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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
<title>Ladies Learning Code</title>
<!-- Don't alter slideshow.css, CSSS slide deck needs it to work -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="framework/css/slideshow.css" data-noprefix>
<!-- Theme-specific styles -->
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Quicksand%7CPacifico%7COpen+Sans:400italic,400,300' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' data-noprefix>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="framework/css/highlightjs-themes/github.css" data-noprefix>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="framework/css/theme-llc.css" data-noprefix>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="framework/img/favicon.ico">
<!-- Workshop-specific styles -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="framework/css/workshop.css" data-noprefix>
<!-- Takes care of CSS3 prefixes! -->
<script src="framework/scripts/prefixfree.min.js"></script>
<!-- opens all links in a new window -->
<base target="_blank">
</head>
<!-- Timer/progress bar: Define the presentation duration using "data-duration" in minutes. -->
<body data-duration="360">
<!-- Welcome slide -->
<header class="slide intro first">
<img class="logo" src="framework/img/logo-llc-white.png" alt="Ladies Learning Code logo">
<div class="info">
<h1 class="heading-bg">
<span class="dark">Welcome to</span><br>
<span>Ladies Learning Code!</span>
</h1>
<!-- TODO: Fill in WiFi details -->
<!-- <div class="heading-bg connected">
<span class="dark">GET CONNECTED:</span>
<span class="light">NETWORK: network name</span><br>
<span class="light">PASSWORD: thepassword</span>
</div> -->
</div>
<div class="sponsor">
<p>In partnership with:</p>
<img src="framework/img/telus-logo-white.svg" alt="Telus logo">
</div>
</header>
<main>
<!-- Instructor info -->
<section class="slide intro">
<img class="logo" src="framework/img/logo-llc-white.png" alt="Ladies Learning Code logo">
<div class="info">
<h1 class="heading-bg">
<span>Fundamentals of Programming:</span><br>
<span>Introduction to Python</span>
</h1>
<!-- TODO: Fill in instructor details -->
<!-- <h2><span>with</span> Instructor Name</h2>
<img class="instructor-img" src="http://cl.ly/image/0r3Q3H110G36/profile-generic.jpg" alt="instructor name">
<ul>
<li><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><a href="mailto:">[email protected]</a></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><a href="#">mywebsite.com</a></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><a href="http://twitter.com/">@twitter</a></li>
</ul> -->
</div>
</section>
<section class="slide project" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
# Today’s project
Imagine you’re organizing **National Learn to Code Day 2015**.
 <!-- .element: class="col-2" -->
You want it to be an *even bigger success* than last year, so not only do you need to know how many people attended (so you can beat that target), but you also want to pull other salient stats to put in a press release.
News outlets *love* stats.
<!-- Computers are very good at repetitive tasks, but they require *precise instructions*. -->
Today, you’ll learn to 'think' like a computer as you gather insights into who attended Ladies Learning Code workshops in 2014.
<div class="presenter-notes">
Whether you take these tools and apply them to your own data or keep using the tools you know, by the end of the day, you’ll hopefully have greater confidence in leveraging computers to do your work faster and focus on what matters to you.
</div>
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide agenda" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Agenda
###Morning
* Types
* Variables
* Conditionals & Logic
* Reading a file
* For loops
###Afternoon
* Libraries
* Dictionaries
* Finding & countings patterns
* Final Project
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## What is programming?
* Programming is giving instructions to your computer to get it to do things for you
* Computers need *very specific* instructions
* We use a programming language to give the computer instructions in a form that it can understand
* Programming languages have syntax, just like human languages do
<br>
## Why Python Is Awesome
* Free
* Open source
* Write once, run anywhere
* Great community
* The syntax looks like English
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide who-uses" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Who uses Python?
* Data Analysis
* Scientific Computing
* Scripting
* Testing
* Web Applications (Django, Flask)
* and some of your favorite websites!
