UPGRADING

PHP 7.0 UPGRADE NOTES

1. Backward Incompatible Changes
2. New Features
3. Changes in SAPI modules
4. Deprecated Functionality
5. Changed Functions
6. New Functions
7. New Classes and Interfaces
8. Removed Extensions and SAPIs
9. Other Changes to Extensions
10. New Global Constants
11. Changes to INI File Handling
12. Windows Support
13. Other Changes


========================================
1. Backward Incompatible Changes
========================================

Language changes
================

Changes to variable handling
----------------------------

* Indirect variable, property and method references are now interpreted with
  left-to-right semantics. Some examples:

      $$foo['bar']['baz'] // interpreted as ($$foo)['bar']['baz']
      $foo->$bar['baz']   // interpreted as ($foo->$bar)['baz']
      $foo->$bar['baz']() // interpreted as ($foo->$bar)['baz']()
      Foo::$bar['baz']()  // interpreted as (Foo::$bar)['baz']()

  To restore the previous behavior add explicit curly braces:

      ${$foo['bar']['baz']}
      $foo->{$bar['baz']}
      $foo->{$bar['baz']}()
      Foo::{$bar['baz']}()
      
* The global keyword now only accepts simple variables. Instead of

      global $$foo->bar;

  it is now required to write the following:

      global ${$foo->bar};

* Parentheses around variables or function calls no longer have any influence
  on behavior. For example the following code, where the result of a function
  call is passed to a by-reference function

      function getArray() { return [1, 2, 3]; }

      $last = array_pop(getArray());
      // Strict Standards: Only variables should be passed by reference
      $last = array_pop((getArray()));
      // Strict Standards: Only variables should be passed by reference

  will now throw a strict standards error regardless of whether parentheses
  are used. Previously no notice was generated in the second case.

* Array elements or object properties that are automatically created during
  by-reference assignments will now result in a different order. For example

      $array = [];
      $array["a"] =& $array["b"];
      $array["b"] = 1;
      var_dump($array);

  now results in the array ["a" => 1, "b" => 1], while previously the result
  was ["b" => 1, "a" => 1];

Relevant RFCs:
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/uniform_variable_syntax
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/abstract_syntax_tree

Changes to list()
-----------------

* list() will no longer assign variables in reverse order. For example

      list($array[], $array[], $array[]) = [1, 2, 3];
      var_dump($array);

  will now result in $array == [1, 2, 3] rather than [3, 2, 1]. Note that only
  the **order** of the assignments changed, but the assigned values stay the
  same. E.g. a normal usage like

      list($a, $b, $c) = [1, 2, 3];
      // $a = 1; $b = 2; $c = 3;
  
  will retain its current behavior.

* Empty list() assignments are no longer allowed. As such all of the following
  are invalid:

      list() = $a;
      list(,,) = $a;
      list($x, list(), $y) = $a;

* list() no longer supports unpacking strings (while previously this was only
  supported in some cases). The code

      $string = "xy";
      list($x, $y) = $string;

  will now result in $x == null and $y == null (without notices) instead of
  $x == "x" and $y == "y". Furthermore list() is now always guaranteed to
  work with objects implementing ArrayAccess, e.g.

      list($a, $b) = (object) new ArrayObject([0, 1]);

  will now result in $a == 0 and $b == 1. Previously both $a and $b were null.

Relevant RFCs:
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/abstract_syntax_tree#changes_to_list
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/fix_list_behavior_inconsistency

Changes to foreach
------------------

* Iteration with foreach() no longer has any effect on the internal array
  pointer, which can be accessed through the current()/next()/etc family of
  functions. For example

      $array = [0, 1, 2];
      foreach ($array as &$val) {
          var_dump(current($array));
      }

  will now print the value int(0) three times. Previously the output was int(1),
  int(2) and bool(false).

* When iterating arrays by-value, foreach will now always operate on a copy of
  the array, as such changes to the array during iteration will not influence
  iteration behavior. For example

      $array = [0, 1, 2];
      $ref =& $array; // Necessary to trigger the old behavior
      foreach ($array as $val) {
          var_dump($val);
          unset($array[1]);
      }

  will now print all three elements (0 1 2), while previously the second element
  1 was skipped (0 2).

