this Identifier

In a function definition, this refers to the “owner” of the function. Another way to say it would be: the this keyword references the calling object which provides access to the calling object's properties. When there isn't a calling object, this refers to the global object (in strict mode, referencing the global object with this will throw an error, because strict mode does not allow default binding).

Example

Consider the example:

let plant = {
  name: 'spider plant',
  repotted: '09-15-2018',
  water() {
    console.log(`Time to water ${name}.`);
  }
};

plant.water();  // ReferenceError: name is not defined

The above doesn't work because methods do not automatically have access to other internal properties of the calling object. Here's where the this keyword comes into play.

let plant = {
  name: 'spider plant',
  repotted: '09-15-2018',
  water() {
    console.log(`Time to water ${this.name}.`);
  }
};

plant.water();  // Time to water spider plant.

The Calling Object

If a function has a this reference inside it, that this usually points to an object. But which object it points to depends on how the function was called. It's important to remember that this doesn't refer to the function itself (a common misconception). For example:

function foo() {
  console.log(this.bar);
}

var bar = 'global bar';

var obj1 = {
  bar: 'obj1 bar',
  foo: foo
};

var obj2 = {
  bar: 'obj2 bar'
};

foo();           // undefined (global bar) or TypeError
obj1.foo();      // obj1 bar
foo.call(obj2);  // obj2 bar
new foo();       // undefined

In the example above, call() is a special method that most functions have access to via their prototype. The purpose of this function is to allow you to explicitly state which object you want to be bound to this. The functions first parameter is the object to use for this.

Note: When chained, only the top/last level of the object property reference chain matters. For example:

function foo() {
  console.log(this.a);
}

var obj1 = {
    a: 2,
    obj2: obj2
};

var obj2 = {
    a: 50,
    foo: foo
};

obj1.obj2.foo() // 50

Note: In the browser, the default object in the global context is the window object. In the example below, the values returned will be from the window itself:

function windowSize() {
  var width = this.innerWidth;
  var height = this.innerHeight;
  console.log(width, height);
  return [width, height];
}

windowSize();
// 863 673

Explicit and Hard Binding

In the examples above, we are seeing the this value resulting from an implicit binding (with the exception of the call() example). When you start passing functions around as parameters (callbacks), the implicit this binding can become a problem. For example, let's start with something fairly straightforward:

function foo() {
    console.log(this.a);
}

var obj = {
  a: 2,
  foo: foo
};

obj.foo();  // 2

The result is what we expect. But what happens if we want to pass obj.foo as a parameter?

function foo() {
    console.log(this.a);
}

var obj = {
  a: 2,
  foo: foo
};

setTimeout(obj.foo, 100); // undefined

The reason for the loss of the this binding is that the call-site has changed (see: call-stack.md) and therefor the calling object has changed. To see this more clearly, we can pass obj.foo to our own function:

function foo() {
    console.log(this.a);
}

function doFoo(func) {  // <-- calling object
  func();               // <-- call-site
}

var obj = {
  a: 2,
  foo: foo
};

doFoo(obj.foo); // TypeError: Cannot read property 'a' of undefined

Instead of relying on this implicit binding through the use of obj.foo, we can use call() to create an explicit binding.

function foo() {
    console.log(this.a);
}

var obj = {
  a: 2,
};

foo.call(obj);  // 2

If we want to pass that explicit binding as a parameter, we can assign it to another function expression and pass that around instead. In the example below, no matter where we pass bar it will always invoke foo with obj. This binding is both explicit and strong so we call it hard binding.

function foo() {
    console.log(this.a);
}

var obj = {
  a: 2,
};

var bar = function () {
  foo.call(obj);
};

bar();  // 2
setTimeout(bar, 100);  // 2

Since hard binding is such a common pattern, it's provided as a built-in utility (as of ES5) Function.prototype.bind(). Basically, bind() returns a new function that is hardcoded to call the original function with the specified this context.

function foo() {
    console.log(this.a);
}

var obj = {
  a: 2,
};

var bar = foo.bind(obj);

bar();  // 2
setTimeout(bar, 100);  // 2

this Context vs Explicit Context

This example uses this to allow functions to be used against multiple objects:

function format() {
    return this.name.toUpperCase();
}

function greet() {
    let greeting = 'Hello ' + format.call(this);
    console.log(greeting);
}

let bob = {
    name: 'bob'
};

let jane = {
    name: 'jane'
};

greet.call(bob);   // Hello BOB
greet.call(jane);  // Hello JANE

In the example above, the call() method calls a function with a given this value and arguments provided individually. Instead of using this, you could explicitly pass in a context object, like so:

function format(object) {
    return object.name.toUpperCase();
}

function greet(object) {
    let greeting = 'Hello ' + format(object);
    console.log(greeting);
}

let bob = {
    name: 'bob'
};

let jane = {
    name: 'jane'
};

greet(bob);   // Hello BOB
greet(jane);  // Hello JANE

This method seems way simpler to me coming from Python, but apparently the this mechanism provides a more elegant way of implicitly passing along an object reference which can make a cleaner API design that's easier to reuse. The more complex the pattern, the messier it is to pass context around as an explicit parameter. More to come to validate this point.

