diff --git a/chapters/01.xml b/chapters/01.xml index 49720abf2..d74def81b 100644 --- a/chapters/01.xml +++ b/chapters/01.xml @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Chapter 8 - ko viska re prenu poi bruna la santas. + ko viska re prenu poi bruna la .santas. [You!] see two persons who-are brothers-of that-named Santa. diff --git a/chapters/02.xml b/chapters/02.xml index c6db0d686..ef04e1d6f 100644 --- a/chapters/02.xml +++ b/chapters/02.xml @@ -241,11 +241,11 @@ la: - la meris. + la .meris. the one/ones named Mary - la djan. + la .djan. the one/ones named John @@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c2e14d1"/> - doi djan. + doi .djan. means Oh, John, I'm talking to you. It also has the effect of setting the value of @@ -1362,14 +1362,13 @@ coi means hello and co'o means - good-bye. Either word may stand alone, they may follow one another, or either may be followed by a pause and a cmevla. (Vocative phrases with - doi do not need a pause before a cmevla.) + good-bye. Either word may stand alone, they may follow one another, or either may be followed a Lojbanized name surrounded by pauses. <anchor xml:id="c2e14d2"/> - coi. djan. + coi .djan. Hello, John. @@ -1378,7 +1377,7 @@ - co'o. djan. + co'o .djan. Good-bye, John. diff --git a/chapters/03.xml b/chapters/03.xml index 7c458b1ab..1b59c914d 100644 --- a/chapters/03.xml +++ b/chapters/03.xml @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ stressshowing non-standard capital lettersuse of Capital letters are used only to represent non-standard stress, which can appear only in the representation of Lojbanized names. Thus the English name Josephine, as normally pronounced, is Lojbanized as - DJOsefin., pronounced + .DJOsefin., pronounced ['dʒosɛfinʔ]. (See for an explanation of the symbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize the vowel letter, in this case @@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ [ʔ]) is considered a pause of shortest length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and in certain cases – explained in detail in - – must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause. + – must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always surrounded by pauses. periodoptional Technically, the period is an optional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing period can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as an aid to the reader. periodwithin a word A period also may be found apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is not one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a space between words if a period appears. pausecontrasted with syllable break syllable breakcontrasted with pause syllable breakrepresentation in Lojban commadefinition of The comma is used to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obvious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indicates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necessary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words. It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ - brlgan. + .brlgan. [br̩l gan] or [brl̩ gan] @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ syllabic consonantsfinal in word Syllabic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels from the standpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are generally required to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllabic consonant. An example is - rl., which is an approximation of the English name + .rl., which is an approximation of the English name Earl, and has two syllabic consonants. @@ -623,8 +623,8 @@ - meiin. - mei,in. + .meiin. + .mei,in. @@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ - me,iin. + .me,iin. which contains the vowel @@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ - djeimyz. + .djeimyz. [dʒɛj məzʔ] James @@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ The regular English pronunciation of James, which is [dʒɛjmz], would Lojbanize as - djeimz., which contains a forbidden consonant pair. + .djeimz., which contains a forbidden consonant pair.
<anchor xml:id="c3s7"/>Initial Consonant Pairs diff --git a/chapters/04.xml b/chapters/04.xml index 697e64885..9e21021f1 100644 --- a/chapters/04.xml +++ b/chapters/04.xml @@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather phrases which are gra <anchor xml:id="c4e7d2"/> - me la spagetis. + me la .spagetis. One of these expedients is often quite sufficient when you need a word quickly in conversation. (This can make it easier to get by when you do not yet have full command of the Lojban vocabulary, provided you are talking to someone who will recognize the borrowing.) @@ -1574,7 +1574,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - djim. + .djim. Jim @@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - djein. + .djein. Jane @@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - pit. + .pit. Pete @@ -1632,7 +1632,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - katrinas. + .katrinas. Katrina @@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - kat,r,in. + .kat,r,in. Catherine @@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - katis. + .katis. Cathy @@ -1683,13 +1683,12 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - keit. + .keit. Kate namesunusual stress in cmevlaunusual stress in namesstress in cmevlastress in namesrules for formation cmevlarules for formation Cmevla may have almost any form, but always end in a consonant, and are followed by a pause. They are penultimately stressed, unless unusual stress is marked with capitalization. A cmevla may have multiple parts, each ending with a consonant and pause, or the parts may be combined into a single word with no pause. For example, - <indexterm type="example"><primary>John Brown</primary></indexterm> @@ -1697,7 +1696,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as <anchor xml:id="c4e8d9"/> - djan. braun. + .djan. .braun. and @@ -1708,7 +1707,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - djanbraun. + .djanbraun. are both valid Lojbanizations of @@ -1716,40 +1715,17 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as namesauthority for cmevlaauthority for The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name Mary can thus be Lojbanized as - meris., - maris., - meiris., - merix., or even - marys.. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an + .meris., + .maris., + .meiris., + .merix., or even + .marys.. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an s; there must, however, be some Lojban consonant at the end. - namesrestrictions on form of cmevlarestrictions on form of Cmevla are not permitted to have the sequences - la, - lai, or - doi embedded in them, unless the sequence is immediately preceded by a consonant. These minor restrictions are due to the fact that all Lojban cmevla embedded in a speech stream will be preceded by one of these words or by a pause. With one of these words embedded, the cmevla might break up into valid Lojban words followed by a shorter cmevla. However, break-up cannot happen after a consonant, because that would imply that the word before the - la, or whatever, ended in a consonant without pause, which is impossible. - - -Nederlandsexample - - Laplaceexample For example, the invalid name - laplas. would look like the Lojban words - la plas., and - ilanas. would be misunderstood as - .i la nas.. However, - NEderlants. cannot be misheard as - NEder lants., because - NEder with no following pause is not a possible Lojban word. - namesalternatives for restricted sequences in cmevlaalternatives for restricted sequences in There are close alternatives to these forbidden sequences that can be used in Lojbanizing names, such as - ly, - lei, and - dai or - - do'i, that do not cause these problems. cmevlarules for namesrules for Lojban cmevla are identifiable as word forms by the following characteristics: - cmevlaconsonant clusters permitted in cmevlafinal letter in They must end in one or more consonants. There are no rules about how many consonants may appear in a cluster in cmevla, provided that each consonant pair (whether standing by itself, or as part of a larger cluster) is a permissible pair. + cmevlaconsonant clusters permitted in cmevladot side They must end in one or more consonants. There are no rules about how many consonants may appear in a cluster in cmevla, provided that each consonant pair (whether standing by itself, or as part of a larger cluster) is a permissible pair. diphthongsspecific to cmevla diphthongsspecific to names uy diphthongin cmevla iy diphthongin cmevla They may contain the letter y as a normal, non-hyphenating vowel. They are the only kind of Lojban word that may contain the two diphthongs @@ -1757,7 +1733,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as uy. - namesrequirement for pause after cmevlarequirement for pause after They are always followed in speech by a pause after the final consonant, written as + cmevlarequirement for pauses around They are always surrounded in speech by pauses, one right before the first consonant, and the other one right after the final consonant, both being written as .. @@ -1772,7 +1748,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - pav. + .pav. the One from the cmavo pa, with rafsi pav, meaning one @@ -1783,7 +1759,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - sol. + .sol. the Sun from the gismu solri, meaning solar, or actually pertaining to the Sun @@ -1798,7 +1774,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - ralj. + .ralj. Chief (as a title) from the gismu ralju, meaning principal. @@ -1818,7 +1794,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as - nol. + .nol. Lord/Lady from the gismu nobli, with rafsi nol, meaning noble. @@ -1845,17 +1821,6 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as cmevlaavoiding impermissible consonant clusters in If the name contains an impermissible consonant pair, insert a vowel between the consonants: y is recommended. - - cmevlaproscribed syllables in No cmevla may have the syllables - la, - lai, or - doi in them, unless immediately preceded by a consonant. If these combinations are present, they must be converted to something else. Possible substitutions include - ly, - ly'i, and - dai or - - do'i, respectively. - scientific namesrules for Linnaean namesrules for There are some additional rules for Lojbanizing the scientific names (technically known as @@ -1983,22 +1948,22 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as English Mary - meris. or meiris. + .meris. or .meiris. English Smith - smit. + .smit. English Jones - djonz. + .djonz. English John - djan. or jan. (American) or djon. or jon. (British) + .djan. or .jan. (American) or .djon. or .jon. (British) English @@ -2013,7 +1978,7 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as English Johnson - djansn. + .djansn. English @@ -2023,67 +1988,67 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as English Brown - braun. + .braun. English Charles - tcarlz. + .tcarlz. French Charles - carl. + .carl. French De Gaulle - dyGOL. + .dyGOL. German Heinrich - xainrix. + .xainrix. Spanish Joaquin - xuaKIN. + .xuaKIN. Russian Svetlana - sfietlanys. + .sfietlanys. Russian Khrushchev - xrucTCOF. + .xrucTCOF. Hindi Krishna - kricnas. + .kricnas. Polish Lech Walesa - lex. va,uensas. + .lex. .va,uensas. Spanish Don Quixote - don. kicotes. or modern Spanish: don. kixotes. or Mexican dialect: don. ki'otes. + .don. .kicotes. or modern Spanish: .don. .kixotes. or Mexican dialect: .don. .ki'otes. Chinese Mao Zedong - maudzydyn. + .maudzydyn. Japanese Fujiko - fudjikos. or fujikos. + .fudjikos. or .fujikos.