<!-- * Youtube, Reddit, Pinterest, Instagram, Dropbox, The Onion -->
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide centered" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
</br></br> </br>
 <!-- .element: style="width: 50%" -->
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide title" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
# Let’s get started!
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
## Development Environment
You will need:
1. **Python 2.7.x installed** ( [Mac](https://www.python.org/downloads/), [Windows](https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/) )
1. **[Pycharm Educational Edition](https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm-educational/)**
1. **[Google Chrome](https://www.google.com/intl/en-CA/chrome/browser/)** - Choose a modern web browser that supports current web standards and has good development tools. To set Chrome as your default browser, follow [these instructions](https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/95417?hl=en).
(Visit [browsehappy.com](http://browsehappy.com) for more info about modern browsers.)
1. Learner files from LLC (containing the exercise and reference files).
</section>
<section class="slide centered" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## PyCharm IDE
IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) help us write code faster with fewer mistakes.
</br></br></br>
 <!-- .element: style="width: 60%" -->
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide side-by-side" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Setting up your project files
Open PyCharm and select **Open**. Then navigate to the **llc-intro-to-python-master** folder & select **Choose**.
The project files contained within the folder will now appear in your sidebar. Select the arrows to open the folders within. Today, you will be working from the **exercises** folder. The **reference** folder contains today’s project files for reference as an answer key.
The other folders & files are needed to make this slide presentation work so avoid making edits to them!
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Running Python in PyCharm
The console is an interactive tool used to test and debug code and it’s included in PyCharm!
Let’s open the console:
The console will pop up at the bottom of the application. Python is now ready to do your bidding...
Now you can type code after the green `>>>` symbol. It is used by the console to represent a space for you to enter your input but you don’t have to actually type it. You can also open and close the console by selecting the icon in the lower right of PyCharm.
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- First Steps -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Python can do math
In the console, after the `>>>`, try out these examples.
The command you input after the `>>>` gets *evaluated* and a value is returned back to you.
```
>>> 2 + 2
4
```
```
>>> 2 * 15
30
```
```
>>> 1 / 2
0
```
Why is `1 / 2 = 0`? We’ll come back to that.
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Data Types
We just used the *integer* number **type** but there are many more.
* Integer (`int`, whole numbers)
* Float (numbers containing decimals)
* String (`str`, words, sentences, literal text)
* Boolean (true, false)
* list [and more!](http://www.diveintopython3.net/native-datatypes.html)
* Use `type()` and a data value inside the parentheses to figure out the type.
```
>>> type("hello")
<type 'str'>
>>> type(42)
<type 'int'>
>>> type(3.14159)
<type 'float'>
>>> type([1, 2, 3, 4])
<type 'list'>
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Printing
The `print()` **function** outputs values to the screen.
Functions at its most basic definition holds a set of instructions. More on functions later.
Also, note the usage of quotes.
```
>>> print("Hello World!")
Hello World!
```
```
>>> print(2 + 2)
4
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Concatenation
You can "add" strings together, and that’s called **concatenation**. It joins multiple strings into one.
```
>>> print("Hello " + "World!")
Hello World!
```
But what if we try to join a string and a number?
```python
>>> print(2 + "2")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Why did that error happen?
Python needs to know what **type** something is to figure out how to work with it. Let’s look at that error again.
```python
>>> print(2 + "2")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
```
* The first `2`, inside of `print(2 + "2")` is an integer.
* `"2"` enclosed in the quotes, is a **string** type, or "literal text".
* Python can’t figure out how to add a number and string, so it spits out an error.
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!--Typecasting-->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Typecasting
We can tell Python how to convert that `"2"` into a number and **change the type**. In this case, change the string to an integer (whole number) using the `int()` function. Try it in your console.
```
>>> print(2 + int("2"))
4
```
<br>
We can also fix the `1/2 = 0` error in the previous example.
When Python divides two integers, it doesn’t know that the answer isn’t an integer so it gets confused.
Integer **types** don’t have decimal parts, so we have to convert to a more precise type, in this case **floats** since this number **type** can handle decimals.
```
>>> print(float(1) / float(2))
0.5
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Typecasting (Continued)
Python can also be used to convert numbers to strings.
```
>>> print(99 + " bottles of beer on the wall")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
```
Use the `str()` function to convert a number to a string.
```
>>> print(str(99) + " bottles of beer on the wall")
```
The ability to tell Python to change the type will come in handy later.
