-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 20
/
logging.html
249 lines (249 loc) · 29 KB
/
logging.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="日志可将错误、警告以及事件输出保存到存储器中，方便后期调试。快来 Full Stack Python 学习更多有关日志的知识吧。">
<title>日志 - Full Stack Python</title>
<link href="/f.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/fsp-fav.png">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="logo-header-section">
<a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="/img/logo-sm.png" class="logo-image" alt="Full Stack Python logo"></a>
<span class="logo-title"><a href="https://www.fullstackpython.com/">Full Stack Python</a></span>
</div>
<div class="sans-font">
<!--<a href="/blog.html" class="submenu-item-first">Blog</a> |
<a href="/books.html" class="submenu-item">Books</a> | -->
<a href="/table-of-contents.html">全部主题</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="/blog.html">Blog</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="/email.html">时讯</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/fullstackpython">Facebook</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">源码</a>
</div> </div>
</div><div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<h1>日志</h1>
<p>日志将诸如错误、警告以及事件信息保存到永久存储器中，以便后期调试。</p>
<h2>日志为何很重要？</h2>
<p>将中断代码运行的异常信息通过日志输出是非常重要的，它可以用来观察并修复源码问题。
此外，信息日志和调试日志也可以帮助理解应用程序是如何执行的，即使代码能够正常工作。</p>
<h2>日志等级</h2>
<p>日志通常分为四类：</p>
<ol>
<li>信息</li>
<li>调试</li>
<li>警告</li>
<li>错误</li>
</ol>
<p>当 web 框架在运行时通过日志输出出错信息，对于理解你的应用是如何执行的是至关重要的。</p>
<h2>日志聚合器</h2>
<p>当你的应用运行在多个服务器上时，拥有一款叫做“日志聚合器”的工具是非常有帮助的。你可以配置你的应用程序将系统和应用日志重定向到一个地点，在那儿有很多工具用于查看、搜索以及监控你的集群服务器上的日志事件。</p>
<p>使用日志聚合器工具的另外一个优势是，它们允许你自定义设置警报，这样当错误率超出某个阈值时就能获得警报通知。</p>
<h3>开源日志聚合器</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/getsentry/sentry">Sentry</a> 起初只提供 Django 异常处理服务，但现在拥有几乎所有主要编程语言和框架的对应日志客户端。它仍然可以和 Python 驱动的 web 应用工作的很好，并且通常用于和其它监控工具连接。<a href="http://raven.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Raven</a> 是用于 Sentry 的开源 Python 客户端。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://graylog2.org/">Graylog2</a> 提供了一个用于日志聚合的中央服务器，以及一个用于浏览和搜索日志事件的图形化工具。它拥有针对大多数主要语言的库，包括 Python。它把数据保存在 Elasticache。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://logstash.net/">Logstash</a> 与 Graylog2 类似，它提供一些通过编程控制日志数据流的特性。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/facebook/scribe">Scribe</a> 是一个由 Facebook 实现的日志聚合器项目。它旨在运行于多个服务器上，并能够根据你剩余的集群进行扩展。它使用 Thrift 消息格式，所以可以用于任何语言。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>托管的日志服务</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.loggly.com/">Loggly</a> 是一个第三方基于云的日志聚合器应用。它们提供了针对每种主要语言的说明，包括 Python。它还在自定义搜索中提供了邮件警报的功能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.splunk.com/">Splunk</a> 用于事件聚集，提供了第三方云以及自定义托管的方案。它擅长于搜索以及对任何基于文本数据的数据挖掘。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://papertrailapp.com/">Papertrail</a> 和 Loggly 和 Splunk 都很像，它提供了集成到 S3 的功能，用于长期存储日志。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://raygun.io/">Raygun</a> 用于输出错误日志，并且当问题发生时会及时报告。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.scalyr.com/">Scalyr</a> 在标准日志层面上添加了用户界面，提供了日志聚集、面板操作、警报以及搜索等功能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>若是你没时间设置开源版本的 Sentry 的话，这儿有一个 <a href="https://www.getsentry.com/welcome/">托管版本的 Sentry</a>。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>日志相关资源</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>这篇
<a href="http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2012/08/02/python-101-an-intro-to-logging/">介绍日志</a> 的文章演示了如何使用 Python 的日志模块。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://clusterhq.com/2013/12/04/logging-storytelling/">像讲故事一样看待日志</a>
拥有多个系列，它采用类比的方式说明阅读日志应当像阅读故事一样，从而让你能够更好地理解你的 web 应用正在发生什么。
<a href="https://clusterhq.com/2014/01/21/logging-storytelling-lets-add-action/">第二部分：描述动作</a>
还有
<a href="https://clusterhq.com/2014/03/25/logging-storytelling-3-types/">第三部分：讨论类型</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://lukasa.co.uk/2014/05/A_Brief_Digression_About_Logging/">一个有关日志的简要题外话</a>
是一篇简短的文章，讲解了如何设置 Python 日志并快速运行起来。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://hynek.me/articles/taking-some-pain-out-of-python-logging/">摆脱 Python 日志的痛苦</a>
说明了如何在 uWSGI 中设置日志。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://victorlin.me/posts/2012/08/26/good-logging-practice-in-python">Python 日志最佳实践</a>
说明了如何使用标准的日志模块从的应用中输出日志数据。这绝对是一篇值得阅读的文章，因为多数应用程序都没能输出足够多的日志信息，用于在出错时帮助开发者调试或者做决策。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Django 1.3 发行版为项目带来了统一标准的日志配置。这篇文章说明了如何在项目的 settings.py 文件中 <a href="http://www.djm.org.uk/how-to-log-file-django-13-and-above/">设置日志</a>
Caktus 也有一篇非常棒的教程说明了
<a href="http://www.caktusgroup.com/blog/2013/09/18/central-logging-django-graylog2-and-graypy/">使用 graypy 和 Graylog2 聚集日志</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.caktusgroup.com/blog/2015/01/27/Django-Logging-Configuration-logging_config-default-settings-logger/">Django 日志配置：默认设置是如何干扰你的？</a>
指出了使用 Django 默认日志配置的一个问题，并说明了在你的项目中该为此做些什么。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.loggly.com/blog/exceptional-logging-of-exceptions-in-python/">Python 异常日志</a>