* When iterating arrays by-reference, modifications to the array will continue
  to influence the iteration. However PHP will now do a better job of
  maintaining a correct position in a number of cases. E.g. appending to an
  array during by-reference iteration

      $array = [0];
      foreach ($array as &$val) {
          var_dump($val);
          $array[1] = 1;
      }

  will now iterate over the appended element as well. As such the output of this
  example will now be "int(0) int(1)", while previously it was only "int(0)".

* Iteration of plain (non-Traversable) objects by-value or by-reference will
  behave like by-reference iteration of arrays. This matches the previous
  behavior apart from the more accurate position management mentioned in the
  previous point.

* Iteration of Traversable objects remains unchanged.

Relevant RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/php7_foreach

Changes to parameter handling
-----------------------------

* It is no longer possible to define two function parameters with the same name.
  For example, the following method will trigger a compile-time error:

      public function foo($a, $b, $unused, $unused) {
          // ...
      }

  Code like this should be changed to use distinct parameter names, for example:

      public function foo($a, $b, $unused1, $unused2) {
          // ...
      }

* The func_get_arg() and func_get_args() functions will no longer return the
  original value that was passed to a parameter and will instead provide the
  current value (which might have been modified). For example

      function foo($x) {
          $x++;
          var_dump(func_get_arg(0));
      }
      foo(1);

  will now print "2" instead of "1". This code should be changed to either
  perform modifications only after calling func_get_arg(s)

      function foo($x) {
          var_dump(func_get_arg(0));
          $x++;
      }

  or avoid modifying the parameters altogether:

      function foo($x) {
          $newX = $x + 1;
          var_dump(func_get_arg(0));
      }

* Similarly exception backtraces will no longer display the original value that
  was passed to a function and show the modified value instead. For example

      function foo($x) {
          $x = 42;
          throw new Exception;
      }
      foo("string");

  will now result in the stack trace

      Stack trace:
      #0 file.php(4): foo(42)
      #1 {main}

  while previously it was:

      Stack trace:
      #0 file.php(4): foo('string')
      #1 {main}

  While this should not impact runtime behavior of your code, it is worthwhile
  to be aware of this difference for debugging purposes.

  The same limitation also applies to debug_backtrace() and other functions
  inspecting function arguments.

Relevant RFC: https://wiki.php.net/phpng

Changes to integer handling
---------------------------

* Invalid octal literals (containing digits larger than 7) now produce compile
  errors. For example, the following is no longer valid:
  
      $i = 0781; // 8 is not a valid octal digit!

  Previously the invalid digits (and any following valid digits) were simply
  ignored. As such $i previously held the value 7, because the last two digits
  were silently discarded.

* Bitwise shifts by negative numbers will now throw an ArithmeticError:

      var_dump(1 >> -1);
      // ArithmeticError: Bit shift by negative number

* Left bitwise shifts by a number of bits beyond the bit width of an integer
  will always result in 0:

      var_dump(1 << 64); // int(0)

  Previously the behavior of this code was dependent on the used CPU
  architecture. For example on x86 (including x86-64) the result was int(1),
  because the shift operand was wrapped.

* Similarly right bitwise shifts by a number of bits beyond the bit width of an
  integer will always result in 0 or -1 (depending on sign):

      var_dump(1 >> 64);  // int(0)
      var_dump(-1 >> 64); // int(-1)

Relevant RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/integer_semantics

Changes to string handling
--------------------------

* Strings that contain hexadecimal numbers are no longer considered to be
  numeric and don't receive special treatment anymore. Some examples of the
  new behavior:

      var_dump("0x123" == "291");     // bool(false)     (previously true)
      var_dump(is_numeric("0x123"));  // bool(false)     (previously true)
      var_dump("0xe" + "0x1");        // int(0)          (previously 16)

      var_dump(substr("foo", "0x1")); // string(3) "foo" (previously "oo")
      // Notice: A non well formed numeric value encountered

  filter_var() can be used to check if a string contains a hexadecimal number
  or convert such a string into an integer:

    $str = "0xffff";
    $int = filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT, FILTER_FLAG_ALLOW_HEX);
    if (false === $int) {
        throw new Exception("Invalid integer!");
    }
    var_dump($int); // int(65535)

* Due to the addition of the Unicode Codepoint Escape Syntax for double-quoted
  strings and heredocs, "\u{" followed by an invalid sequence will now result in
  an error:

      $str = "\u{xyz}"; // Fatal error: Invalid UTF-8 codepoint escape sequence

  To avoid this the leading backslash should be escaped:

      $str = "\\u{xyz}"; // Works fine

  However, "\u" without a following { is unaffected. As such the following code
  won't error and will work the same as before:

      $str = "\u202e"; // Works fine

Relevant RFCs:
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/remove_hex_support_in_numeric_strings
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/unicode_escape

Changes to error handling
-------------------------

* There are now two exception classes: Exception and Error. Both classes
  implement a new interface Throwable. Type hints in exception handling code
  may need to be changed to account for this.

* Some fatal errors and recoverable fatal errors now throw an Error instead.
  As Error is a separate class from Exception, these exceptions will not be
  caught by existing try/catch blocks.

  For the recoverable fatal errors which have been converted into an exception,
  it is no longer possible to silently ignore the error from an error handler.
  In particular, it is no longer possible to ignore type hint failures.

* Parser errors now generate a ParseError that extends Error. Error
  handling for eval()s on potentially invalid code should be changed to catch
  ParseError in addition to the previous return value / error_get_last()
  based handling.

* Constructors of internal classes will now always throw an exception on
  failure. Previously some constructors returned NULL or an unusable object.

* The error level of some E_STRICT notices has been changed.

Relevant RFCs:
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/engine_exceptions_for_php7
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/throwable-interface
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/internal_constructor_behaviour
* https://wiki.php.net/rfc/reclassify_e_strict

Other language changes
----------------------

* Removed support for static calls to non-static calls form an incompatible
  $this context. In this case $this will not be defined, but the call will be
  allowed with a deprecation notice. An example:

      class A {
          public function test() { var_dump($this); }
      }

      // Note: Does NOT extend A
      class B {
          public function callNonStaticMethodOfA() { A::test(); }
      }
      
      (new B)->callNonStaticMethodOfA();

      // Deprecated: Non-static method A::test() should not be called statically
      // Notice: Undefined variable $this
      NULL

  Note that this only applies to calls from an incompatible context. If class B
  extended from A the call would be allowed without any notices.

* It is no longer possible to use the following class, interface and trait names
  (case-insensitive):

      bool
      int
      float
      string
      null
      false
      true

  This applies to class/interface/trait declarations, class_alias() and use
  statements.

  Furthermore the following class, interface and trait names are now reserved
  for future use, but do not yet throw an error when used:

      resource
      object
      mixed
      numeric

* The yield language construct no longer requires parentheses when used in an
  expression context. It is now a right-associative operator with precedence
  between the "print" and "=>" operators. This can result in different behavior
  in some cases, for example:

      echo yield -1;
      // Was previously interpreted as
      echo (yield) - 1;
      // And is now interpreted as
      echo yield (-1);

      yield $foo or die;
      // Was previously interpreted as
      yield ($foo or die);
      // And is now interpreted as
      (yield $foo) or die;

  Such cases can always be resolved by adding additional parentheses.

  . Removed ASP (<%) and script (<script language=php>) tags.
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/remove_alternative_php_tags)
  . Removed support for assigning the result of new by reference.
  . Removed support for scoped calls to non-static methods from an incompatible
    $this context. See details in https://wiki.php.net/rfc/incompat_ctx.
  . Removed support for #-style comments in ini files. Use ;-style comments
    instead.
  . $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is no longer available. Use the php://input stream instead.

