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<meta name="description" content="Green Unicorn (Gunicorn) 是一个 Python WSGI 服务器，它会运行 Python web 应用代码。">
<title>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn) - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</h1>
<p><a href="http://gunicorn.org/">Green Unicorn</a>，通过常简称“Gunicorn”，它是 <a href="/wsgi-servers.html">Web 服务器网关接口（WSGI）服务器</a>的一种实现，通常用于运行 Python web 应用。</p>
<p><a href="http://gunicorn.org/" style="border: none;"><img src="/img/gunicorn-logo.jpg" width="100%" alt="Official Green Unicorn (Gunicorn) logo." class="technical-diagram"></a></p>
<h2>Gunicorn 为何很重更要？</h2>
<p>Gunicorn 是众多 WSGI 服务器实现之一，但它特别重要，因为它稳定，是<a href="/deployment.html">web 应用部署</a> 中常用组成部分，它驱动着一些世界上最大的基于 Python 的 web 应用，例如 <a href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/13649370142/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances">Instagram</a>。</p>
<p>Gunicorn 实现了 <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/">PEP3333 WSGI 服务器标准规范</a> 接口，这样它就可以运行那些实现了应用接口的 Python web 应用。例如，假设你使用了诸如 <a href="/django.html">Django</a>、<a href="/flask.html">Flask</a>、或 <a href="/bottle.html">Bottle</a> 这样的 <a href="/web-frameworks.html">web 框架</a> 编写了一个 web 应用，那么你的应用就实现了 WSGI 规范。</p>
<div class="well see-also">Gunicorn 是<a href="/wsgi-servers.html">WSGI 服务器</a> 概念的一种实现。在<a href="/deployment.html">部署</a> 章节学习如何将这些部分组合在一起，或者查看所有主题的<a href="/table-of-contents.html">目录</a>。</div>
<h2>Gunicorn 如何知道怎样运行我的 web 应用？</h2>
<p>Gunicorn 根据在 WSGI 服务器和 WSGI 兼容的 web 应用之间的钩子知道如何运行 web 应用。</p>
<p>这儿有个例子，它说明了如何通过 Gunicorn 运行一个典型的 Django web 应用。
我们将以 <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/compare-python-web-frameworks/tree/master/django_defaults">dango_defaults</a> 为例。在 <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/compare-python-web-frameworks/tree/master/django_defaults/django_defaults">django_defaults</a> 项目目录中，有一个短的 <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/compare-python-web-frameworks/blob/master/django_defaults/django_defaults/wsgi.py">wsgi.py</a> 文件含有下面的内容：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd">WSGI config for django_defaults project.</span>
<span class="sd">It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.</span>
<span class="sd">For more information on this file, see</span>
<span class="sd">https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/howto/deployment/wsgi/</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.wsgi</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_wsgi_application</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"django_defaults.settings"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">application</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_wsgi_application</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p><code>wsgi.py</code> 文件是在 Django 项目首次创建时通过 <code>django-admin.py startproject</code> 命令生成的。
Django 通过 <code>wsgi.py</code> 文件暴露了一个 <code>application</code> 变量，这样 WSGI 服务器就可以使用 <code>application</code> 作为一个钩子来运行 web 应用。
下图是对这个情况的直观展示：</p>
<p><img src="/img/gunicorn-django-wsgi.png" alt="Gunicorn WSGI server invoking a Django WSGI application." width="100%" class="technical-diagram" /></p>
<h2>什么叫做“预分叉”工作者模型？</h2>
<p>相对一个工作者模型结构，Gunicorn 是基于预分叉工作模型的。预分叉工作模型是指主线程使工作者自旋处理请求，却不控制这些工作者如何执行请求处理任务。每个工作者都独立于控制者。</p>
<h3>Gunicorn 相关资源</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>在 <a href="/blog.html">Full Stack Python 博客</a> 中有三篇针对框架的文章说明了如何在 Ubuntu 上配置 Gunicorn 用于开发：</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="/blog/python-3-django-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html">在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 上设置 Python 3、Django 和 Gunicorn</a>。</li>
<li><a href="/blog/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html">如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 上设置 Python3、Flask 和 Green Unicorn</a>。</li>
<li><a href="/blog/python-3-bottle-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html">在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 上配置 Python 3、Bottle 和 Gunicorn 用于开发</a>。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://vxlabs.com/2015/12/08/gunicorn-as-your-django-development-server/">Gunicorn 作为你的 Django 开发服务器</a>
是一个短篇，含有一些使用 Gunicorn 用于本地应用开发的优秀建议。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">全栈 Python 部署指南</a>
提供了详细的指导步骤用于将 Gunicorn 作为一个完整 Python web 应用部署的一部分。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://prakhar.me/articles/flask-on-nginx-and-gunicorn/">Flask 在 Nginx 和 Gunicorn 上</a>
在部署中将 Gunicorn 和 <a href="/nginx.html">Nginx web 服务器</a> 在一起为一个 Flask 应用提供服务。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问题“<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16857955/running-django-with-gunicorn-best-practice">使用 Gunicorn 运行 Django 的最佳实践是什么？</a>”的答案
给出了一些在部署中 Gunicorn 如何调用 Django 提供的可调用应用变量的细微差别。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-django-gunicorn-nginx-freebsd-10-2/">如何在 FreeBSD 10.2 上安装 Django 和 Gunicorn 以及 Nginx</a>
