba",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/degrees.bin": "f74b63d2",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/determinant.bin": "f07e1160",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/distance.bin": "93156a89",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/dot.bin": "4e2fe407",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/exp.bin": "3b269b18",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/exp2.bin": "7aeeeaf6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/faceForward.bin": "451ffbd8",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/floor.bin": "37131d74",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/fma.bin": "30111350",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/fract.bin": "5ef13392",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/frexp.bin": "da764bc0",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/inverseSqrt.bin": "6ff34703",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/ldexp.bin": "5016cec9",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/length.bin": "f236d2e7",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/log.bin": "1c54f128",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/log2.bin": "e44e2370",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/max.bin": "eb4c1901",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/min.bin": "f8c70a2b",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/mix.bin": "df3b3f62",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/modf.bin": "b600b26f",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/normalize.bin": "7af3a3d2",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/pack2x16float.bin": "7c67b10e",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/pow.bin": "ee37f4ba",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/quantizeToF16.bin": "a7a65754",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/radians.bin": "51d423b9",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/reflect.bin": "3ba4eda6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/refract.bin": "13fc4914",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/round.bin": "9155b88b",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/saturate.bin": "73cecf71",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/sign.bin": "68d61a83",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/sin.bin": "44219876",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/sinh.bin": "158d261d",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/smoothstep.bin": "7129c56b",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/sqrt.bin": "9aaaf8aa",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/step.bin": "85858027",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/tan.bin": "dbbda634",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/tanh.bin": "8c540d5c",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/transpose.bin": "a676fc9a",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/trunc.bin": "35ab398d",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack2x16float.bin": "eb9294c9",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack2x16snorm.bin": "7208eb73",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack2x16unorm.bin": "20d9669b",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack4x8snorm.bin": "c77e1a72",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unpack4x8unorm.bin": "d80caf66",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/af_arithmetic.bin": "963c3185",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/af_assignment.bin": "9e8a3b3f",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/bool_conversion.bin": "eee7a40c",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f16_arithmetic.bin": "aaea9f75",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f16_conversion.bin": "5b26998a",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f32_arithmetic.bin": "65dfc2ac",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/f32_conversion.bin": "cd874be3",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/i32_arithmetic.bin": "af4c0e43",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/i32_conversion.bin": "5b6e4d9",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/u32_conversion.bin": "229649a6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/ai_assignment.bin": "8efcf261",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/ai_arithmetic.bin": "a57ee284",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/unary/ai_arithmetic.bin": "948016b6",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_matrix_multiplication.bin": "52c24212",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_scalar_multiplication.bin": "256556e1",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/binary/af_matrix_vector_multiplication.bin": "38085521",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/derivatives.bin": "f38a38ff",
+  "webgpu/shader/execution/fwidth.bin": "4e9fc55d"
 }
\ No newline at end of file