Standard library changes
========================

  . substr() now returns an empty string instead of FALSE when the truncation happens on boundaries.
  . call_user_method() and call_user_method_array() no longer exists.
  . ob_start() no longer issues an E_ERROR, but instead an E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR in case an 
    output buffer is created in an output buffer handler.
  . The internal sorting algorithm has been improved, what may result in
    different sort order of elements that compare as equal.
  . Removed dl() function on fpm-fcgi.
  . setcookie() with an empty cookie name now issues a WARNING and doesn't send an empty set-cookie header line anymore.

Other
=====

- Curl:
  . Removed support for disabling the CURLOPT_SAFE_UPLOAD option. All curl file
    uploads must use the curl_file / CURLFile APIs.

- Date:
  . Removed $is_dst parameter from mktime() and gmmktime().

- DBA
  . dba_delete() now returns false if the key was not found for the inifile
    handler, too.

- GMP
  . Requires libgmp version 4.2 or newer now.
  . gmp_setbit() and gmp_clrbit() now return FALSE for negative indices, making
    them consistent with other GMP functions.

- Intl:
  . Removed deprecated aliases datefmt_set_timezone_id() and
    IntlDateFormatter::setTimeZoneID(). Use datefmt_set_timezone() and
    IntlDateFormatter::setTimeZone() instead.

- libxml:
  . Added LIBXML_BIGLINES parser option. It's available starting with libxml 2.9.0
    and adds suppport for line numbers >16-bit in the error reporting.

- Mcrypt
  . Removed deprecated mcrypt_generic_end() alias in favor of
    mcrypt_generic_deinit().
  . Removed deprecated mcrypt_ecb(), mcrypt_cbc(), mcrypt_cfb() and mcrypt_ofb()
    functions in favor of mcrypt_encrypt() and mcrypt_decrypt() with an
    MCRYPT_MODE_* flag.

- Session
  . session_start() accepts all INI settings as array. e.g. ['cache_limiter'=>'private']
    sets session.cache_limiter=private. It also supports 'read_and_close' which closes
    session data immediately after read data.
  . Save handler accepts validate_sid(), update_timestamp() which validates session
    ID existence, updates timestamp of session data. Compatibility of old user defined
    save handler is retained.
  . SessionUpdateTimestampHandlerInterface is added. validateSid(), updateTimestamp()
    is defined in the interface.
  . session.lazy_write(default=On) INI setting enables only write session data when
    session data is updated.

- Opcache
  . Removed opcache.load_comments configuration directive. Now doc comments
    loading costs nothing and always enabled.

- OpenSSL:
  . Removed the "rsa_key_size" SSL context option in favor of automatically
    setting the appropriate size given the negotiated crypto algorithm.
  . Removed "CN_match" and "SNI_server_name" SSL context options. Use automatic
    detection or the "peer_name" option instead.

- PCRE:
  . Removed support for /e (PREG_REPLACE_EVAL) modifier. Use
    preg_replace_callback() instead.

- PDO_pgsql:
  . Removed PGSQL_ATTR_DISABLE_NATIVE_PREPARED_STATEMENT attribute in favor of
    ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES.

- Standard:
  . Removed string category support in setlocale(). Use the LC_* constants
    instead.
  . Removed set_magic_quotes_runtime() and its alias magic_quotes_runtime().

- JSON:
  . Rejected RFC 7159 incompatible number formats in json_decode string -
        top level (07, 0xff, .1, -.1) and all levels ([1.], [1.e1])
  . Calling json_decode with 1st argument equal to empty PHP string or value that 
    after casting to string is empty string (NULL, FALSE) results in JSON syntax error.

- Stream:
  . Removed set_socket_blocking() in favor of its alias stream_set_blocking().

- XSL:
  . Removed xsl.security_prefs ini option. Use XsltProcessor::setSecurityPrefs()
    instead.