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!--Variables-->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Variables
* In programming, we usually want to store a value to use later
* Variables store data in your computer’s memory and you use a **variable name** to fetch their value (kind of like a bookmark in a book)
* Use the equal (`=`) symbol to assign a value to a variable
```python
>>> x = 5
>>> y = 4
>>> x * y
20
```
```python
>>> today = "Saturday"
>>> print("Today is " + today)
Today is Saturday
```
You can store almost anything in a variable.
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Reassigning Variables
Variables can be changed after you’ve assigned the value by "reassigning" them.
```python
# Remember, we've already set x = 5 and y = 4
>>> y = 10
>>> x * y
```
What do you think the value of `x * y` will be? <span class="delayed">50</span>
Why?
You changed <!-- .element: class="delayed" -->`y`, but the old value of `x` is still in memory.
Python will remember variable names until you close PyCharm or [clear them manually](https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement).
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Pro Tip! Use Comments
* Programmers use *comments* to leave notes for themselves (and other people reading their code in the future)
* Good comments add information that isn’t immediately obvious
* You’ll see more comments throughout the exercises
* Feel free to add your own!
```
# Python will ignore anything after the # symbol
```
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- Exercise 1: Hello World -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Class Exercise 1: Hello World
We’ve already used the console to put a 'Hello World' message on the screen, so why not take it one step further and have Python say hello to anyone?
Python has a `raw_input()` function that gets data typed by a user and **returns** that value to you.
1. You give `raw_input()` a message to let your user know what you’re looking for
1. The user types something and hits the **enter** key
1. Whatever the user types is **returned** to you.
Let’s try it in your console:
```python
>>> raw_input("What's your name?")
```
It outputs `What's your name?`
You type in your name, press **enter**, and it will print it out on the next line.
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Class Exercise 1: Hello World (part 2)
Typing into the console is fine to start, but do you really want to type your program every time you run it?
Python can run your code from a file with a `.py` **extension**
*(<!-- .element: class="footnote" -->the letters after `.` in a filename tell your computer which program can run it)*
Let’s create our first Python file!
1. Right-click on the **exercises** folder to create a new file.
Then select **New > Python File**
1. Enter the name `ex1_hello_world.py` in the popup box.
1. Now we can add our simple program to the file
```python
# Assign the raw_input value to a variable
# Your program waits for the user to hit enter
name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ")
# … then continues to this line
print("Hello " + name)
```
Now how do we get PyCharm to run this file?
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Class Exercise 1: Hello World (part 3)
Code in a file is just text until you **run** it through the Python program.
1. To run the code saved in your file, select **Run > Run…**
*<!-- .element: class="footnote" -->Note: PyCharm automatically saves your file before you run it.*
1. Click on `ex1_hello_world` (again) in the menu popup that appears in the middle of the screen.
1. Now click into the console window that opened, type your name and press the **Enter** key. You should see your name repeated back at you.
1. You can run your program as many times as you like by repeating the steps above.
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- Conditionals & Booleans -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Conditionals & Logic
* The program we just wrote ran straight from top to bottom
* What if the program could act differently and decide what to do?
* Use conditionals like an `if` statement
* Each `if` statement contains a test, and the indented block is the code that will run if the test is `True` but not if it is `False` and looks something like this:
```python
# Not real code
if it is cold outside:
wear a sweater
else:
dress normally :)
```
You can also have more than one condition.
```python
# Still not real code
if it is cold outside:
wear a sweater
elif it is raining:
bring an umbrella
else:
dress normally :)
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Boolean values
How does `if` know what’s `True` or `False`? We use 'Boolean' statements to test against values.
Reminder, one equals symbol only *assigns* a value to the variable.
```python
>>> weather = "raining"
```
Test the values. The double equals symbol (`==`) will evaluate if the value on the right matches the assigned value.
```
>>> weather == "cold"
False
>>> weather == "raining"
True
```
We can use these *statements* with our `if` values to test for our weather conditions
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- Exercise 2: Weather -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Class Exercise 2: Weather
Create a new file `ex2_weather_advice.py` and write out the code snippet below (avoid the temptation of copy-paste).
Note the syntax and **indentation** (whitespace is very important in Python). Try to understand each line as you type it.