说明了如何用日志输出更加精确的错误信息来定位问题，而非在日志中接收通用的异常信息。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>日志学习清单</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>阅读材料学习如何在你的 web 应用框架中集成日志输出的功能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>确保错误和异常都被日志输出了。虽说这些日志可以采用 <a href="/monitoring.html">监视器</a> 方案存储，但最好还是能拥有你自己的日志存储位置，这样便于在问题发生时调试，并且也能作为其它监视器系统的补充。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>为你可能需要使用的系统事件集成日志输出功能以便后期调试。例如，当函数超出某个阈值时，你可能想知道它们的返回值。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>在为你的应用设置好日志后，接下来该做什么？</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/monitoring.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="36" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M512 896v512h-256v-512h256zm384-512v1024h-256v-1024h256zm1024 1152v128h-2048v-1536h128v1408h1920zm-640-896v768h-256v-768h256zm384-384v1152h-256v-1152h256z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a>
<p class="under-btn">现有什么工具可以监控部署好的 web 应用？</p> </div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/web-analytics.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M384 1152q0-53-37.5-90.5t-90.5-37.5-90.5 37.5-37.5 90.5 37.5 90.5 90.5 37.5 90.5-37.5 37.5-90.5zm192-448q0-53-37.5-90.5t-90.5-37.5-90.5 37.5-37.5 90.5 37.5 90.5 90.5 37.5 90.5-37.5 37.5-90.5zm428 481l101-382q6-26-7.5-48.5t-38.5-29.5-48 6.5-30 39.5l-101 382q-60 5-107 43.5t-63 98.5q-20 77 20 146t117 89 146-20 89-117q16-60-6-117t-72-91zm660-33q0-53-37.5-90.5t-90.5-37.5-90.5 37.5-37.5 90.5 37.5 90.5 90.5 37.5 90.5-37.5 37.5-90.5zm-640-640q0-53-37.5-90.5t-90.5-37.5-90.5 37.5-37.5 90.5 37.5 90.5 90.5 37.5 90.5-37.5 37.5-90.5zm448 192q0-53-37.5-90.5t-90.5-37.5-90.5 37.5-37.5 90.5 37.5 90.5 90.5 37.5 90.5-37.5 37.5-90.5zm320 448q0 261-141 483-19 29-54 29h-1402q-35 0-54-29-141-221-141-483 0-182 71-348t191-286 286-191 348-71 348 71 286 191 191 286 71 348z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a>
<p class="under-btn">我想学习如何通过 Web 分析来了解用户的更多知识。</p> </div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/web-application-security.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M640 768h512v-192q0-106-75-181t-181-75-181 75-75 181v192zm832 96v576q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-960q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-576q0-40 28-68t68-28h32v-192q0-184 132-316t316-132 316 132 132 316v192h32q40 0 68 28t28 68z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a>
<p class="under-btn">我能做些什么来减少我的 web 应用安全漏洞？</p> </div>
</div>
</div><div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="//mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate>
<div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll">
<h4>在这里注册以便每月能收到一份邮件资料，内容包含本站的主要更新、教程和 Python 书籍的打折码等。</h4>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-9">
<input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="邮箱地址" required>
<div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" tabindex="-1" value=""></div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="clear"><input type="submit" value="订阅" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-3" id="sidebar">
<div class="panel panel-success">
<div class="panel-body">
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/"><img src="/img/sponsored/fsp-deployment-guide.png" alt="The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments" width="100%"></a>
<p style="font-size: .8em; margin-top: 10px;">想找到一个完整的，一步一步的部署方案吗？请看<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">《The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments》</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div><div class="panel panel-success">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head">邮件获取更新</h3>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="//mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate>
<div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll">
<h5>注册以便每月能收到一份邮件资料，内容包含本站的主要更新和 Python 教程。</h5>
<input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="邮箱地址" required>
<div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" tabindex="-1" value=""></div>
<input type="submit" value="订阅" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; margin-top: 5px;">
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="panel" id="full-toc">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">目录</a></h3>
</div>
<div class="list-group">
<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. 简介</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>学习编程</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>为什么用 Python？</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python 2 还是 3？</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>企业 Python</a><a href="/python-community.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python Community</a><a href="/best-python-podcasts.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Podcasts</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>最佳 Python 资源</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>最佳 Python 视频</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. 开发环境</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Emacs</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. 