Common Usage

Generally speaking, this is used most commonly in objects that contain methods (as seen in the very first example above), object constructor functions, and classes.

// objects with methods:
let user = {
  name: 'bob',
  greet() {
    console.log(`Hello ${this.name}`);
  }
};

// constructor function
function Person(first, age, admin) {
  this.firstname = first;
  this.age = age;
  this.admin = admin;
}

// class
class Human {
  constructor(first, age, admin) {
    this.firstname = first;
    this.age = age;
    this.admin = admin;
  }
}

Function Invocation Patterns

So we know that in addition to declared parameters, every function receives a this parameter. Its value is determined by its invocation pattern. There are four invocation patterns in JavaScript and they differ in how the this parameter is initialized.

Method Invocation Pattern

When a function is stored as a property of an object (or in a class), it's a method. When a method is invoked it's bound to that object. A method can use this to retrieve values from the object or modify the object. Methods that get their object context from this are called public methods.

// Creates myObject with a value and a method.
// The increment method takes 1 optional parameter.
// If the argument is not a number, 1 is used as a default.

const myObject = {
  value: 0,
  increment(num) {
    this.value += (typeof num === 'number' ? num : 1);
  }
};

myObject.increment();
console.log(myObject.value);  // 1

myObject.increment(2);
console.log(myObject.value);  // 3

Function Invocation Pattern

When a function is not a direct property of an object, then it is invoked as a function. As noted above, this will be bound to the global object and will throw and error in strict mode. A consequence of this behaviour is that a method cannot employ an inner helper function because that inner function doesn't share the method's access to the object because it's own this is bound to a different value. For example:

const myObject = {
  value: 3
};

myObject.double = function () {
  const helper = function () {
    this.value *= 2;  // TypeError: Cannot read property 'value' of undefined
  };
  helper();
};

myObject.double();
console.log(myObject.value);

There's a simple workaround for this situation though: assign the value of this to a new variable. The common naming convention is to use the word that:

const myObject = {
  value: 3
};

myObject.double = function () {
  const that = this;
  const helper = function () {
    that.value *= 2;
  };
  helper();
};

myObject.double();
console.log(myObject.value);  // 6

Constructor Invocation Pattern

Constructor functions are one of the many ways to create an object. See objects.md. Constructor functions are invoked with the new prefix. The new object that's created has a hidden link to the functions prototype and this will be bound to that new object.

const Thing = function (string) {
  this.string = string;
  this.logString = function () {
    console.log(this.string);
  };
};

const thingOne = new Thing('confused');
const thingTwo = new Thing('clear');

thingOne.logString();  // confused
thingTwo.logString();  // clear

As a side note, if I wanted to assign a new method to a constructor function and have it be available to each instance, I have to use the prototype property (every function has this property). For example:

Thing.logStringUpper = function () {
  console.log(this.string.toUpperCase());
};

thingOne.logStringUpper();
// TypeError: thingOne.logStringUpper is not a function:

Thing.prototype.logStringUpper = function () {
  console.log(this.string.toUpperCase());
};

thingOne.logStringUpper();  // CONFUSED
thingTwo.logStringUpper();  // CLEAR

Apply Invocation Pattern

The apply() method is very similar to the call() method described briefly above in The Calling Object. The syntax is almost identical. The fundamental difference is that following the first parameter, call() accepts an argument list, while apply() accepts a single array of arguments.

func.apply(thisObj, [...])

func.call(thisObj, arg1, arg2, arg3,...)