@@ -2096,17 +2061,13 @@ The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as pausebetween words pauseproscribed within words Any two words may have a pause between them; it is always illegal to pause in the middle of a word, because that breaks up the word into two words. - pauseand consonant-final words consonant-final wordsnecessity for pause after Every word ending in a consonant must be followed by a pause. Necessarily, all such words are cmevla. + pauseand consonant-final words consonant-final wordsnecessity for pause after Every word ending in a consonant must be surrounded by pauses. Necessarily, all such words are cmevla. pauseand vowel-initial words vowel-initial wordsnecessity for pause before Every word beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. Such words are either cmavo, fu'ivla, or cmevla; all gismu and lujvo begin with consonants. - pauseand cmevla cmevlarules for pause before Every cmevla must be preceded by a pause, unless the immediately preceding word is one of the cmavo - la, - lai, - la'i, or - doi (which is why those strings are forbidden in cmevla). However, the situation triggering this rule rarely occurs. + pauseand cmevla cmevlarules for pause before Every cmevla must be surrounded by pauses. pauseand final-syllable stress final syllable stressrules for pause after stressfinal syllablerules for pause after If the last syllable of a word bears the stress, and a brivla follows, the two must be separated by a pause, to prevent confusion with the primary stress of the brivla. In this case, the first word must be either a cmavo or a cmevla with unusual stress (which already ends with a pause, of course). @@ -2560,7 +2521,7 @@ This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. First, we will start lojbangri and lojbaugri, of which the latter has a slightly lower score: 8827 versus 8796, respectively. However, for the name of the organization, we chose to make sure the name of the language was embedded in it, and to use the clearer long-form rafsi for girzu, producing - lojbangirz. + .lojbangirz. Finally, here is a four-part lujvo with a cmavo in it, based on the tanru nakni ke cinse ctuca or male (sexual teacher). The diff --git a/chapters/05.xml b/chapters/05.xml index a3dbc595f..d6761c8ed 100644 --- a/chapters/05.xml +++ b/chapters/05.xml @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ - la djan. barda nanla + la .djan. barda nanla That-named John is-a-big boy. John is a big boy. @@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ … by-standard some American-thing) - - school) - … la bryklyn. + … la .bryklyn. … in-that-named Brooklyn @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ with-subject poems - le mela nu,IORK. prenu + le mela .nu,IORK. prenu for-audience-the among-that-named New-York persons @@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ - la djan. klama le zarci + la .djan. klama le zarci That-named John goes-to the market. @@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ - la djan. go'i troci + la .djan. go'i troci That-named John [repeat-last] are-a-trier. John tries to. @@ -1550,7 +1550,7 @@ - la djan. klama be le zarci be'o - troci + la .djan. klama be le zarci be'o - troci That-named John is-a-goer ( to-the market ) type-of trier. @@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ - la prim. palvr. pamoi cusku + la .prim. .palvr. pamoi cusku That-named Preem Palver is-the-1-th speaker. Preem Palver is the first speaker. @@ -1626,7 +1626,7 @@ - la an,iis. joi la .asun. + la .an,iis. joi la .asun. That-named Anyi massed-with that-named Asun @@ -1705,7 +1705,7 @@ - la BALtazar. cu me le--ci--nolraitru + la .BALtazar. cu me le--ci--nolraitru That-named Balthazar - is-one-of-the-referents-of the three kings. Balthazar is one of the three kings. @@ -1717,7 +1717,7 @@ - la kaspar. cu me le ci nolraitru + la .kaspar. cu me le ci nolraitru Caspar is one of the three kings. @@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ - la melxi,or. cu me le ci nolraitru + la .melxi,or. cu me le ci nolraitru Melchior is one of the three kings. @@ -1739,7 +1739,7 @@ - do du la djan. + do du la .djan. You are-identical-with that-named John. You are John. @@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ - do me la--djan. + do me la--.djan. You are-the-referent-of that-named John. You are John. @@ -1769,7 +1769,7 @@ - ta me lai--kraislr. [me'u] karce + ta me lai--.kraislr. [me'u] karce That (is-a-referent-of the-mass-named Chrysler) car. @@ -1794,7 +1794,7 @@ - re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi + re me le ci nolraitru .e la .djan. [me'u] cu blabi Two of the group the three kings and John are white. @@ -1804,7 +1804,7 @@ - re me le ci nolraitru me'u .e la djan. cu blabi + re me le ci nolraitru me'u .e la .djan. cu blabi Two of the three kings, and John, are white. @@ -1949,7 +1949,7 @@ - la djan. cu cadzu se--klama la .alis + la .djan. cu cadzu se--klama la .alis That-named John - walkingly is-gone-to-by that-named Alice @@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ - la djonz. cu na'e pamoi cusku + la .djonz. cu na'e pamoi cusku That-named Jones - is-non- 1st speaker Jones is not the first speaker. @@ -2184,7 +2184,7 @@ - la djonz. na pamoi cusku + la .djonz. na pamoi cusku That-named Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker It is not true that Jones is the first speaker. Jones isn't the first speaker. @@ -3217,7 +3217,7 @@ - + diff --git a/chapters/06.xml b/chapters/06.xml index 1abb223e4..c5d995fb7 100644 --- a/chapters/06.xml +++ b/chapters/06.xml @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ sumtinames as names, such as - la lojban., which usually begin with + la .lojban., which usually begin with la; @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ - e'osai ko sarji la lojban. + e'osai ko sarji la .lojban. [request]--[!] You--[imperative] support that-named Lojban. Please support Lojban! @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ exhibits ko, a pro-sumti; and - la lojban., a name. + la .lojban., a name. <anchor xml:id="c6e1d3"/> @@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c6e5d4"/> - le'e skina cu se--finti ne'i la xali,uyd. + le'e skina cu se--finti ne'i la .xali,uyd. The-stereotypical movie - is-invented in that-named Hollywood. @@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ … And you like the-opposite-of the-last-mentioned. - … .ije la djein. nelci no'ebo ra + … .ije la .djein. nelci no'ebo ra … And that-named Jane likes the-neutral-value-of something-mentioned. I like hot food, and you like cold food, and Jane likes lukewarm food. @@ -1564,7 +1564,7 @@ ra refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by ri. We cannot use ri here, because it would signify - la djein., that being the most recent sumti available to + la .djein., that being the most recent sumti available to ri. See more detailed explanations in .) @@ -1609,31 +1609,18 @@ coi - coi. djan. + coi .djan. [greetings] John. Hello, John. - A pause is required (for morphological reasons) between a member of COI and a cmevla. You can use - doi instead of a pause: - - - <anchor xml:id="c6e11d4"/> - - - coi doi djan. - [greetings] O John. - Hello, John. - - - means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using - doi by itself is like just saying someone's name to attract his or her attention: + Using doi instead is like just saying someone's name to attract his or her attention: <anchor xml:id="c6e11d5"/> - doi djan. + doi .djan. O John. John! @@ -1659,7 +1646,7 @@ - co'o la bab. .e la noras. + co'o la .bab. .e la .noras. [partings] that-named Bob and that-named Nora. Goodbye, Bob and Nora. @@ -1682,7 +1669,7 @@ - doi la djan. + doi la .djan. O that-named John! @@ -1702,7 +1689,7 @@ - doi djan. ko klama mi + doi .djan. ko klama mi O John you--[imperative] go-to me. John, come to me! @@ -1712,7 +1699,7 @@ - ko klama mi doi djan. + ko klama mi doi .djan. You--[imperative] go-to me O John. Come to me, John! @@ -1725,19 +1712,16 @@ Names have been used freely as sumti throughout this chapter without too much explanation. The time for the explanation has now come. name wordsrecognition of namestwo kinds of First of all, there are two different kinds of things usually called names when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates of - are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: cmevla, or “name-words”. These can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples: + are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant and are surrounded by pauses. Some examples: <anchor xml:id="c6e12d1"/> - djan. meris. djein. .alis. + .djan. .meris. .djein. .alis. John. Mary. Jane. Alice. - (Note that - .alis. begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See - for more information.) nameswith LA descriptor namesin vocative phrase namesuses of Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see ) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely @@ -1749,7 +1733,7 @@ - la djonz. klama le zarci + la .djonz. klama le zarci Those-named Jones go-to the store. The Joneses go to-the store. @@ -1759,17 +1743,17 @@ - lai djonz. klama le zarci + lai .djonz. klama le zarci The-mass-of-those-named Jones goes-to the store. The Joneses go to the store. In , the significance is that all the persons (perhaps only one) I mean to refer to by the name - djonz. are going to the store. In + .djonz. are going to the store. In , the Joneses are massified, and only some part of them needs to be going. Of course, by - djonz. I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name - djonz. at all. + .djonz. I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name + .djonz. at all. LA selma'ocontrasted with LE in use of name-words LE selma'ocontrasted with LA in use of name-words The sumti in and operate exactly like the similar uses of @@ -1778,39 +1762,6 @@ and respectively. The only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words (i.e. cmevla). And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot. - doieffect on necessity for pause before name-word LA selma'oeffect on necessity for pause before name-word name-wordspause requirements before name-wordslimitations on There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences) - - la, - lai, or - doi unless a consonant immediately precedes within the name-word. Reciprocally, every name-word not preceded by - la, - lai, - la'i, or - doi must be preceded by a pause instead: - - - <anchor xml:id="c6e12d4"/> - - - coi .djan. - [greetings] John. - Hello, John. - - - - - <anchor xml:id="c6e12d5"/> - - - zo .djan. cmene mi - The-word John is-the-name-of me. - My name is John. - - - In - and - , - .djan. appears with a pause before it as well as after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These rules force name-words to always be separable from the general word-stream. namesmultiple Unless some other rule prevents it (such as the rule that zo is always followed by a single word, which is quoted), multiple name-words may appear wherever one name-word is permitted, each with its terminating pause: @@ -1828,7 +1779,7 @@ - doi djan.--pol.--djonz. le bloti cu klama fi--la niuport.--niuz. + doi .djan.--.pol.--.djonz. le bloti cu klama fi--la .niuport.--.niuz. O John--Paul--Jones the boat - goes from-that-named Newport--News. John Paul Jones, the boat comes (to somewhere) from Newport News. @@ -1840,50 +1791,10 @@ ). Thus - djeimz. is not a valid version of + .djeimz. is not a valid version of James (because mz is invalid): - djeimyz will suffice. Similarly, - la may be replaced by - ly, - lai by - ly'i, - doi by - do'i or - dai. Here are a few examples: - - - - - <anchor xml:id="c6e12d6-2"/> - - <indexterm type="example"><primary>Doyle</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm type="example"><primary>Lyra</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm type="example"><primary>Lottie</primary></indexterm> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + djeimyz will suffice. namesusing rafsi Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi @@ -1896,7 +1807,7 @@ - lojban. + .lojban. Lojban @@ -2017,7 +1928,7 @@ - mi klama la frankfurt. ri + mi klama la .frankfurt. ri I go-to that-named Frankfurt from-the-referent-of-the-last-sumti I go from Frankfurt to Frankfurt (by some unstated route). @@ -2031,7 +1942,7 @@ - mi klama la frankfurt. + mi klama la .frankfurt. I go-to that-named Frankfurt diff --git a/chapters/07.xml b/chapters/07.xml index ce0ecb60d..c1e853fd4 100644 --- a/chapters/07.xml +++ b/chapters/07.xml @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ - mi'e .djan. doi frank. mi cusku lu mi bajra li'u -- do + mi'e .djan. doi .frank. mi cusku lu mi bajra li'u -- do I-am John, O Frank, I express [quote] I run [unquote] to you I am John, Frank; I tell you I run. @@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ - la saimn. cusku di'e + la .saimn. cusku di'e That-named Simon expresses the-following-utterance. Simon says: @@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ - mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u + mi prami la .djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u I love that-named Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance. I love Jane, and I like that. @@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ - mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci di'u + mi prami la .djein. .i mi nelci di'u I love that-named Jane. And I like the-last-utterance. @@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ - mi viska le gerku .i gy. cusku zo arf. + mi viska le gerku .i gy. cusku zo .arf. I see the dog . D expresses the-word Arf!. @@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ - le ninmu goi la sam. cu klama le zarci + le ninmu goi la .sam. cu klama le zarci The woman also-known-as that-named Sam -- goes-to the store. The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store. @@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ le ri kumfa, because that sumti is not yet complete when ri appears. This prevents ri from getting entangled in paradoxes of self-reference. (There are plenty of other ways to do that!) Note also that sumti within other sumti, as in quotations, abstractions, and the like, are counted in the order of their beginnings; thus a lower level sumti like - la alis. in + la .alis. in is considered to be more recent than a higher level sumti that contains it.Certain sumti are ignored by ri; specifically, most of the other cmavo of KOhA, and the almost-grammatically-equivalent lerfu words of selma'o BY. It is simpler just to repeat these directly: @@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ - la djan. viska le tricu .i + la .djan. viska le tricu .i That-named John sees the tree. - @@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ - lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire + lo smuci .i lo forca .i la .rik. pilno rixire A spoon. - A fork. - That-named