========================================
2. New Features
========================================

- Core
  . Added group use declarations.
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/group_use_declarations)
  . Added null coalesce operator (??).
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/isset_ternary)
  . Support for strings with length >= 2^31 bytes in 64 bit builds.
  . Closure::call() method added (works only with userland classes).
  . Added \u{xxxxxx} Unicode Codepoint Escape Syntax for double-quoted strings
    and heredocs.
  . define() now supports arrays as constant values, fixing an oversight where define() did not support arrays yet const syntax did.
  . Added the comparison operator (<=>), aka the spaceship operator.
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/combined-comparison-operator)
  . Added the yield from operator for delegating Generators like coroutines.
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/generator-delegation)
  . Reserved keywords can now be used in various new contexts.
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/context_sensitive_lexer)
  . Added support for scalar type declarations and strict mode using
    declare(strict_types=1) (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/scalar_type_hints_v5)
  . Added support for cryptographically secure user land RNG
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/easy_userland_csprng)

- Opcache
  . Added second level file based opcode cache (experimental - disabled by
    default). To enable it, PHP should be configured and built with 
    --enable-opcache-file, then opcache.file_cache=<DIR> configuration directive
    should be set in php.ini. The second level cache may improve performance
    at server restart or SHM reset. In addition, it's possibe to use file cache
    without SHM at all, using opcache.file_cache_only=1 (this may be useful for
    sharing hosting), and disable file cache consistency check, to speedup
    loading at the cost of safety, using opcache.file_cache_consistency_checks=0.

- OpenSSL
  . Added "alpn_protocols" SSL context option allowing encrypted client/server
    streams to negotiate alternative protocols using the ALPN TLS extension when
    built against OpenSSL 1.0.2 or newer. Negotiated protocol information is
    accessible through stream_get_meta_data() output.

- Reflection
  . Added a ReflectionGenerator class (yield from Traces, current file/line,
    etc.)
  . Added a ReflectionType class to better support the new return type and
    scalar type declarations features. The new ReflectionParameter::getType()
    and ReflectionFunctionAbstract::getReturnType() methods both return an
    instance of ReflectionType.

- Stream:
  . New Windows only stream context options was added to allow blocking reads
    on pipes. To enable it, pass array("pipe" => array("blocking" => true))
    when creating the stream context. Be aware, that this option can under
    circumstances cause dead locks on the pipe buffer. However it can be useful
    in several CLI use case scenarios.

========================================
3. Changes in SAPI modules
========================================

- FPM
  . Fixed bug #65933 (Cannot specify config lines longer than 1024 bytes).
  . Listen = port now listen on all addresses (IPv6 and IPv4-mapped).

========================================
4. Deprecated Functionality
========================================

- Core
  . PHP 4 style constructors, where the constructor name is the same as the
    class name, are now deprecated.
  . Static calls to non-static methods are now deprecated.

- OpenSSL
  . The "capture_session_meta" SSL context option is now deprecated. Meta
    data concerning active crypto on a stream resource is now accessible
    through the return result from stream_get_meta_data().

========================================
5. Changed Functions
========================================

- parse_ini_file():
- parse_ini_string():
  . Added scanner mode INI_SCANNER_TYPED to yield typed .ini values.
- unserialize():
  . Added second parameter for unserialize function 
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/secure_unserialize) allowing to specify
    acceptable classes: 
    unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => ["MyClass", "MyClass2"]]);

- proc_open():
  . The maximum number of pipes used by proc_open() was previously limited by
  hardcoded value of 16. This limit is now removed and the number of pipes is
  effectively limited by the amount of memory available to PHP.
  . New Windows only configuration option "blocking_pipes" can be used to
  force blocking reads on child process pipes. This covers several
  edge cases in CLI usage however can lead to dead locks. Also, this
  correlates with the new stream context options for pipes.

- array_column():
  The function now supports an array of objects as well as two-dimensional
  arrays. Only public properties are considered, and objects that make use of
  __get() for dynamic properties must also implement __isset().

- stream_context_create()
  It accepts now a Windows only configuration 
  array("pipe" => array("blocking" => <boolean>))  which forces blocking reads
  on pipes. This option should be used carefully because due to the
  platform restrictions dead locks on pipe buffers are possible.

- dirname()
  A new optional argument ($levels) allow to go up various times
  dirname(dirname($foo)) => dirname($foo, 2);

- debug_zval_dump
  It prints now "int" instead of "long", and "float" instead of "double".