```python
# file: ex2_weather_advice.py
weather = raw_input("What is the weather? (cold, raining, etc.)")
if weather == "cold":
print("Wear a sweater!")
elif weather == "raining":
print("Bring an umbrella")
else:
print("Dress normally :)")
```
Try running your file a few times to get different advice (the weather is so unpredictable!)
**Bonus: ** Update the conditions or add more conditions.
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Indentation
Python uses indentation to figure out which 'block' of code belongs inside the `if` or `else`.
When you're typing out examples that use an `if` or `else` in the console, you'll see this:
```python
>>> if weather == "cold":
... ̺̺̺̺
```
The `...` and auto-indentation is the console signalling that it expects the nested block code.
When you're done, press enter twice (or backspace and type `else:` and you'll get your next indented block).
```python
>>> if weather == "cold":
... print("Wear a sweater!")
... else:
... print("Dress normally :)")
File "<input>", line 5
print("Dress normally :)")
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
```
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- More conditions -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Testing numbers with Math Comparison Operators
Just as you could check the exact value of a string or number you can use typical math operators to check relative numeric values
`>`: Greater than
`<`: Less than
`>=`: Greater than or equal to
`<=`: Less than or equal to
```python
>>> x = 5
>>> print(x > 5)
False
>>> print(x >= 5)
True
>>> if x >= 5:
... print(x + " is greater than or equal to 5")
... else:
... print(x + " is less than 5")
...
5 is greater than or equal to 5
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## And / Or
Sometimes, you can’t neatly capture your conditions with one expression. You need to combine multiple expressions to determine what to do next.
`and`: both things must be true
`or`: Either one, or both things must be true.
```python
weather = "cold"
snowing = True
>>> if weather == "cold" and snowing == True:
... print("wear a winter jacket")
...
wear a winter jacket
>>> if weather == "raining" or snowing == True:
... print("bring a change of socks")
...
bring a change of socks
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Examples with and/or
```python
>>> x = 5
>>> if x > 0 and x < 6:
... print("x is between 0 and 6.")
...
x is between 0 and 6.
```
```python
>>> if type(x) == float or type(x) == int:
... print("x is a numeric value")
...
x is a numeric value
```
```python
>>> if x > 10 and x < 0:
... print("x could never be greater than 10 AND less than 0")
...
# Nothing prints here
```
</script>
</section>
<!-- TODO: If we have time, create an example using a numeric temperature value to decide what's cold, normal or too hot to handle -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Exercise 3: Smarter Weather (15mins)
Instead of telling your program if it's cold, you can input the temperature and let it decide what to do.
Open the **ex3_smarter_weather.py** and use math comparison operators as well as `and`/`or` to follow the instructions.
```
# if the weather is greater than or equal to 25 degrees
if "replace this with the right condition":
print("Go to the beach!")
# the weather is less than 25 degrees AND greater than 15 degrees
elif "replace this with the right conditions":
# Still warm enough for ice cream!
else:
# Wear a sweater and dream of beaches.
```
Feel free to choose your own temperatures and messages :)
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- Opening a file -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide title full-monty">
<!-- Mandatory Monty Python reference -->
<h1 class="heading-bg"><span>And now for something completely different</span></h1>
<aside>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nerdcoreblog/13995269592/">flickr.com/photos/nerdcoreblog</a></aside>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Opening a file
We typically store computer data in files. The data in some files is human-readable text (while in others, like images, it’s in a format that’s only readable by programs with specific code to interpret the data).
It’s fairly easy in Python to open a human-readable file and print the contents to the screen.
```python
>>> chapters = open('./exercises/llc-chapters.csv')
>>> print(chapters.read())
# … lots of file data …
>>> chapters.close()
# When you're done with a file it's a good idea to close it
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## One line at a time
In order to make use of the data in a file, we need to make sense of small portions at a time.
In the `llc-chapters.csv` file, each line of the file represents a Ladies Learning Code Chapter
Let’s print out a few individual lines
```python
>>> chapters = open('./exercises/llc-chapters.csv')
>>> print(chapters.readline())
City,Province,Chapter Lead(s)
>>> print(chapters.readline())
Vancouver,BC,Meghan
>>> print(chapters.readline())
Calgary,AB,Darcie
>>> chapters.close()
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Comma-Separated Values (CSV) Files
In the previous slide we printed out three lines in the file, one at a time.