Rick uses [repeat-next-to-last]. @@ -1029,13 +1029,13 @@ Here rixire, or ri-sub-2, skips - la rik. to reach + la .rik. to reach lo forca. In the same way, riximu, or ri-sub-5, skips la .alis., rixire, - la rik., and + la .rik., and lo forca to reach lo smuci. As can clearly be seen, this procedure is barely practicable in writing, and would break down totally in speech. Therefore, the vaguer @@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ - lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra + lo smuci .i lo forca .i la .rik. pilno ra A spoon. - A fork. - That-named Rick uses [some-previous-thing]. @@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ In , the use of ra tells us that something other than - la rik. is the antecedent; + la .rik. is the antecedent; lo forca is the nearest sumti, so it is probably the antecedent. Similarly, the antecedent of ru must be something even further back in the utterance than lo forca, and @@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ - la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u + la .djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u That-named John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. @@ -1956,7 +1956,7 @@ - la djan. cu lafti da poi + la .djan. cu lafti da poi That-named John - raised something-1 which diff --git a/chapters/08.xml b/chapters/08.xml index 3cd0f5c80..4bd9e73c9 100644 --- a/chapters/08.xml +++ b/chapters/08.xml @@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ - le nanmu no'u la djim. cu terpemci + le nanmu no'u la .djim. cu terpemci The man, incidentally-who-is that-named Jim , is-a-poet. The man, Jim, is a poet. @@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ - le nanmu po'u la djim. cu terpemci + le nanmu po'u la .djim. cu terpemci The man who-is that-named Jim -- is-a-poet. The man Jim is a poet. @@ -1297,7 +1297,7 @@ - la frank. .e la djordj. noi + la .frank. .e la .djordj. noi That-named Frank and that-named George incidentally-who @@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@ - la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o + la .frank. .e la .djordj. vu'o (That-named Frank and that-named George ) @@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ The presence of vu'o here means that the relative clause noi nanmu extends to the entire logically connected sumti - la frank. .e la djordj.; in other words, both Frank and George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows. + la .frank. .e la .djordj.; in other words, both Frank and George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows. relative clauses on complex sumtiLojban contrasted with English English is able to resolve the distinction correctly in the case of and by making use of number: @@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@ - la frank. .e la djordj. noi + la .frank. .e la .djordj. noi That-named Frank and (that-named George who @@ -1364,7 +1364,7 @@ - la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o + la .frank. .e la .djordj. vu'o (That-named Frank and that-named George ) @@ -1386,7 +1386,7 @@ - coi. frank. + coi .frank. Hello, Frank. @@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ - fi'i la frank. .e la djordj. + fi'i la .frank. .e la .djordj. Welcome, Frank and George! @@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@ - coi la frank. + coi la .frank. Hello, the-one-named Frank. @@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@ - coi. frank. poi xunre se--bende + coi .frank. poi xunre se--bende Hello, Frank who is-a-red team-member Hello, Frank from the Red Team! diff --git a/chapters/09.xml b/chapters/09.xml index 2c2f3206d..97ec5f66c 100644 --- a/chapters/09.xml +++ b/chapters/09.xml @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ - mi cu klama la bastn. la .atlantas. + mi cu klama la .bastn. la .atlantas. I - go to-that-named Boston from-that-named Atlanta @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ - + @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ - mi la bastn. la .atlantas. + mi la .bastn. la .atlantas. I, to-that-named Boston from-that-named Atlanta @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ - mi la bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. + mi la .bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. I to-that-named Boston - go from-that-named Atlanta @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ emphasischanging by using non-standard form of bridi bridieffect of using non-standard form All of the variant forms in this section and following sections can be used to place emphasis on the part or parts which have been moved out of their standard places. Thus, places emphasis on the selbri (because it is at the end); emphasizes - la bastn., because it has been moved before the selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reordering. + la .bastn., because it has been moved before the selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reordering. cueffect on elidable terminators cuusefulness of cunecessity of cuas selbri separator In all these examples, the cmavo cu (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use cu. However, providing it helps the reader or listener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary. @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ - klama la bastn. + klama la .bastn. A-goer to-that-named Boston Goes - to-Boston @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ - mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. + mi klama la .bastn. la .atlantas. I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using an unspecified means). @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ - mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce + mi klama la .bastn. la .atlantas. le karce I go to-that-named Boston from-that-named Atlanta via-the car. @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ unspecified route - mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. + mi klama la .bastn. la .atlantas. I go to-that-named Boston from-that-named Atlanta @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ - fa mi cu klama fe la bastn. fi la .atlantas. + fa mi cu klama fe la .bastn. fi la .atlantas. x1= I - go x2= that-named Boston x3= that-named Atlanta @@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ x1= I go x2= (the house of me) - which - … nurma vau fi la nu,IORK. + … nurma vau fi la .nu,IORK. … is-rural - x3= that-named New-York. @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ - + @@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ go x1= I x3= that-named Atlanta x5= the car - … fe la bastn. fo le dargu + … fe la .bastn. fo le dargu … x2= that-named Boston x4= the road. Go I from Atlanta using the car to Boston via the road. @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ x5= the car x4= the road x3= that-named Atlanta - … fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi + … fe la .bastn. cu klama fa mi … x2= that-named Boston - go x1= I Using the car, via the road, from Atlanta to Boston go I. @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ The car to-the road from-that-named Atlanta - … la bastn. cu klama mi + … la .bastn. cu klama mi … via-that-named Boston - goes using-me. The car goes to the road from Atlanta, with Boston as the route, using me as a means of transport. @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ - klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. + klama fi la .atlantas. fe la .bastn. A-goer x3= that-named Atlanta x2= that-named Boston @@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ - klama fa mi la bastn. la .atlantas. + klama fa mi la .bastn. la .atlantas. Go x1= I x2=that-named Boston x3=that-named Atlanta @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ I go x3= that-named Atlanta, the road - … fe la bastn. le karce + … fe la .bastn. le karce … x2= that-named Boston, the car. I go from Atlanta via the road to Boston using the car. @@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ fi, and le dargu occupies the x4 place as a result of following la .atlantas.. Finally, - la bastn. occupies the x2 place because of its tag + la .bastn. occupies the x2 place because of its tag fe, and le karce skips over the already-occupied x3 and x4 places to land in the x5 place. FA selma'oavoidance of complex usage of Such a convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; the rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation is possible. @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ - [fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama + [fa] la .rik. fa la .djein. klama [x1=] that-named Rick x1= that-named Jane goes-to @@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ - la bastn. cu se--klama mi + la .bastn. cu se--klama mi That-named Boston - is-the-destination of-me. Boston is my destination. Boston is gone to by me. @@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ - fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi + fe la .bastn. cu klama fa mi x2= that-named Boston - go x1= I. To Boston go I. @@ -593,12 +593,12 @@ mean the same thing, in the sense that there is a relationship of going with the speaker as the agent and Boston as the destination (and with unspecified origin, route, and means). Structurally, however, they are quite different. has - la bastn. in the x1 place and + la .bastn. in the x1 place and mi in the x2 place of the selbri se klama, and uses standard bridi order; has mi in the x1 place and - la bastn. in the x2 place of the selbri + la .bastn. in the x2 place of the selbri klama, and uses a non-standard order. LE selma'o LA selma'o converted selbriin descriptions The most important use of conversion is in the construction of descriptions. A description is a sumti which begins with a cmavo of selma'o LA or LE, called the descriptor, and contains (in the simplest case) a selbri. We have already seen the descriptions le dargu and @@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ - mi cadzu seka'a la bratfyd. + mi cadzu seka'a la .bratfyd. I walk with-destination that-named Bradford. I am walking to Bradford. @@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ - bloti teka'a la nu,IORK. + bloti teka'a la .nu,IORK. [Observative:]-is-a-boat with-origin that-named New-York A boat from New York! @@ -1049,11 +1049,11 @@ - la djan. cpacu le pamoi se--jinga + la .djan. cpacu le pamoi se--jinga - John gets the first prize - … ki'u le nu la djan. jinga + … ki'u le nu la .djan. jinga … with-justification the event-of that-named John wins. John got the first prize because he won. @@ -1078,11 +1078,11 @@ - la sokrates. morsi binxo ni'i + la .sokrates. morsi binxo ni'i - Socrates dead became with-logical-justification - … le nu la sokrates. remna + … le nu la .sokrates. remna … the event-of that-named Socrates is-human. Socrates died because Socrates is human. @@ -1310,11 +1310,11 @@ - mi dunda le cukta la djan. + mi dunda le cukta la .djan. I gave the book to-that-named John. - … .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini mi + … .imu'ibo la .djan. dunda lei jdini mi … Motivated-by that-named John gave the-mass-of money to-me. I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me. @@ -1326,11 +1326,11 @@ nu'u nu'i - nu'i mu'igi la djan. lei jdini mi gi + nu'i mu'igi la .djan. lei jdini mi gi [start] because that-named John, the-mass-of money, me ; - … mi le cukta la djan. nu'u dunda + … mi le cukta la .djan. nu'u dunda … I, the book, that-named John [end] gives. @@ -1428,11 +1428,11 @@ - mi tavla bau la lojban. + mi tavla bau la .lojban. I speak in-language that-named Lojban - bai tu'a la frank. + bai tu'a la .frank. with-compeller some-act-by that-named Frank. I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank. @@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ - mi tavla bau la lojban. bai [ku]. + mi tavla bau la .lojban. bai [ku]. I speak in-language that-named Lojban under-compulsion - @@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ I speak in-some-language - - bai tu'a la frank. + bai tu'a la .frank. under-compulsion-by some-act-by that-named Frank. @@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@ - mi bai tavla bau la lojban. + mi bai tavla bau la .lojban. I compelledly speak in-language that-named Lojban. @@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ - mi se--bapli tavla bau la lojban. + mi se--bapli tavla bau la .lojban. I compelledly speak in-language that-named Lojban. @@ -1619,7 +1619,7 @@ The Appassionata which is-expressed-by - … la .artr. rubnstain. cu se--nelci mi + … la .artr. .rubnstain. cu se--nelci mi … that-named Arthur Rubinstein - is-liked-by me. @@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@ The Appassionata, which is-created-by - … la betovn. cu se--nelci mi + … la .betovn. cu se--nelci mi … that-named Beethoven, - is-liked-by me. @@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@ - la .apasionatas. pe la .artr. rubnstain. se--nelci mi + la .apasionatas. pe la .artr. .rubnstain. se--nelci mi The Appassionata of that-named Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me. @@ -1676,7 +1676,7 @@ - la .apasionatas. ne la betovn. se--nelci mi + la .apasionatas. ne la .betovn. se--nelci mi The Appassionata, which-is-of that-named Beethoven, is-liked-by me. @@ -1705,7 +1705,7 @@ The Appassionata expressed-by - … la .artr. rubnstain. cu se--nelci mi + … la .artr. .rubnstain. cu se--nelci mi … that-named Arthur Rubinstein - is-liked-by me. @@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ The Appassionata, invented-by - … la betovn. cu se--nelci mi + … la .betovn. cu se--nelci mi … that-named Beethoven, - is-liked-by me. @@ -1748,11 +1748,11 @@ - la frank. nelci la betis. + la .frank. nelci la .betis. That-named Frank likes that-named Betty, - ne semau la meiris. + ne semau la .meiris. which-is more-than that-named Mary. Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary. @@ -1771,11 +1771,11 @@ - la frank. nelci la meiris. + la .frank. nelci la .meiris. That-named Frank likes that-named Mary, - ne seme'a la betis. + ne seme'a la .betis. which-is less-than that-named Betty. Frank likes Mary less than (he likes) Betty. @@ -1798,8 +1798,8 @@ "less"English wordimportance of relative phrase to "more"English wordimportance of relative phrase to If the ne were omitted in and - , the modal sumti (la meiris. and - la betis. respectively) would become attached to the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation. + , the modal sumti (la .meiris. and + la .betis. respectively) would become attached to the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation. would become: @@ -1807,7 +1807,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c9e10d9"/> - la frank. nelci la meiris. seme'a la betis. + la .frank. nelci la .meiris. seme'a la .betis. That-named Frank likes that-named Mary is-less-than that-named Betty. Frank's liking Mary is less than Betty. @@ -1821,19 +1821,19 @@ - le ni la frank. + le ni la .frank. The quantity-of that-named Frank's - nelci la betis. cu + nelci la .betis. cu liking that-named Betty - - zmadu le ni la frank. + zmadu le ni la .frank. is-more-than the quantity-of that-named Frank's - nelci la meiris. + nelci la .meiris. liking that-named Mary. @@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@ - mi nelci do .ije mi nelci la djein. + mi nelci do .ije mi nelci la .djein. I like you. And I like that-named Jane. @@ -1866,7 +1866,7 @@ - mi nelci do .iki'ubo mi nelci la djein. + mi nelci do .iki'ubo mi nelci la .djein. I like you. Justified-by I like that-named Jane. @@ -1878,19 +1878,19 @@ - mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la djein. + mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la .djein. I like you. And-justified-by I like that-named Jane. mixed modal connectiondefinition Here the two sentences mi nelci do and - mi nelci la djein. are simultaneously asserted, their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. The logical connective + mi nelci la .djein. are simultaneously asserted, their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. The logical connective je comes before the modal ki'u in all such mixed connections. Since mi nelci do and - mi nelci la djein. differ only in the final sumti, we can transform + mi nelci la .djein. differ only in the final sumti, we can transform into a mixed sumti connection: @@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ - mi nelci do .eki'ubo la djein. + mi nelci do .eki'ubo la .djein. I like you and/because that-named Jane. @@ -1911,7 +1911,7 @@ - mi nelci do gi'eki'ubo nelci la djein. + mi nelci do gi'eki'ubo nelci la .djein. I like you and/because like that-named Jane. @@ -2012,14 +2012,14 @@ - mi cusku - bau la lojban. + mi cusku - bau la .lojban. I express [something] in-language that-named Lojban. place structureeffect of modal conversion on conversionmodal modal conversionplace structure of modal conversiongrammar of has an explicit x1 place occupied by mi and an explicit bau place occupied by - la lojban. To exchange these two, we use a modal conversion operator consisting of + la .lojban. To exchange these two, we use a modal conversion operator consisting of jai (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, the modal conversion of @@ -2030,13 +2030,13 @@ - la lojban. jai--bau--cusku fai mi + la .lojban. jai--bau--cusku fai mi That-named Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me. faias allowing access to original first place in modal conversion modal conversionaccess to original first place with fai In , the modal place - la lojban. has become the x1 place of the new selbri + la .lojban. has become the x1 place of the new selbri jai bau cusku. What has happened to the old x1 place? There is no numbered place for it to move to, so it moves to a special unnumbered place marked by the tag fai of selma'o FA. @@ -2151,15 +2151,15 @@ - mi tavla bau la lojban. bai + mi tavla bau la .lojban. bai I speak in-language that-named Lojban compelled-by - … ki tu'a la frank. + … ki tu'a la .frank. … - some-property-of that-named Frank. - … .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban. + … .ibabo mi tavla bau la .gliban. … Afterward, I speak in-language that-named English. @@ -2169,19 +2169,19 @@ - mi tavla bau la lojban. bai + mi tavla bau la .lojban. bai I speak in-language that-named Lojban compelled-by - … tu'a la frank. + … tu'a la .frank. … some-property-of that-named Frank. - … .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban. bai + … .ibabo mi tavla bau la .gliban. bai … Afterward, I speak in-language that-named English compelled-by - … tu'a la frank. + … tu'a la .frank. … some-property-of that-named Frank. @@ -2217,11 +2217,11 @@ - la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani + la .frank. bajra seka'a le zdani That-named Frank runs with-destination the house. - … .ije la frank. bajra teka'a le zdani + … .ije la .frank. bajra teka'a le zdani … And that-named Frank runs with-origin the house. Frank runs to the house, and Frank runs from the house. @@ -2232,7 +2232,7 @@ je - la frank. bajra seka'a + la .frank. bajra seka'a That-named Frank runs with-destination @@ -2247,7 +2247,7 @@ - la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani + la .frank. bajra seka'a le zdani That-named Frank runs with-destination the house diff --git a/chapters/10.xml b/chapters/10.xml index ab3d53b0e..9c2fadf55 100644 --- a/chapters/10.xml +++ b/chapters/10.xml @@ -1275,7 +1275,7 @@ continues - la stiv. ca'o bacru + la .stiv. ca'o bacru That-named Steve [continuitive] utters. Steve continues to talk. @@ -1441,7 +1441,7 @@ - la djan. pu co'i catra la djim + la .djan. pu co'i catra la djim That-named John [past] [achievative] kills that-named Jim. John was at the point in time where he killed Jim. @@ -2174,11 +2174,11 @@ John says that George goes to market - la djan. ca cusku le se du'u + la .djan. ca cusku le se du'u - John [present] says the - statement-that - … la djordj. ca klama le zarci + … la .djordj. ca klama le zarci … That-named George [present] goes-to the market. @@ -2187,11 +2187,11 @@ - la djan. ca cusku le se du'u + la .djan. ca cusku le se du'u That-named John [present] says the - statement-that - … la djordj. pu klama le zarci + … la .djordj. pu klama le zarci … That-named George [past] goes-to the market. @@ -2200,9 +2200,9 @@ - la djan. pu cusku le se du'u + la .djan. pu cusku le se du'u That-named John [past] says the - statement-that - … la djordj. ca klama le zarci + … la .djordj. ca klama le zarci … That-named George [present] goes-to the market. @@ -2211,11 +2211,11 @@ - la djan. pu cusku le se du'u + la .djan. pu cusku le se du'u That-named John [past] says the - statement-that - … la djordj. pu klama le zarci + … la .djordj. pu klama le zarci … That-named George [past] goes-to the market. @@ -2242,7 +2242,7 @@ - la djan. pu cusku le se du'u + la .djan. pu cusku le se du'u That-named John [past] says the - statement-that @@ -2250,11 +2250,11 @@ … That-named Alice [past] says the - statement-that - … la djordj. pu cusku le se du'u + … la .djordj. pu cusku le se du'u … That-named George [past] says the - statement-that - … la maris. nau klama le zarci + … la .maris. nau klama le zarci … That-named Mary [now] goes-to the market. John said that Alice had said that George had earlier said that Mary is now going to the market. @@ -2437,7 +2437,7 @@ - la teris. satre le mlatu .ije la teris. satre le ractu + la .teris. satre le mlatu .ije la .teris. satre le ractu Terry strokes the cat. And Terry strokes the rabbit. @@ -2446,7 +2446,7 @@ - la teris. satre le mlatu gi'e satre le ractu + la .teris. satre le mlatu gi'e satre le ractu Terry strokes the cat and strokes the rabbit. @@ -2455,7 +2455,7 @@ - la teris. satre le mlatu .e le ractu + la .teris. satre le mlatu .e le ractu Terry strokes the cat and the rabbit. @@ -2470,7 +2470,7 @@ and then - la teris. satre le mlatu .ijebabo la teris. satre le ractu + la .teris. satre le mlatu .ijebabo la .teris. satre le ractu Terry strokes the cat. And then Terry strokes the rabbit. @@ -2482,7 +2482,7 @@ and then - la teris. satre le mlatu gi'ebabo satre le ractu + la .teris. satre le mlatu gi'ebabo satre le ractu Terry strokes the cat, and then strokes the rabbit. @@ -2493,7 +2493,7 @@ and then - la teris. satre le mlatu .ebabo le ractu + la .teris. satre le mlatu .ebabo le ractu Terry strokes the cat and then the rabbit. @@ -2825,7 +2825,7 @@ can see - la djan. ka'e viska + la .djan. ka'e viska That-named John [capable] sees. John is innately capable of seeing. @@ -2875,7 +2875,7 @@ - la frank. pu'i viska + la .frank. pu'i viska That-named Frank [can-and-has] sees. Frank has demonstrated a potential for seeing. @@ -2913,7 +2913,7 @@ - la frank. ba nu'o klama le zdani + la .frank. ba nu'o klama le zdani That-named Frank [future] [can-but-has-not] goes-to the store. Frank could have, but will not have, gone to the store (at some understood moment in the future). @@ -3109,7 +3109,7 @@ - la djordj. ca'o co'a ciska + la .djordj. ca'o co'a ciska That-named George [continuitive] [initiative] writes. George continues to start to write. @@ -3233,7 +3233,7 @@ - mi djuno fi le jai ca morsi be fai la djan. + mi djuno fi le jai ca morsi be fai la .djan. I know about the - [present] is-dead - of that-named John. I know the time of John's death. I know when John died. @@ -3550,7 +3550,7 @@ - la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. + la .frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la .djordj. That-named Frank stands [left] [start-termset] - George @@ -3562,7 +3562,7 @@ Here the termset extends from the nu'i to the implicit nu'u at the end of the sentence, and includes the terms - la djordj., which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti + la .djordj., which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti lo mitre be li mu, which the cmavo la'u (of selma'o BAI, and meaning with quantity; see @@ -3579,7 +3579,7 @@ - la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u + la .frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u That-named Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity] diff --git a/chapters/11.xml b/chapters/11.xml index 6fcf7329b..91e2dd2a5 100644 --- a/chapters/11.xml +++ b/chapters/11.xml @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ want to be a soldier - la djan. -- cu nu sonci kei -- djica + la .djan. -- cu nu sonci kei -- djica That-named John is-an - (event-of being-a-soldier ) type-of desirer. John wants to be a soldier. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ - la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] + la .djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] That-named John -- desires the event-of being-a-soldier. @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ kissing Jane - le nu la djan. cinba la djein. + le nu la .djan. cinba la .djein. the event-of that-named John kissing that-named Jane @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ under conditions - la lojban. cu frili -- mi + la .lojban. cu frili -- mi That-named Lojban -- is-easy-for me @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ killing Jim - le mu'e la djan. catra la djim. cu zekri + le mu'e la .djan. catra la .djim. cu zekri The point-event-of (that-named John kills that-named Jim) -- is-a-crime. John's killing Jim (considered as a point in time) is a crime. @@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ has a heart - la djan. cu se--risna zo'e + la .djan. cu se--risna zo'e That-named John -- has-as-heart something-unspecified. John has a heart. @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ - la djan. cu ckaji + la .djan. cu ckaji That-named John -- has-the-property @@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ love more - la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. + la .djan. cu zmadu la .djordj. That-named John -- exceeds that-named George @@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ - la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. + la .djan. cu zmadu la .djordj. That-named John -- exceeds that-named George @@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ - la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. + la .djan. cu zmadu la .djordj. That-named John -- exceeds that-named George @@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ - la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. + la .djan. cu zmadu la .djordj. That-named John -- exceeds that-named George @@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ - le ni la djein. cu mamta [kei] + le ni la .djein. cu mamta [kei] the amount-of (that-named Jane -- being-a-mother ) the amount of Jane's mother-ness (?) the amount of mother-ness in Jane (?) @@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ whether criminal - mi ba jdice le jei la djordj. + mi ba jdice le jei la .djordj. I [future] decide the (truth-value--of that-named George @@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ - mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei] + mi djuno le nu la .frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the event of Frank being a fool. @@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ - mi djuno le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei] + mi djuno le jei la .frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool. @@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ - mi djuno le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei] + mi djuno le du'u la .frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the predication that Frank is a fool. @@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ - mi kucli le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei] + mi kucli le du'u la .frank. cu bebna [kei] I am curious about whether Frank is a fool. @@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ curious - mi kucli le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei] + mi kucli le jei la .frank. cu bebna [kei] I am curious about how true it is that Frank is a fool. @@ -916,11 +916,11 @@ - la djan. cusku le se--du'u + la .djan. cusku le se--du'u That-named John expresses the (sentence-expressing-that - … la djordj. klama le zarci [kei] + … la .djordj. klama le zarci [kei] … that-named George goes-to the store ) John says that George goes to the store. @@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ That-named John expresses, quote, - la djordj. klama le zarci li'u + la .djordj. klama le zarci li'u that-named George goes to-the store, unquote. John says George goes to the store. @@ -1017,8 +1017,8 @@ zo'e or da or even - la djan.. Using - la djan. would suggest that it was John who I knew had gone to the store, however: + la .djan.. Using + la .djan. would suggest that it was John who I knew had gone to the store, however: <anchor xml:id="c11e8d4"/> @@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ <gloss>I know the predication-of/fact-that</gloss> </interlinear-gloss> <interlinear-gloss> - <jbo>… la djan. kau pu klama le zarci</jbo> + <jbo>… la .djan. kau pu klama le zarci</jbo> <gloss>… that-named John [indirect-question] [past] going-to the store.</gloss> <natlang>I know who went to the store, namely John.