核心语言</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>生成器</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>推导式</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web 开发</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 框架</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>其它 Web 框架</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 设计</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>级联样式表 (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>模板引擎</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 应用安全</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态网站生成器</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jinja2</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>关系型数据库</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>NoSQL 数据存储</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>对象关系映射器</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLite</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 集成</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 的创建</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Twilio</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>服务器</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>平台即服务（PaaS）</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>操作系统</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 服务器</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WSGI 服务器</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>源码控制</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>应用程序依赖</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>静态内容</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>任务队列</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>配置管理</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>持续集成</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>日志</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>监控</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web 分析</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Docker</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>缓存</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>微服务</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>DevOps</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Apache HTTP 服务器</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pelican</a><a href="/lektor.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Lektor</a><a href="/mkdocs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MkDocs</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>单元测试</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>集成测试</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>代码度量</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>调试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bots</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>About the Author</a><a href="/sqlalchemy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLAlchemy</a><a href="/peewee.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Peewee</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...或者<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">显示全部目录内容</span>.</a>
</div>
</div> <div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">日志</h3></div>
<div class="panel-body">
重要的更新内容会通过 Twitter 账号<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>发布。
<hr/>
需要更加详细的教程吗？请看
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">《The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments》。</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="panel" id="mobile-toc">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Chapters</a></h3>
</div>
<div class="list-group">
<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. 简介</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. 开发环境</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. 核心语言</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web 开发</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. 数据</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a> <a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» 日志</a>
<a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<hr/>
</div>
<div class="container">
<div class="footer pull-right">
This site is based on <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a>'s project <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">Full Stack Python</a>, thanks for his excellent work!
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
<div class="footer pull-right" style="text-align:right; font-size:85%;">
<p>此网站由 <a href="https://github.com/haiiiiiyun">@haiiiiiyun</a> 和 <a href="https://github.com/haiiiiiyun/fullstackpython.cn/graphs/contributors">开源爱好者们</a> 共同维护。
若发现错误或想贡献，请访问： <a href="https://github.com/haiiiiiyun/fullstackpython.cn/">Github fullstackpython.cn 项目</a>
</p>
</div>
</div><script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
ga('create', 'UA-77551377-2', 'auto');
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script><script type='text/javascript'>
var trackOutboundLink = function(url) { ga('send', 'event', 'outbound', 'click', url, {'hitCallback': function () { document.location = url; } }); }
</script>
</body>
</html>