```
City,Province,Chapter Lead(s)
Vancouver,BC,Meghan
Calgary,AB,Darcie
```
Notice that all three lines have exactly three values, separated by a comma (`,`)
The first line doesn’t tell us about a chapter, it has headings than describe the data in the next lines
The second and third line each represent one of the LLC chapters.
This is a specific *file format* called **CSV** (short for *comma-separated values*) that is used to represent spreadsheet-like data
This is a widely used file-format because it’s such a simple representation of rows and columns of data. It doesn’t matter whether you’re on a Mac, Windows, Linux or even on a web app like Google Docs – everyone can use this data.
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Reading all the lines in a file
It’s all well and good to print out the lines in a file one-at-a-time while you’re learning, but surely, there’s a better way to read *all* the lines in a file.
In programming, when you want to perform the same action many times in a row, we use **loops**. In Python, the main kind of loop is the `for` loop.
If we want to print each of the rows in our file, we can use the following code:
```python
>>> chapters = open('./exercises/llc-chapters.csv')
>>> for line in chapters:
... print(line)
...
>>> chapters.close()
```
More info:<!-- .element: class="footnote" --> https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## `for` loop behind the scenes
If you play around with the `chapters` variable in your console, you might notice that it has a `.next()` function which does the same thing as `.readline()`
`for` can work with many different collections of data, all it’s looking for is that `.next()` function.
Behind the scenes, it’s doing something roughly like
```python
line = chapters.next()
# Execute your code block
# …
# Go back to get the next value and repeat until there are no more values
```
We’ll use the `for` loop in our future exercises to work with a larger file.
</script>
</section>
<!-- <section class="slide title" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
# Lunch!
</script>
</section> -->
<!-- ==================== -->
<!-- Afternoon Content-->
<!-- ==================== -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Libraries
Python has wonderful built in **libraries** which are collections of code that other people have written. Today we’ll use the **csv** library. It contains instructions that tell python how to work with CSV files.
This library will help us makes sense of the data contained in a CSV file to learn more about LLC activities in 2014.
More info:<!-- .element: class="footnote" --> https://docs.python.org/2/library/csv.html
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Using a library
So far, we've been writing all our code in the console or in one file. When you use a library, you don't want to copy all that code into your file, otherwise it would become huge!
In Python, you can **import** the functions and other structures from a **module** so you can use the code without having it in your file. Then you can use functions (and other structures) from that **module** to do your bidding!
In your console, import the `csv` library as follows.
```python
>>> import csv
```
If you then type `csv.` and wait, it will show you a list of everything in that module.
More info:<!-- .element: class="footnote" --> https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/modules.html
</script>
</section>
<!-- -------------------- -->
<!-- Reading a CSV -->
<!-- -------------------- -->
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Reading data from a CSV file
The CSV libary has a number of different tools for extracting actual data from a CSV file. Instead of a line of comma-separated values, we can access individual values easily (like the cells of a spreadsheet).
Today we’ll mostly use the `DictReader` tool because it's easier to understand the data in each row (without remembering anything about the headings)
* First we open the file
* Then, we import the `csv` library
* Then we pass the file into `DictReader` to make sense of it
```
>>> import csv
>>> chapters_file = open('llc-chapters.csv')
>>> chapters_data = csv.DictReader(chapters_file)
```
* Now, we can pull out one row at a time
```
>>> chapter = chapters_data.next()
>>> print(chapter)
{'City': 'Vancouver', 'Chapter Lead(s)': 'Meghan', 'Province': 'BC'}
>>> type(chapter)
<type 'dict'>
```
</script>
</section>
<section class="slide" data-markdown>
<script type="text/template">
## Dictionaries
This time, when we printed the values from the CSV file, instead of getting comma-separated values, we got a `dict`ionary representing each row in the file.
Instead of having to remember which *column* represents city, we can access it with a keyword:
```python
>>> chapter = {'City': 'Vancouver', 'Chapter Lead(s)': 'Meghan', 'Province': 'BC'}
>>> print(chapter['City'])
Vancouver
>>> print(chapter['Province'])
BC
>>> print(chapter['Chapter Lead(s)'])
Meghan