</natlang> @@ -1085,11 +1085,11 @@ <anchor xml:id="c11e8d8"/> - mi ba zgana le du'u la djan. + mi ba zgana le du'u la .djan. I [future] observe the predication-of/fact-that that-named John - … jikau la djordj. cu zvati le panka + … jikau la .djordj. cu zvati le panka … [connective-indirect-question] that-named George - is-at the park. I will see whether John or George (or both) is at the park. @@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ - mi nelci le si'o la lojban. cu mulno + mi nelci le si'o la .lojban. cu mulno I enjoy the concept-of that-named Lojban -- being-complete. @@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ - tu'a la djan. cu cafne + tu'a la .djan. cu cafne something-to-do-with that-named John -- frequently-occurs @@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ tu'a, would mean that John considered as an event frequently occurs – in other words, that John has some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as events in English, but the x1 place of cafne is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that - djan. is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.) + .djan. is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.) abstractionssimplification to sumti with jai abstractionsmaking concrete Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to tu'a which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo jai (of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in @@ -1492,11 +1492,11 @@ - le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali + le ka la .frank. ciska cu xlali The quality-of that-named Frank writing - is-bad, - … .ije le ni la frank. ciska cu xlali + … .ije le ni la .frank. ciska cu xlali … and the quantity-of that-named Frank writing - is-bad. @@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ - le ka je ni la frank. ciska cu xlali + le ka je ni la .frank. ciska cu xlali The quality and quantity of Frank's writing is bad. diff --git a/chapters/12.xml b/chapters/12.xml index d030b70bd..281000eea 100644 --- a/chapters/12.xml +++ b/chapters/12.xml @@ -159,15 +159,15 @@ Bill Clinton - la blabi zdani cu gerku be fa la spot. + la blabi zdani cu gerku be fa la .spot. That-named White House - is-a-dog ( namely that-named Spot - … bei la sankt. berNARD. be'o + … bei la .sankt. .berNARD. be'o … of-breed that-named Saint Bernard ) - zdani la bil. klinton. + zdani la .bil. .klinton. type-of-house-for that-named Bill Clinton. @@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ - la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat. + la .mon. .rePOS. gerzda la .spat. That-named Mon Repos is-a-doghouse-of that-named Spot. @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ Mon Repos - la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat. noi gerku + la .mon. .rePOS. zdani la .spat. noi gerku That-named Mon Repos is-a-house-of that-named Spot, who is-a-dog. @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ - la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat + la .mon. .rePOS. zdani la spat That-named Mon Repos is-a-house-of that-named Spot, @@ -457,11 +457,11 @@ - la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat. + la .mon. .rePOS. zdani la .spat. That-named Mon Repos is-a-house-of that-named Spot, - noi--ke'a gerku la sankt. berNARD. + noi--ke'a gerku la .sankt. .berNARD. who is-a-dog-of-breed that-named St. Bernard. @@ -471,15 +471,15 @@ - la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat. noi--ke'a gerku + la .mon. .rePOS. gerzda la .spat. noi--ke'a gerku That-named Mon Repos is-a-doghouse-of that-named Spot, who is-a-dog - … - la sankt. berNARD. ku'o + … - la .sankt. .berNARD. ku'o … of-breed that-named St. Bernard, - - - la sankt. berNARD. + - la .sankt. .berNARD. of-breed that-named St. Bernard. @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ Dong - di'e jdaselsku -- la dong. + di'e jdaselsku -- la .dong. This-utterance is-a-prayer somehow-related-to that-named Dong. @@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ blue-eyed - la djak. cu--blakanla + la .djak. cu--blakanla That-named Jack is-a-blue-eye @@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ - la djak. cu se--blakanla + la .djak. cu se--blakanla That-named Jack -- is-the-bearer-of-blue-eyes @@ -1752,7 +1752,7 @@ On the other hand, the lujvo - la djudis. cu citrai lo'i lobypli + la .djudis. cu citrai lo'i lobypli Judy is the youngest of all Lojbanists. diff --git a/chapters/13.xml b/chapters/13.xml index 5f36c4aba..fe2c23734 100644 --- a/chapters/13.xml +++ b/chapters/13.xml @@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ - .ue la djan. klama + .ue la .djan. klama [Surprise!] that-named John comes. @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ - .uecu'i la djan. klama + .uecu'i la .djan. klama [Ho-hum.] that-named John comes. @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ - .uenai la djan. klama + .uenai la .djan. klama [Expected!] that-named John comes. @@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ - .oi la djan. klama + .oi la .djan. klama [Complaint!] that-named John is-coming. @@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ - .o'onai la djan. klama + .o'onai la .djan. klama [Anger!] that-named John is-coming! @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ - .o'i la djan. klama + .o'i la .djan. klama [Beware!] that-named John is-coming. @@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ - .o'ecu'i la djan. klama + .o'ecu'i la .djan. klama [Detachment!] that-named John is-coming. @@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ - .o'u la djan. klama + .o'u la .djan. klama [Phew!] that-named John is-coming. @@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ - la djan. .iu klama + la .djan. .iu klama That-named John [love!] is-coming. @@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ - la djan. .ionai klama + la .djan. .ionai klama That-named John [disrespect!] is-coming. @@ -495,13 +495,13 @@ and use attitudinals that follow - la djan. rather than being at the beginning of the sentence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. Compare: + la .djan. rather than being at the beginning of the sentence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. Compare: <anchor xml:id="c13e2d18"/> - la djan. klama .iu + la .djan. klama .iu That-named John is-coming [love!] @@ -1984,7 +1984,7 @@ Carthage destroyed - pe'i la kartagos. .ei se--daspo + pe'i la .kartagos. .ei se--daspo [I-opine!] that-named Carthage [obligation] is-destroyed. In my opinion, Carthage should be destroyed. @@ -2002,7 +2002,7 @@ Livingston - ru'a doi livinston. + ru'a doi .livinston. [I-presume] o Livingstone. Dr. Livingstone, I presume? (A rhetorical question: Stanley knew who he was.) @@ -2731,9 +2731,7 @@ writer and reader. vocativesnotation convention symbol "X" In the following list of vocatives, the translations include the symbol X. This represents the name (or identifying description, or whatever) of the listener. - doieffect on pause before cmevla pause before cmevlaeffect of doi The cmavo - doi is the general-purpose vocative. Unlike the cmavo of selma'o COI, explained below, - doi can precede a cmevla directly without an intervening pause. It is not considered a scale, and + The cmavo doi is the general-purpose vocative. It is not considered a scale, and doinai is not grammatical. In general, doi needs no translation in English (we just use names by themselves without any preceding word, although in poetic styles we sometimes say Oh X, which is equivalent to @@ -2744,16 +2742,6 @@ doi .ionai means You there!. - COI selma'oeffect on pause before cmevla pause before cmevlaeffect of vocatives of COI All members of selma'o COI require a pause when used immediately before a cmevla, in order to prevent the cmevla from absorbing the COI word. This is unlike selma'o DOI and LA, which do not require pauses because the syllables of these cmavo are not permitted to be embedded in a cmevla. When calling out to someone, this is fairly natural, anyway. - Hey! John! is thus a better translation of - ju'i .djan. than - - Hey John!. No pause is needed if the vocative reference is something other than a cmevla, as in the title of the Lojban journal, - ju'i lobypli. - - (Alternatively, - doi can be inserted between the COI cmavo and the cmevla, making a pause unnecessary: - coi doi djan.) coi @@ -3091,12 +3079,12 @@ sei ... se'u indicate the speaker of each sentence. - la rik. .e la .alis. nerkla le kafybarja - That-named Rick and that-named Alice in-go to-the coffee-bar. + la .rik. .e la .alis. cu nerkla le kafybarja + That-name Rick and that-named Alice - in-come to-the coffee-bar. Rick and Alice go into the coffee bar. - .i sei la rik. cusku se'u + .i sei la .rik. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Rick says, [end-comment] @@ -3109,7 +3097,7 @@ Rick said, Sorry to break in, everybody. Pretty soon I'm getting married to my love here. - .i sei la djordj. cusku se'u + .i sei la .djordj. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named George says, [end-comment] @@ -3118,7 +3106,7 @@ George said, I hope you'll be happy, um, ...? - .i sei la pam. cusku se'u pe'u .alis. + .i sei la .pam. cusku se'u pe'u .alis. - [Comment] that-named Pam says, [end-comment] [Please] Alice, @@ -3127,7 +3115,7 @@ Pam said, Please, Alice, am I going to be invited to the wedding? - .i sei la mark. cusku se'u + .i sei la .mark. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Mark says, [end-comment] @@ -3140,7 +3128,7 @@ Mark said, Hello, spouses-to-be. I hope both of you will be very happy. - .i sei la rik. cusku se'u + .i sei la .rik. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Rick says, [end-comment] @@ -3158,7 +3146,7 @@ Alice said, I promise you'll be there, Pam honey. - .i sei la fred. cusku se'u + .i sei la .fred. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Fred says, [end-comment] @@ -3171,12 +3159,12 @@ I love Alice too, said Fred miserably. Have a nice life, Rick. - .i la fred. cliva + .i la .fred. cliva - that-named Fred leaves. And he left. - .i sei la rik. cusku se'u + .i sei la .rik. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Rick says, [end-comment] @@ -3189,7 +3177,7 @@ Rick said, raising his voice, A cup of coffee for the house, on me. - .i sei la pam. cusku se'u + .i sei la .pam. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Pam says, [end-comment] @@ -3203,7 +3191,7 @@ The waiter replied, May I help you? - .i sei la pam. cusku se'u + .i sei la .pam. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Pam says, [end-comment] @@ -3221,17 +3209,17 @@ Gotcha, said the waiter. - .i sei la rik. cusku se'u ki'e .pam. + .i sei la .rik. cusku se'u ki'e .pam. - [Comment] that-named Rick says, [end-comment] [Thanks] Pam. Thanks, Pam, said Rick. - .i sei la pam. cusku se'u je'e + .i sei la .pam. cusku se'u je'e - [Comment] that-named Pam says, [end-comment] [Acknowledge]. Sure, said Pam. - .i sei la djan. cusku se'u + .i sei la .djan. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named John says, [end-comment] @@ -3244,7 +3232,7 @@ John said, I, er, a lotta, uh, marriage, upcoming marriage, .... Oh, forget it. Er, later. - .i sei la djordj. cusku se'u + .i sei la .djordj. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named George says, [end-comment] @@ -3253,7 +3241,7 @@ How's that again, John? said George. - .i sei la pam. cusku se'u + .i sei la .pam. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named Pam says, [end-comment] @@ -3267,25 +3255,25 @@ The cup fell. - .i sei la djan. cusku se'u + .i sei la .djan. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named John says, [end-comment] - … e'o doi djordj. zo'o rapygau + … e'o doi .djordj. zo'o rapygau … [Petition] o George [humor] repeat-cause. John said, Try that again, George! - .i sei la djordj. cusku se'u + .i sei la .djordj. cusku se'u - [Comment] that-named George says, [end-comment] - … co'o ro zvati pe secau la djan. ga'i + … co'o ro zvati pe secau la .djan. ga'i … [Partings] all at-place which-are without that-named John [superiority] Goodbye to all of you, said George sneeringly, except John. - .i la djordj. cliva + .i la .djordj. cliva - that-named George leaves. George left. diff --git a/chapters/14.xml b/chapters/14.xml index 5c7176ed4..b0e801269 100644 --- a/chapters/14.xml +++ b/chapters/14.xml @@ -321,13 +321,13 @@ - la djan. nanmu .ija la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .ija la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-man or that-named James is-a-woman. Here we have two separate Lojban bridi, - la djan. nanmu and - la djeimyz. ninmu. These bridi are connected by + la .djan. nanmu and + la .djeimyz. ninmu. These bridi are connected by .ija, the ijek for the truth function A. The i portion of the ijek tells us that we are dealing with separate sentences here. Similarly, we can now say: @@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .ije la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .ije la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-man and that-named James is-a-woman. @@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .ijo la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .ijo la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-man if-and-only-if that-named James is-a-woman. @@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .iju la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .iju la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-man whether-or-not that-named James is-a-woman. @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .inajo la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .inajo la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if that-named James is-a-woman. @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .ijonai la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .ijonai la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-man if-and-only-if that-named James is-not-a-woman. @@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .ijanai la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-man or that-named James is-not-a-woman. John is a man if James is a woman. @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ - la djan. ninmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. ninmu .ijanai la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-a-woman if that-named James is-a-woman. @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .inaja la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .inaja la .djeimyz. ninmu That-named John is-not-a-man or that-named James is-a-woman. John is a man only if James is a woman. If John is a man, then James is a woman. @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .iseju la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .iseju la .djeimyz. ninmu Whether or not John is a man, James is a woman. @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c14e5d1"/> - la djan. nanmu + la .djan. nanmu is a complete bridi, and adding an afterthought connection to make @@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ - la djan. nanmu .ija la djeimyz. ninmu + la .djan. nanmu .ija la .djeimyz. ninmu John is a man or James is a woman (or both) @@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ - ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + ga la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both). @@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ - ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + ge la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu (It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman. @@ -545,14 +545,14 @@ - gu la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + gu la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu It is true that John is a man, whether or not James is a woman. It is worth emphasizing that does not assert that James is (or is not) a woman. The gu which indicates that - la djeimyz. ninmu may be true or false is unfortunately rather remote from the bridi thus affected. + la .djeimyz. ninmu may be true or false is unfortunately rather remote from the bridi thus affected. Perhaps the most important of the truth functions commonly expressed in forethought is TFTT, which can be paraphrased as if ... then ...: @@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ - ganai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + ganai la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu Either that-named John is-not-a-man, or that-named James is-a-woman. If John is a man, then James is a woman. @@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ - gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + gonai la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu John is not a man if and only if James is a woman. Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both. @@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ - go la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu + go la .djan. nanmu ginai la .djeimyz. ninmu John is a man if and only if James is not a woman. Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both. @@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ - ge la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu + ge la .djan. nanmu ginai la .djeimyz. ninmu John is a man and James is not a woman. @@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ - ganai la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu + ganai la .djan. nanmu ginai la .djeimyz. ninmu John is not a man or James is not a woman. @@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ - la djan. klama le zarci .ije la .alis. klama le zarci + la .djan. klama le zarci .ije la .alis. klama le zarci John goes to the market, and Alice goes to the market. @@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ - la djan. -- .ije + la .djan. -- .ije That-named John [is/does-something]. And @@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ - la djan. .o la .alis. klama le zarci + la .djan. .o la .alis. klama le zarci That-named John if-and-only-if that-named Alice goes-to the market. John goes to the market if, and only if, Alice does. @@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ - ga la djan. gi la .alis. klama le zarci + ga la .djan. gi la .alis. klama le zarci Either John or Alice (or both) goes to the market. @@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ - la djan. na.a la .alis. klama le zarci + la .djan. na.a la .alis. klama le zarci That-named John only-if that-named Alice goes-to the market. John goes to the market only if Alice does. @@ -805,11 +805,11 @@ - mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. + mi nelci la .djan. .ije mi nelci la .martas. I like that-named John. And I like that-named Martha. - … .ija mi nelci la meris. + … .ija mi nelci la .meris. … Or I like that-named Mary. @@ -835,15 +835,15 @@ - ga ge mi nelci la djan. + ga ge mi nelci la .djan. Either (Both I like that-named John - … gi mi nelci la martas. + … gi mi nelci la .martas. … and I like that-named Martha) - … gi mi nelci la meris. + … gi mi nelci la .meris. … or I like that-named Mary. @@ -854,15 +854,15 @@ - ge mi nelci la djan. + ge mi nelci la .djan. Both I like that-named John - … gi ga mi nelci la martas. + … gi ga mi nelci la .martas. … and (Either I like that-named Martha - … gi mi nelci la meris. + … gi mi nelci la .meris. … or I like that-named Mary). @@ -884,11 +884,11 @@ - mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. + mi nelci la .djan. .ije mi nelci la .martas. I like that-named John, and I like that-named Martha - … .ijabo mi nelci la meris. + … .ijabo mi nelci la .meris. … or I like that-named Mary. @@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c14e8d2"/> - mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris. + mi nelci la .djan. .e la .martas. .abo la .meris. bo and forethought connectives forethought connectives and bo Forethought connectives, however, never can be suffixed with bo, for every use of forethought connectives clearly indicates the intended pattern of grouping. @@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c14e8d3"/> - mi nelci la djan. .ebo la martas. .abo la meris. + mi nelci la .djan. .ebo la .martas. .abo la .meris. logical connectivesright-grouping with bo boright-grouping Does this wind up meaning the same as and @@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ - mi klama le zarci .ije mi nelci la djan. + mi klama le zarci .ije mi nelci la .djan. I go-to the market, and I like that-named John. @@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ - mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan. + mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la .djan. I go-to the market and like that-named John. @@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ gi'e is the gihek corresponding to and. The actual phrases klama le zarci and - nelci la djan. that the gihek connects are known as + nelci la .djan. that the gihek connects are known as bridi-tails, because they represent (in this use) the tail end of a bridi, including the selbri and any following sumti, but excluding any sumti that precede the selbri: @@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c14e9d8"/> - mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la djan. [vau] [vau] + mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la .djan. [vau] [vau] where the double vau at the end of @@ -1196,19 +1196,19 @@ - klama la nu,IORK. + klama la .nu,IORK. A-goer to-that-named New-York - la finyks. + la .finyks. from-that-named Phoenix - … gi'e klama la nu,IORK. + … gi'e klama la .nu,IORK. … and a-goer to-that-named New-York - la rom. + la .rom. from-that-named Rome. @@ -1220,11 +1220,11 @@ - da klama la nu,IORK. la finyks. + da klama la .nu,IORK. la .finyks. Something is-a-goer to-that-named New-York from-that-named Phoenix - … gi'e klama la nu,IORK. la rom. + … gi'e klama la .nu,IORK. la .rom. … and is-a-goer to-that-named New-York from-that-named Rome. @@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ - mi nelci la djan. gi'e nelci la martas. gi'abo nelci la meris. + mi nelci la .djan. gi'e nelci la .martas. gi'abo nelci la .meris. I like John and ( like Martha or like Mary ). @@ -1287,15 +1287,15 @@ owe money - - mi dejni lo rupnu la djan. + - mi dejni lo rupnu la .djan. [If] I owe some currency-units to-that-named John, - … .inaja mi dunda le cukta la djan. + … .inaja mi dunda le cukta la .djan. … then I give the book to-that-named John - … .ijabo mi lebna le cukta la djan. + … .ijabo mi lebna le cukta la .djan. … or I take the book from-that-named John. @@ -1309,7 +1309,7 @@ [If] I owe some currency-units then (give - … gi'abo lebna vau le cukta vau la djan. + … gi'abo lebna vau le cukta vau la .djan. … or take) - a book - to/from-that-named John. @@ -1321,17 +1321,17 @@ le cukta is a tail-term shared between dunda and lebna; - la djan. is a tail-term shared by + la .djan. is a tail-term shared by dejni and by dunda gi'abo lebna. In this case, greater clarity is probably achieved by moving - la djan. to the beginning of the sentence, as in + la .djan. to the beginning of the sentence, as in : <anchor xml:id="c14e10d5"/> - fi la djan. - fa mi dejni lo rupnu + fi la .djan. - fa mi dejni lo rupnu To/from that-named John, [if] - I owe some currency-units @@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ - mi ge klama le zarci gi nelci la djan. + mi ge klama le zarci gi nelci la .djan. I both go-to the market and like that-named John. @@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@ I both (go to-the market and walk to-the house) - … gi nelci la djan. + … gi nelci la .djan. … and like that-named John. @@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ - la teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi + la .teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi That-named Terry - is-rich and (male or female). @@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ - xu la faidon. gerku + xu la .faidon. gerku Is-it-true-that that-named Fido is-a-dog? @@ -1830,7 +1830,7 @@ dog or cat - xu la faidon. gerku gi'onai mlatu + xu la .faidon. gerku gi'onai mlatu Is-it-true-that that-named Fido is-a-dog or is-a-cat (but--not--both)? @@ -2064,7 +2064,7 @@ - la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno + la .djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno That-named John massed-with that-named Alice - carry the piano. @@ -2170,11 +2170,11 @@ choose from - mi cuxna la .alis. la frank. + mi cuxna la .alis. la .frank. I choose that-named Alice from-that-named Frank - … ce la .alis. ce la djeimyz. + … ce la .alis. ce la .djeimyz. … and-member that-named Alice and-member that-named James. I choose Alice from among Frank, Alice, and James. @@ -2194,7 +2194,7 @@ list - ti liste mi ce'o do ce'o la djan. + ti liste mi ce'o do ce'o la .djan. This is-a-list-of me and-sequence you and-sequence that-named John. This is a list of you, me, and John. @@ -2222,7 +2222,7 @@ brothers - la djeimyz. bruna la djordj. + la .djeimyz. bruna la .djordj. That-named James is-the-brother-of that-named George. @@ -2239,7 +2239,7 @@ brothers - la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna + la .djeimyz. .e la .djordj. bruna That-named James and that-named George is-a-brother. @@ -2254,11 +2254,11 @@ brothers - la djeimyz. jo'u + la .djeimyz. jo'u That-named James in-common-with that-named - la djordj. cu remei bruna + la .djordj. cu remei bruna George - are-a-twosome type-of-brothers. @@ -2272,11 +2272,11 @@ brothers - la djeimyz. joi + la .djeimyz. joi That-named James massed-with - la djordj. cu bruna remei + la .djordj. cu bruna remei that-named George - are-a-brother type-of-twosome. @@ -2294,11 +2294,11 @@ respectively - la djeimyz. fa'u la djordj. + la .djeimyz. fa'u la .djordj. That-named James jointly-in-order-with that-named George - … prami la meris. fa'u la martas. + … prami la .meris. fa'u la .martas. … loves that-named Mary jointly-in-order-with that-named Martha. James and George love Mary and Martha, respectively. @@ -2313,11 +2313,11 @@ - la djeimyz. .e la djordj. prami + la .djeimyz. .e la .djordj. prami That-named James and that-named George love - … la meris. .e la martas. + … la .meris. .e la .martas. … that-named Mary and that-named Martha. @@ -2327,15 +2327,15 @@ - la djeimyz. prami la meris. .ije la djordj. prami + la .djeimyz. prami la .meris. .ije la .djordj. prami That-named James loves that-named Mary, and that-named George loves - … la meris. .ije la djeimyz. prami la martas. + … la .meris. .ije la .djeimyz. prami la .martas. … that-named Mary, and that-named James loves that-named Martha, - … .ije la djordj. prami la martas. + … .ije la .djordj. prami la .martas. … and that-named George loves that-named Martha. @@ -2347,11 +2347,11 @@ - la djeimyz. ce'e la meris. pe'e + la .djeimyz. ce'e la .meris. pe'e That-named James [plus] that-named Mary [joint] - … je la djordj. ce'e la martas. prami + … je la .djordj. ce'e la .martas. prami … and that-named George [plus] that-named Martha loves. @@ -2362,7 +2362,7 @@ - la djeimyz. fa'u la djordj. prami re mensi + la .djeimyz. fa'u la .djordj. prami re mensi That-named James and-respectively that-named George love two sisters. @@ -2440,11 +2440,11 @@ - la djeimyz. ce[bo] la djordj. pi'u + la .djeimyz. ce[bo] la .djordj. pi'u That-named James and-set that-named George cross-product - … la meris. cebo la martas. cu prami se remei + … la .meris. cebo la .martas. cu prami se remei … that-named Mary and-set that-named Martha - are-lover - type-of-pairs. @@ -2458,7 +2458,7 @@ - mi joibo do ce la djan. joibo la djein. + mi joibo do ce la .djan. joibo la .djein. (I massed-with you) and (that-named John massed-with that-named Jane) @@ -2478,11 +2478,11 @@ discuss in language - mi ce'e bau la lojban. pe'e joi + mi ce'e bau la .lojban. pe'e joi (I [plus] in-language that-named Lojban [joint] massed-with - … do ce'e bau la gliban. nu'u casnu + … do ce'e bau la .gliban. nu'u casnu … you [plus] in-language that-named English ) discuss. @@ -2493,7 +2493,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c14e15d8"/> - nu'i joigi mi bau la lojban. gi do bau la gliban. nu'u casnu + nu'i joigi mi bau la .lojban. gi do bau la .gliban. nu'u casnu respectivelywith different relationships tagged sumti termsetsconnecting with non-logical forethought connectives non-logical forethought termsetsconnecting tagged sumti Non-logical forethought termsets are also useful when the things to be non-logically connected are sumti preceded with tense or modal (BAI) tags: @@ -2502,11 +2502,11 @@ - la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku + la .djan. fa'u la .frank. cusku That-named John respectively-with that-named Frank express - … nu'i bau la lojban. + … nu'i bau la .lojban. … [start-termset] in-language that-named Lojban @@ -2514,7 +2514,7 @@ … [joint] respectively-with under-compulsion-by - tu'a la djordj. [nu'u] + tu'a la .djordj. [nu'u] something-about that-named George. - John and Frank speak in Lojban and under George's compulsion, respectively. @@ -2641,7 +2641,7 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaiI [present] stand-on-surface - la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt. + la .drezdn. bi'i la .frankfurt. that-named Dresden [interval] that-named Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt. @@ -2654,7 +2654,7 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisai, it is all the same whether I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt or between Frankfurt and Dresden, so bi'i is the appropriate interval connective. The sumti - la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt. falls into the x2 place of + la .drezdn. bi'i la .frankfurt. falls into the x2 place of sanli, which is the surface I stand on; the interval specifies that surface by its limits. (Obviously, I am not standing on the whole of the interval; the x2 place of sanli specifies a surface which is typically larger in extent than just the size of the stander's feet.) @@ -2663,11 +2663,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaifrom one to two o'clock - mi cadzu ca la pacac. + mi cadzu ca la .pacac. I walk simultaneous-with - First-hour - … bi'o la recac. + … bi'o la .recac. … [ordered-interval] - Second-hour. I walk from one o'clock to two o'clock. @@ -2677,8 +2677,8 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisainon-logical connectivesordered intervals In , on the other hand, it is essential that - la pacac. comes before - la recac.; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) interval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the