The apply() method lets us call a function with a given object to be used for the this value along with an array of other arguments. The syntax is function.apply(thisArg, [additionalArgs]) For example:

console.log(Math.max(1, 10, 12, 5));  // 12

const array = [1, 10, 12, 5];

console.log(Math.max.apply(null, array));  // 12

As a side note, you can use apply() in some interesting ways. For example, we could merge two arrays together as if we were using concat():

const myArray = ['a', 'b'];
const myThis = [0, 1, 2];

myThis.push.apply(myThis, myArray);

console.log(myThis);  // [ 0, 1, 2, 'a', 'b' ]

And for the big finale, we can use apply() to invoke a method on an object where there is no existing prototype link.

const Thing = function (string) {
  this.string = string;
};

Thing.prototype.logStringUpper = function () {
  console.log(this.string.toUpperCase());
};

const notThing = {
  string: 'bumblebee'
};

Thing.prototype.logStringUpper.apply(notThing);  // BUMBLEBEE

Comparisons

Here are some examples of different ways to approach creating a function that tracks how many times it was called:

Using a global variable:

function foo(num) {
  console.log('foo: ' + num);

  // keep track of how many times foo is called in a GLOBAL variable
  count++;
}

let count = 0;

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  foo(i);
}

console.log(count);
// foo: 0
// foo: 1
// foo: 2
// 3

Using the lexical scope of an object:

function foo(num) {
  console.log('foo: ' + num);

  // keep track of how many times foo is called in an OBJECT
  data.count++;
}

let data = {
  count: 0
};

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  foo(i);
}

console.log(data.count);
// foo: 0
// foo: 1
// foo: 2
// 3

Using the lexical scope of the function itself:

function foo(num) {
  console.log('foo: ' + num);

  // keep track of how many times foo is called as a PROPERTY
  foo.count++;
}

foo.count = 0;

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  foo(i);
}

console.log(foo.count);
// foo: 0
// foo: 1
// foo: 2
// 3

First (incorrect) attempt to use this:

function foo(num) {
  console.log('foo: ' + num);

  // keep track of how many times foo is called with THIS
  this.count++;
}

foo.count = 0;

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  foo(i);
}

console.log(foo.count);
// strict mode = TypeError: Cannot read property 'count' of undefined
// foo: 0
// foo: 1
// foo: 2
// 0

This first (incorrect) attempt to use this, fails because this.count is not the same as foo.count because once again, this.count refers to the global (calling) object (and in strict mode, will be undefined). A correct solution for using this would be:

function foo(num) {
  console.log('foo: ' + num);

  this.count++;
}

foo.count = 0;

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  // we use call() to make foo the calling function of itself
  foo.call(foo, i);
}

console.log(foo.count);
// foo: 0
// foo: 1
// foo: 2
// 3

In this example, we use .call() to make foo() the calling function, so this.count now refers to foo.count. I'm still not sure why we'd do it this way but... moving on for now.

Avoid using Arrow Function Syntax

In many of the examples above, we're using concise syntax which allows us to omit the colon : and the function keyword). Note that if you use Arrow Functions, the this keyword will not work in the same way. Arrow functions save the binding of this in the closure that's created when the function is created. So it doesn't set this to the context of the call.

let plant = {
  name: 'spider plant',
  repotted: '09-15-2018',
  water: () => {
    console.log(`Time to water ${this.name}.`);
  }
};

plant.water();  // TypeError: Cannot read property 'name' of undefined

The key takeaway from the example above is to avoid using arrow functions when using this in a method!

this Summary

To clarify, this is not an author-time binding but a runtime binding. It is contextual, based on the conditions of the functions invocation. It has nothing to do with where a function is declared, but everything to do with the manner in which the function is called.

When a function is invoked, an activation record, otherwise known as an execution context, is created. This record contains information about where the function was called from (the call-stack), how it was invoked, what parameters were passed an so on. One of the properties of this record is the this reference, which will be used for the duration of that function's execution.

To summarize, we can ask these questions in order of precedence to determine a this binding:

Is the function called with the new keyword? If so, this is the newly constructed object. (see: objects.md)

var bar = new foo();  // this is bar

Is the function called with call() or apply() (explicit binding)? If so, this is the explicitly specified object.

var bar = foo.call(obj);  // this is obj

Is the function called with a context (implicit binding)? If so, this is that context object.

var bar = obj1.foo();  // this is obj1

Otherwise, this is a default binding (in strict mode undefined, otherwise the global object).

var bar = foo();  // this is undefined

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Table of Contents

Example

The Calling Object

Explicit and Hard Binding

this Context vs Explicit Context

Common Usage

Function Invocation Patterns

Method Invocation Pattern

Function Invocation Pattern

Constructor Invocation Pattern

Apply Invocation Pattern

Comparisons

Avoid using Arrow Function Syntax

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this Identifier

Table of Contents

Example

The Calling Object

Explicit and Hard Binding

this Context vs Explicit Context

Common Usage

Function Invocation Patterns

Method Invocation Pattern

Function Invocation Pattern

Constructor Invocation Pattern

Apply Invocation Pattern

Comparisons

Avoid using Arrow Function Syntax

this Summary