========================================
6. New Functions
========================================
- GMP
  . Added gmp_random_seed().

- PCRE:
  . Added preg_replace_callback_array function
    (RFC: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/preg_replace_callback_array)

- Standard
  . Added intdiv() function for integer division.
  . Added error_clear_last() function to reset error state.

- Zip:
  . Added ZipArchive::setCompressionIndex() and ZipArchive::setCompressionName()
    for setting the compression method.

- Zlib:
  . Added deflate_init(), deflate_add(), inflate_init(), inflate_add()
    functions allowing incremental/streaming compression/decompression.

========================================
7. New Classes and Interfaces
========================================


========================================
8. Removed Extensions and SAPIs
========================================

- sapi/aolserver
- sapi/apache
- sapi/apache_hooks
- sapi/apache2filter
- sapi/caudium
- sapi/continuity
- sapi/isapi
- sapi/milter
- sapi/nsapi
- sapi/phttpd
- sapi/pi3web
- sapi/roxen
- sapi/thttpd
- sapi/tux
- sapi/webjames
- ext/mssql
- ext/mysql
- ext/sybase_ct
- ext/ereg

For more details see 

https://wiki.php.net/rfc/removal_of_dead_sapis_and_exts
https://wiki.php.net/rfc/remove_deprecated_functionality_in_php7

NOTE: NSAPI was not voted in the RFC, however it was removed afterwards. It turned
out, that the corresponding SDK isn't available anymore.

========================================
9. Other Changes to Extensions
========================================

- Mhash
  Mhash is not an extension anymore, use function_exists("mhash") to check whether
  it is avaliable.

- GD
  The bundled libgd requires libwebp instead of libvpx for the WebP functionality.

========================================
10. New Global Constants
========================================

- Core
  . PHP_INT_MIN added.

- PCRE
  . This error constant is added to signal errors due to stack size limitations
    when PCRE JIT support is enabled:
  . PREG_JIT_STACKLIMIT_ERROR

- Zlib
  . These constants are added to control flush behavior with the new
    incremental deflate_add() and inflate_add() functions:
  . ZLIB_NO_FLUSH
  . ZLIB_PARTIAL_FLUSH
  . ZLIB_SYNC_FLUSH
  . ZLIB_FULL_FLUSH
  . ZLIB_BLOCK
  . ZLIB_FINISH

- GD
  . T1Lib support removed, thus lifting the optional dependency on T1Lib, the
    following is therefore not available anymore:

    Functions:
      - imagepsbbox()
      - imagepsencodefont()
      - imagepsextendedfont()
      - imagepsfreefont()
      - imagepsloadfont()
      - imagepsslantfont()
      - imagepstext()

    Resources:
      - 'gd PS font'
      - 'gd PS encoding'

========================================
11. Changes to INI File Handling
========================================

- Core
  . Removed asp_tags ini directive. Trying to enable it will result in a fatal
    error.
  . Removed always_populate_raw_post_data ini directive.

========================================
12. Windows Support
========================================

- Core
  . Support for native 64 bit integers in 64 bit builds.
  . Support for large files in 64 bit builds.
  . Support for getrusage()

- ftp
  . The ftp extension is always shipped shared
  . For SSL support, the dependency on the openssl extension was abolished. Instead
    it depends alone on the openssl library. If it's present at the compile time,
    ftp_ssl_connect() is enabled automatically.

- imap
  . Static building of ext/imap is disabled

- odbc
  . The odbc extension is always shipped shared

========================================
13. Other Changes
========================================

- Core
  . Instead of being undefined and platform-dependent, NaN and Infinity will
    always be zero when cast to integer.
  . Calling a method on a non-object now raises a catchable error instead of a
    fatal error; see: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/catchable-call-to-member-of-non-object
  . Error messages for zend_parse_parameters, type hints and conversions now
    always say "integer" and "float" instead of "long" and "double".
  . Output buffering now continues to work for an aborted connection if
    ignore_user_abort is set to true.