whole interval is probably intended, or at least most of it. + la .pacac. comes before + la .recac.; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) interval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the whole interval is probably intended, or at least most of it. is equivalent to: @@ -2686,11 +2686,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisai - mi cadzu ca la recac. + mi cadzu ca la .recac. I walk simultaneous-with - Second-hour - … se bi'o la pacac. + … se bi'o la .pacac. … [reverse] [ordered] - First-hour. @@ -2727,11 +2727,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisai - mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o + mi ca sanli la .drezdn. ga'o I [present] stand that-named Dresden [inclusive] - … bi'i ga'o la frankfurt. + … bi'i ga'o la .frankfurt. … [interval] [inclusive] that-named Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both. @@ -2741,11 +2741,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisai - mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o + mi ca sanli la .drezdn. ga'o I [present] stand that-named Dresden [inclusive] - … bi'i ke'i la frankfurt. + … bi'i ke'i la .frankfurt. … [interval] [exclusive] that-named Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden (inclusive) and Frankfurt (exclusive). @@ -2755,11 +2755,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisai - mi ca sanli la drezdn. ke'i + mi ca sanli la .drezdn. ke'i I [present] stand that-named Dresden [exclusive] - … bi'i ga'o la frankfurt. + … bi'i ga'o la .frankfurt. … [interval] [inclusive] that-named Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclusive). @@ -2770,11 +2770,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaibetween Dresden and Frankfurt - mi ca sanli la drezdn. ke'i + mi ca sanli la .drezdn. ke'i I [present] stand that-named Dresden [exclusive] - … bi'i ke'i la frankfurt. + … bi'i ke'i la .frankfurt. … [interval] [exclusive] that-named Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, exclusive of both. @@ -2801,11 +2801,11 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaiexcept from 10 to 12 - do dicra .e'a mi ca la daucac. + do dicra .e'a mi ca la .daucac. You disturb (allowed) me at that-named 10 - bi'onai la gaicac. + bi'onai la .gaicac. not-from-...-to that-named 12 You can contact me except from 10 to 12. @@ -2870,7 +2870,7 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaicarry the piano - joigi la djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno + joigi la .djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno [Together] that-named John and that-named Alice carry the piano. @@ -2891,7 +2891,7 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaiI [present] stand [exclusive] between - … ga'o gi la drezdn. gi la frankfurt. + … ga'o gi la .drezdn. gi la .frankfurt. … [inclusive] and that-named Dresden and that-named Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclusive). @@ -3203,7 +3203,7 @@ Note that the I walk-to the market and [simultaneous] - … ke cusku zo'e la djan. [ke'e] + … ke cusku zo'e la .djan. [ke'e] … ( express something to-that-named John. ) I walk to the market and at the same time talk to John. @@ -3322,11 +3322,11 @@ Note that the quality and quantity - le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali + le ka la .frank. ciska cu xlali The quality-of that-named Frank's writing - is-bad, - … .ije le ni la frank. ciska cu xlali + … .ije le ni la .frank. ciska cu xlali … and the quantity-of that-named Frank's writing - is-bad. @@ -3336,7 +3336,7 @@ Note that the quality and quantity - le ka je ni la frank. ciska cu xlali + le ka je ni la .frank. ciska cu xlali The quality and quantity of that-named Frank's writing - is-bad. diff --git a/chapters/15.xml b/chapters/15.xml index 3099d9e98..dfb1071bf 100644 --- a/chapters/15.xml +++ b/chapters/15.xml @@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ - mi klama to'ebo la bastn. + mi klama to'ebo la .bastn. I go-to the-opposite-of that-named Boston. I go to Perth. @@ -1188,11 +1188,11 @@ - xu la djan. pu klama + xu la .djan. pu klama Is-it-true-that: (that-named John previously went-to - … la paris. .e la rom. + … la .paris. .e la .rom. … that-named Paris and that-named Rome.) @@ -1217,11 +1217,11 @@ - la djan. [cu] na pu klama + la .djan. [cu] na pu klama That-named John [false] previously went-to - … la paris. .e la rom. + … la .paris. .e la .rom. … that-named Paris and that-named Rome. It's not true that John went to Paris and Rome. @@ -1243,11 +1243,11 @@ - la djan. [cu] na ba klama + la .djan. [cu] na ba klama That-named John - [false] later will-go-to - … la paris. .e la rom. + … la .paris. .e la .rom. … that-named Paris and that-named Rome. It is false that John will go to Paris and Rome. @@ -1268,11 +1268,11 @@ - la djan. [cu] ba na + la .djan. [cu] ba na that-named John - later-will [false] - … klama la paris. .e la rom. + … klama la .paris. .e la .rom. … go-to that-named Paris and that-named Rome. @@ -1298,11 +1298,11 @@ - la djan. [cu] pu na'eke klama [ke'e] + la .djan. [cu] pu na'eke klama [ke'e] that-named John - previously other-than( went-to ) - … la paris. .e la rom. + … la .paris. .e la .rom. … that-named Paris and that-named Rome. @@ -1329,12 +1329,12 @@ - xu la djan. [cu] na pu + xu la .djan. [cu] na pu Is-it-true-that: that-named John - [false] previously - … klama la paris. .e la rom. - … went-to that-named Paris and that-named Rome. + … klama la .paris. .e la .rom. + … went-to that-name Paris and that-named Rome. The obvious, but incorrect, positive response to this negative question is: diff --git a/chapters/16.xml b/chapters/16.xml index 6f9a35e48..38bc4cdfa 100644 --- a/chapters/16.xml +++ b/chapters/16.xml @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ Ralph - da zo'u la ralf. gerku + da zo'u la .ralf. gerku There-is-an-X such-that that-named Ralph is-a-dog There is something such that Ralph is a dog. @@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ - da zo'u da viska la djim. + da zo'u da viska la .djim. There-is-an-X : X sees that-named Jim. Something sees Jim. @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ - da poi prenu zo'u da viska la djim. + da poi prenu zo'u da viska la .djim. There-is-an-X which is-a-person : X sees that-named Jim. Someone sees Jim. @@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ - naku zo'u la djan. klama + naku zo'u la .djan. klama It-is-not-the-case-that : that-named John comes. It is false that: John comes. @@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ some do not go to school - Some children do not go to school. + Some children do not go to .school. We cannot express this directly with na; the apparently obvious translation @@ -1662,11 +1662,11 @@ - la djan. na klama ga + la .djan. na klama ga that-named John [false] goes-to either - la paris. gi la rom. + la .paris. gi la .rom. that-named Paris or that-named Rome. @@ -1676,11 +1676,11 @@ go to Paris or Rome - naku zo'u la djan. klama + naku zo'u la .djan. klama It-is-false that: that-named John goes-to - … ga la paris. gi la rom. + … ga la .paris. gi la .rom. … either that-named Paris or that-named Rome. @@ -1696,11 +1696,11 @@ - - ge la djan. la paris. na klama + - ge la .djan. la .paris. na klama [It-is-true-that] both that-named John, to-that-named Paris, [false] goes, - … gi la djan. la rom. na klama + … gi la .djan. la .rom. na klama … and that-named John, to-that-named Rome, [false] goes. @@ -1719,7 +1719,7 @@ - la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla + la .djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla that-named Jane to-the market [false] both walks and runs. @@ -1728,7 +1728,7 @@ - la djein. le zarci ganai dzukla ginai bajrykla + la .djein. le zarci ganai dzukla ginai bajrykla that-named Jane to-the market either-([false] walks) or-([false] runs. that-named Jane to-the market if walks then-([false] runs). @@ -1746,7 +1746,7 @@ - naku zo'u la djein. le zarci + naku zo'u la .djein. le zarci It-is-false-that : that-named Jane to-the market @@ -1760,11 +1760,11 @@ - naku zo'u ge la djein. le zarci cu dzukla + naku zo'u ge la .djein. le zarci cu dzukla It-is-false that: both (that-named Jane to-the market - walks) - … gi la djein. le zarci cu bajrykla + … gi la .djein. le zarci cu bajrykla … and (that-named Jane to-the market - runs). @@ -1775,11 +1775,11 @@ - ga la djein. le zarci na dzukla + ga la .djein. le zarci na dzukla Either that-named Jane to-the market [false] walks, - … gi la djein. le zarci na bajrykla + … gi la .djein. le zarci na bajrykla … or that-named Jane to-the market [false] runs. @@ -1789,11 +1789,11 @@ - ganai la djein. le zarci cu dzukla + ganai la .djein. le zarci cu dzukla If that-named Jane to-the market - walks, - … ginai la djein. le zarci cu bajrykla + … ginai la .djein. le zarci cu bajrykla … then-([false] that-named Jane to-the market - runs). If Jane walks to the market, then she doesn't run. @@ -1807,11 +1807,11 @@ - … ga la paris. gi la rom. + … ga la .paris. gi la .rom. … (Either that-named Paris or that-named Rome) - naku se klama la djan. + naku se klama la .djan. is-not gone-to-by that-named John. @@ -1820,11 +1820,11 @@ - la djan. naku klama ge + la .djan. naku klama ge that-named John doesn't go-to both - … la paris. gi la rom. + … la .paris. gi la .rom. … that-named Paris and that-named Rome. @@ -1857,11 +1857,11 @@ some relationship - su'o bu'a zo'u la djim. + su'o bu'a zo'u la .djim. For-at-least-one relationship-F : that-named Jim - bu'a la djan. + bu'a la .djan. stands-in-relationship-F to-that-named John. There's some relationship between Jim and John. @@ -1888,7 +1888,7 @@ - la djim. bu'a la djan. + la .djim. bu'a la .djan. that-named Jim stands-in-at-least-one-relationship to-that-named John. @@ -1899,11 +1899,11 @@ - ro bu'a zo'u la djim. + ro bu'a zo'u la .djim. For-every relationship-F : that-named Jim - bu'a la djan. + bu'a la .djan. stands-in-relationship-F to-that-named John. Every relationship exists between Jim and John. diff --git a/chapters/17.xml b/chapters/17.xml index 0ea65d393..7d06de2a3 100644 --- a/chapters/17.xml +++ b/chapters/17.xml @@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ accent markexample diacritical marksorder of specification within tei…foi and it does not matter whether - akut. bu appears before or after + .akut. bu appears before or after .ebu; the tei…foi grouping guarantees that the acute accent is associated with the correct lerfu. Of course, the level of precision represented by would rarely be required: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French word for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know French. @@ -724,15 +724,15 @@ Steven Mark Jones - la stivn. mark. djonz. merko + la .stivn. .mark. .djonz. merko - Steven Mark Jones is-American. - … .i la .aleksandr. paliitc. kuzNIETsyf. rusko + … .i la .aleksandr. .paliitc. .kuzNIETsyf. rusko … - - Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov is-Russian. - … .i symydy. tavla .abupyky. bau la lojban. + … .i symydy. tavla .abupyky. bau la .lojban. … - SMD talks-to APK in - Lojban. @@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ ess cue ell or sequel. - lerfu wordsas a basis for acronym names acronymsusing names based on lerfu words In Lojban, a cmevla can be almost any sequence of sounds that ends in a consonant and is followed by a pause. The easiest way to Lojbanize acronym names is to glue the lerfu words together, using + lerfu wordsas a basis for acronym names acronymsusing names based on lerfu words In Lojban, a name is often represented by one cmevla (a word that ends in a consonant and is surrounded by pauses). The easiest way to Lojbanize acronym names is to glue the lerfu words together, using ' wherever two vowels would come together (pauses are illegal in cmevla) and adding a final consonant: @@ -1042,11 +1042,11 @@ - la dyny'abub. .i la ny'abuty'obub. .i la cy'ibu'abub. + la .dyny'abub. .i la .ny'abuty'obub. .i la .cy'ibu'abub. DNA. NATO. CIA. - … .i la sykybulyl. .i la .ibubymym. .i la ny'ybucyc. + … .i la .sykybulyl. .i la .ibubymym. .i la .ny'ybucyc. … SQL. IBM. NYC. @@ -1069,11 +1069,11 @@ NYC - la dyny'am. .i la ny'aty'om. .i la cy'i'am. + la .dyny'am. .i la .ny'aty'om. .i la .cy'i'am. DNA. NATO. CIA. - … .i la sykybulym. .i la .ibymym. .i la ny'ybucym. + … .i la .sykybulym. .i la .ibymym. .i la .ny'ybucym. … SQL. IBM. NYC. @@ -1091,11 +1091,11 @@ - la dynyzaz. .i la nyzatyzoz. .i la cyzizaz. + la .dynyzaz. .i la .nyzatyzoz. .i la .cyzizaz. DNA. NATO. CIA. - … .i la sykybulyz. .i la .ibymyz. .i la nyzybucyz. + … .i la .sykybulyz. .i la .ibymyz. .i la .nyzybucyz. … SQL. IBM. NYC. @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ - + @@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ - + @@ -1553,12 +1553,12 @@ - + - + @@ -1568,7 +1568,7 @@ - + @@ -1682,7 +1682,7 @@ - + @@ -1697,7 +1697,7 @@ - + @@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ - + @@ -1832,7 +1832,7 @@ - + @@ -1869,8 +1869,8 @@ ICAO Phonetic Alphabet, and are used even in non-English-speaking countries.This table presents the standard English spellings and proposed Lojban versions. The Lojbanizations are not straightforward renderings of the English sounds, but make some concessions both to the English spellings of the words and to the Lojban pronunciations of the lerfu (thus - carlis. bu, not - tcarlis. bu). + .carlis. bu, not + .tcarlis. bu). diff --git a/chapters/18.xml b/chapters/18.xml index b6ac3ef1b..3b21749d2 100644 --- a/chapters/18.xml +++ b/chapters/18.xml @@ -2225,7 +2225,7 @@ The event-of me being-a-nobly-superlative-ruler - - - … le'e snime bolci be vi la xel. cu'o + … le'e snime bolci be vi la .xel. cu'o … has-the-stereotypical snow type-of-ball - at - Hell probability. I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king. @@ -3164,7 +3164,7 @@ 4 are not the same. The relationship between li and me'o is related to that between - la djan., the person named John, and + la .djan., the person named John, and zo .djan., the name John selbriplace structure of converted operator conversion of operator into selbri operatorconverting into selbri selbriconverting operator into The cmavo @@ -3398,13 +3398,13 @@ - la zel. poi gunta la tebes. pu nanmu + la .zel. poi gunta la .tebes. pu nanmu Those-named Seven who attack that-named Thebes [past] are-men. The Seven Against Thebes were men. Of course, there is no guarantee that the name - zel. is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is: + .zel. is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is: <anchor xml:id="c18e21d6"/> @@ -3414,7 +3414,7 @@ <gloss>Those-named-the Sevensome who attack</gloss> </interlinear-gloss> <interlinear-gloss> - <jbo>la tebes. pu nanmu</jbo> + <jbo>la .tebes. pu nanmu</jbo> <gloss>that-named Thebes [past] are-men.