是一个针对 FreeBSD 的教程，相对于 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 的教程，这个教程中的演示并不常见。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.philchen.com/2015/08/08/how-to-make-a-scalable-python-web-app-using-flask-and-gunicorn-nginx-on-ubuntu-14-04">如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 上使用 Flask、Gunicorn 和 Nginx 制作一个可扩展的 Python web 应用</a>
和
<a href="https://github.com/defshine/flaskblog/wiki/Deploy-Flask-App-on-Ubuntu(Virtualenv-Gunicorn-Nginx-Supervisor)">在 Ubuntu 上部署一个 Flask 应用</a>，
这两篇文章都提供了在 Flask web 应用中设置使用 Gunicorn 的方法。
每篇教程都没有提供更多的说明，但它们在你使用 Ubuntu 遇到问题时仍然是非常好的准确参考。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/wsgi/gunicorn/">Django</a> 和 <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/deploying/wsgi-standalone/">Flask</a>
文档中都包含了在对应框架中使用 Gunicorn 的部署指导。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://gist.github.com/Atem18/4696071">使用 Supervisor 控制一个虚拟环境，并在该虚拟环境中设置 Django、Nginx 和 Gunicorn</a>
是一个 GitHub Gist，非常好地说明了为何需要设置 virtualenv 以及在你部署时应当注意什么。</p>
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Web 开发</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 框架</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>其它 Web 框架</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 设计</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>级联样式表 (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>模板引擎</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 应用安全</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态网站生成器</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jinja2</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>关系型数据库</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>NoSQL 数据存储</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>对象关系映射器</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLite</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 集成</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 的创建</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Twilio</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>服务器</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>平台即服务（PaaS）</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>操作系统</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 服务器</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WSGI 服务器</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>源码控制</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>应用程序依赖</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态内容</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>任务队列</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>配置管理</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>持续集成</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>日志</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>监控</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 分析</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Docker</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>缓存</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>微服务</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>DevOps</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Apache HTTP 服务器</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pelican</a><a href="/lektor.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Lektor</a><a href="/mkdocs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MkDocs</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>单元测试</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>集成测试</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>代码度量</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>调试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bots</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>About the Author</a><a href="/sqlalchemy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLAlchemy</a><a href="/peewee.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Peewee</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...或者<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">显示全部目录内容</span>.</a>
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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</h3></div>
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重要的更新内容会通过 Twitter 账号<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>发布。
<hr/>
需要更加详细的教程吗？请看
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">《The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments》。</a>
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<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Chapters</a></h3>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. 简介</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. 开发环境</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. 核心语言</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web 开发</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a> <a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a>
<a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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This site is based on <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a>'s project <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">Full Stack Python</a>, thanks for his excellent work!
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