</gloss> </interlinear-gloss> </example> diff --git a/chapters/19.xml b/chapters/19.xml index 53e010d47..7147142a7 100644 --- a/chapters/19.xml +++ b/chapters/19.xml @@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c19e5d8"/> - la djan. la marcas. le zarci le briju + la .djan. la .marcas. le zarci le briju - John, - Marsha, the store, the office. John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively. @@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ - la lojban. mo + la .lojban. mo - Lojban [what-selbri?] What is Lojban? @@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ - la djan. xipa cusku lu mi'enai do li'u la djan. xire + la .djan. xipa cusku lu mi'enai do li'u la .djan. xire - John 1 expresses [quote] I-am-not you [unquote] to - John 2. @@ -1065,11 +1065,11 @@ - lo'u mi--du--do--du--la--djan. le'u + lo'u mi--du--do--du--la--.djan. le'u [quote] mi--du--do--du--la--djan. [unquote] - na tergerna la lojban. + na tergerna la .lojban. is-not a-grammatical-structure in Lojban. @@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ - la tcarlis. cusku lu le ninmu cu morsi li'u + la .tcarlis. cusku lu le ninmu cu morsi li'u - Charlie says [quote] the woman - is-dead [unquote]. @@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ - la tcarlis. cusku lo'u le ninmu cu morsi le'u + la .tcarlis. cusku lo'u le ninmu cu morsi le'u - Charlie says [quote] le ninmu cu morsi [unquote]. @@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ le ninmu cu morsi is a mere uninterpreted sequence of Lojban words. Instead, ri ends up referring to the referent of the sumti - la tcarlis., and so it is Charlie who is alive. + la .tcarlis., and so it is Charlie who is alive.The metalinguistic erasers si, @@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ The cmavo zoi (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is - zoi X. text .X, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted: + zoi .X. text .X, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted: @@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ <anchor xml:id="c19e10d6"/> - zo .bab. cmene la bab. + zo .bab. cmene la .bab. The-word Bob is-the-name-of the-one-named Bob. @@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ In , zo .bab. is the word, whereas - la bab. is the thing named by the word. The cmavo + la .bab. is the thing named by the word. The cmavo la'e and lu'e (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth between references and their referents: @@ -1309,7 +1309,7 @@ - lu'e la bab. cmene la bab. + lu'e la .bab. cmene la .bab. A-symbol-for - Bob is-the-name-of - Bob. @@ -1322,21 +1322,17 @@ - la bab. cmene la bab. + la .bab. cmene la .bab. Bob is the name of Bob. and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.(In through - , the cmevla - bab. was separated from a preceding + , the name + .bab. was separated from a preceding zo by a pause, thus: - zo .bab.. The reason for this extra pause is that all cmevla must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than - la, - lai, - la'i (all of selma'o LA) and - doi (of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a cmevla: of these, + zo .bab.. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word. There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a name: of these, zo is one of the most common.)The cmavo la'o also belongs to selma'o ZOI, and is mentioned here for completeness, although it does not signal the beginning of a quotation. Instead, @@ -1418,18 +1414,23 @@ I saw George. +<<<<<<< HEAD Note the pause before the cmevla djordj., which serves to separate it unambiguously from the +======= + Note the pause before the name + .djordj., which serves to separate it unambiguously from the +>>>>>>> origin/ilmen-dotside ba'e. Alternatively, the ba'e can be moved to a position before the la, which in effect emphasizes the whole construct - la djordj.: + la .djordj.: <anchor xml:id="c19e11d5"/> - mi viska ba'e la djordj. + mi viska ba'e la .djordj. I saw [emphasis] the-one-named George. I saw George. @@ -1442,7 +1443,7 @@ - ba'e mi viska la djordj. + ba'e mi viska la .djordj. I, no one else, saw George. @@ -1451,7 +1452,7 @@ - mi ba'e viska la djordj. + mi ba'e viska la .djordj. I saw (not heard or smelled) George. @@ -1472,7 +1473,7 @@ marks a Lojbanization of an English name, where a more appropriate standard form might be something like - la ckiipyris., reflecting the country's name in Albanian. + la .ckiipyris., reflecting the country's name in Albanian. unabridged dictionary Before a lujvo or fu'ivla, za'e indicates that the word has been made up on the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged dictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!). @@ -1512,7 +1513,7 @@ - doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. + doi .lisas. mi djica le nu to doi .frank. O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, @@ -1524,7 +1525,7 @@ implicitly redefines do within the parentheses: the listener is changed by - doi frank. When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored. + doi .frank. When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored. editorial commentary There is another cmavo of selma'o TO: to'i. The difference between to and @@ -1537,7 +1538,7 @@ - la frank. cusku lu mi prami do to'isa'a do du la djein. toi li'u + la .frank. cusku lu mi prami do to'isa'a do du la .djein. toi li'u Frank expresses I love you [you = Jane] @@ -1566,7 +1567,7 @@ - la frank. prami sei la frank. gleki la djein. + la .frank. prami sei la .frank. gleki la .djein. Frank loves (Frank is happy) Jane. @@ -1579,7 +1580,7 @@ - la frank. prami sei gleki la djein. + la .frank. prami sei gleki la .djein. Frank loves (he is happy) Jane. @@ -1594,7 +1595,7 @@ Susan - la frank. prami sei gleki be fa la suzn. la djein. + la .frank. prami sei gleki be fa la .suzn. la .djein. Frank loves (Susan is happy) Jane. @@ -1615,7 +1616,7 @@ said John - la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u + la .djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u - John expresses [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. @@ -1635,7 +1636,7 @@ [quote] I go-to the store ( - … la djan. cusku be dei li'u + … la .djan. cusku be dei li'u … - John expresses - this-sentence )[unquote] I go to the store, said John. @@ -1647,7 +1648,7 @@ said John - lu seisa'a la djan. cusku be dei mi klama le zarci + lu seisa'a la .djan. cusku be dei mi klama le zarci John said, I go to the store. @@ -1727,7 +1728,7 @@ - zo .bab. se cmene zo si si si la bab. + zo .bab. se cmene zo si si si la .bab. The-word Bob is-the-name-of the word si, er, er, Bob. @@ -1808,7 +1809,11 @@ The parser will reject zo .djan. si .djordj., because in that context +<<<<<<< HEAD djordj. is a bare cmevla rather than a quoted word. +======= + .djordj. is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word. +>>>>>>> origin/ilmen-dotside Note: The current machine parser does not implement si erasure. diff --git a/chapters/20.xml b/chapters/20.xml index 4b0d40191..5d342fa42 100644 --- a/chapters/20.xml +++ b/chapters/20.xml @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”), usually between sumti. - la--djan. a la--djein. klama le zarci + la--.djan. a la--.djein. klama le zarci John and/or Jane goes-to the store @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not otherwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a single place of some other selbri. - mi tavla bau la--lojban. + mi tavla bau la--.lojban. I speak in-language Lojban. @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Joins sumti or tanru units (as well as some other things) to form intervals. See . - mi ca sanli la--drezdn. bi'i la--frankfurt. + mi ca sanli la--.drezdn. bi'i la--.frankfurt. I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt. @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses. - mi ce'e do pe'e je la--djan. ce'e la--djeimyz. cu pendo + mi ce'e do pe'e je la--.djan. ce'e la--.djeimyz. cu pendo I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James -- are-friends-of. I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James. @@ -238,11 +238,10 @@ selma'o DOI () - The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without - . No pause is required between “doi” and a following cmevla. See + The non-specific vocative indicator. See . - doi frank. mi tavla do + doi .frank. mi tavla do O Frank, I speak-to you. Frank, I'm talking to you. @@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ x1= I -- go x3= Atlanta - … fe la--bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce + … fe la--.bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce … x2= Boston x4= the road x5= the car. I go from Atlanta to Boston via the road using the car. @@ -377,7 +376,7 @@ Indicates the beginning of two logically connected sumti, bridi-tails, or various other things. Logical connections include “both ... and”, “either ... or”, “if ... then”, and so on. See . - ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + ga la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both). @@ -388,11 +387,11 @@ includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in pairs before and after the cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left- and the right-hand endpoints. - mi ca sanli la--drezdn. + mi ca sanli la--.drezdn. I [present] stand Dresden - … ga'o bi'i ga'o la--frankfurt. + … ga'o bi'i ga'o la--.frankfurt. … [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both. @@ -404,7 +403,7 @@ . Marks the end of a relative phrase. See . - la--djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu + la--.djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu John (referred--to--as it-1 ) is-blue. @@ -416,7 +415,7 @@ , or . - ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu + ge la .djan. nanmu gi la .djeimyz. ninmu (It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman. @@ -425,7 +424,7 @@ Specifies a logical connective (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two bridi-tails: a bridi-tail is a selbri with any associated following sumti, but not including any preceding sumti. - mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la--djan. + mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la--.djan. I go-to the market and like John. @@ -436,7 +435,7 @@ See . - la--djan. goi ko'a cu blanu + la--.djan. goi ko'a cu blanu John (referred--to--as it-1) -- is-blue. @@ -498,7 +497,7 @@ , provides forethought non-logical connection analogous to . - la--djan. joi la--.alis. cu bevri le pipno + la--.djan. joi la--.alis. cu bevri le pipno John massed-with Alice -- carry the piano. @@ -540,7 +539,7 @@ Elidable terminator for . Marks the end of an abstraction bridi. - la--djan. cu nu sonci kei -- djica + la--.djan. cu nu sonci kei -- djica John -- is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier ) type-of desirer. John wants to be a soldier. @@ -621,7 +620,7 @@ . May be terminated with if followed by a description selbri. - la--kikeros. du la--tulis. + la--.kikeros. du la--.tulis. Cicero is Tully. @@ -767,7 +766,7 @@ Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the things referenced by the sumti. Terminated by . - ta me--la--ford. karce + ta me--la--.ford. karce That is-a-Ford-type car That's a Ford car. @@ -788,7 +787,7 @@ Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various numerically-based selbri. - la--djan. joi la--frank. cu bruna -- remei + la--.djan. joi la--.frank. cu bruna -- remei John in-a-mass-with Frank -- are-a-brother type-of twosome. John and Frank are two brothers. @@ -906,7 +905,7 @@ Abstractors which, when prefixed to a bridi, create abstraction selbri. Terminated by . - la--djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] + la--.djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] John -- desires the event-of being-a-soldier. @@ -965,7 +964,7 @@ Precedes a logical or non-logical connective that joins two termsets. Termsets (see ) are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses. - mi ce'e do pe'e je la--djan. ce'e la--djeimyz. cu pendo + mi ce'e do pe'e je la--.djan. ce'e la--.djeimyz. cu pendo I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James -- are-friends-of. I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James. @@ -1042,7 +1041,7 @@ Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment on the main bridi. Terminated by . - la--frank. prami sei -- gleki [se'u] la--djein. + la--.frank. prami sei -- gleki [se'u] la--.djein. Frank loves ( [he] is-happy ) Jane. @@ -1053,7 +1052,7 @@ and . Ends metalinguistic insertions. - la--frank. prami sei -- gleki se'u la--djein. + la--.frank. prami sei -- gleki se'u la--.djein. Frank loves ( [he] is-happy ) Jane. @@ -1126,11 +1125,11 @@ Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Terminated by . - doi lisas. mi djica le nu + doi .lisas. mi djica le nu O Lisa, I desire the event-of - … to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu + … to doi .frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu … ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat. @@ -1141,11 +1140,11 @@ Elidable terminator for . The right discursive parenthesis. - doi lisas. mi djica le nu + doi .lisas. mi djica le nu O Lisa, I desire the event-of - … to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu + … to doi .frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu … ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat. @@ -1176,7 +1175,7 @@ Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse. - .ui la--djan. klama + .ui la--.djan. klama [Happiness!] John is-coming. Hurrah! John is coming! @@ -1275,7 +1274,7 @@ Attaches relative clauses or phrases to a whole (possibly connected) sumti, rather than simply to the leftmost portion of the sumti. - la--frank. ce la--djordj. vu'o noi gidva cu zvati le kumfa + la--.frank. ce la--.djordj. vu'o noi gidva cu zvati le kumfa Frank [in-set-with] George , which are-guides , are-in the room. Frank and George, who are guides, are in the room. diff --git a/chapters/21.xml b/chapters/21.xml index 9d27c0940..1190a2123 100644 --- a/chapters/21.xml +++ b/chapters/21.xml @@ -164,10 +164,8 @@ CEhE_517 /* afterthought term list connective */ %token - CMEVLA_518 /* name-words; require consonant end, then pause no - LA or DOI selma'o embedded, pause before if - - vowel initial and preceded by a vowel */ + CMENE_518 /* Lojbanized names; require consonant end, + as well as a pause before and after them */ %token CO_519 /* tanru inversion */
Example tanru
me la pinpan. bolcime la .pinpan. bolci Ping-Pong ball Chi
Doyle*doi,ldo'il or dai,l
Lyra*lairasly'iras
Lottie*latisLYtis. or lotis.
(American pronunciation)
x2 destinationla bastn.la .bastn.
x3
x3 originla nu,IORK.la .nu,IORK.
x4
xi .ksis. buksis. bu.ksis. bu
omicron
psi .psis. bupsis. bu.psis. bu
omega
ц .tsis. butsys. bu.tsys. bu
ч .tcriyviys. butcys. bu.tcys. bu
ш
щ .ctas. buctcys. bu.ctcys. bu
ъ
samekh .samex. busamex. bu.samex. bu
ayin
tzadi .tsadik. butsadik. bu.tsadik. bu
quf
dagesh .daGEC. budaGEC. bu.daGEC. bu
hiriq
double-acute.re'akut. bu [re akut.].re'akut. bu [re .akut.]
ogonek