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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)72 b(6)158 1282 y(2.1.3)50
b(Carne)10 b(serialization)29 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
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h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)72
b(7)158 1361 y(2.1.4)50 b(Carne)10 b(to)g(Alma)g(requests)k(.)21
b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
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g(.)g(.)72 b(7)158 1441 y(2.1.5)50 b(Carne)10 b(and)g(eval)p
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)72 b(7)158
1521 y(2.1.6)50 b(What)10 b(is)g(Carne)g(used)h(for?)34
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f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)72 b(7)62 1601 y(2.2)44 b(Specifying)9 b(the)h(system)16
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b(Alma)1769 b(9)62 1802 y Fj(3.1)44 b(Overview)10 b(of)g(Alma)40
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y(3.1.1)50 b(T)o(ime)38 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
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g(.)72 b(9)158 1962 y(3.1.2)50 b(Referring)9 b(to)h(formulas)j(.)21
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g(.)g(.)g(.)72 b(9)158 2041 y(3.1.3)50 b(Properties)9
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g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)72 b(9)158 2121 y(3.1.4)50
b(Inconsistency)20 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
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b(9)158 2201 y(3.1.5)50 b(Procedures)34 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
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g(.)g(.)51 b(10)62 2281 y(3.2)44 b(Syntax)9 b(of)h(the)g(Alma)h
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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(10)62 2361 y(3.3)44
b(Intended)9 b(meaning)21 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51
b(10)62 2440 y(3.4)44 b(Inference)11 b(rules)40 b(.)21
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53 b(1)n(1)158
2520 y(3.4.1)d(Resolution)36 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53
b(1)n(1)158 2600 y(3.4.2)d(User)10 b(rules)17 b(.)22
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g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53 b(1)n(1)158 2680
y(3.4.3)d(Contradiction)7 b(detection)13 b(.)21 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g
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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53
b(1)n(1)158 2760 y(3.4.4)d(Reserved)10 b(predicates)41
b(.)21 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(12)62 2840 y(3.5)44 b(Inference)11
b(procedures)33 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51
b(12)965 2975 y(1)p eop
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2 2 bop 0 90 a Fi(DRAFT)125 b(Alma-Carne)10 b(manual)125
b(April)9 b(1,)h(2001)983 b Fj(2)158 192 y(3.5.1)50 b(Forward)10
b(inference)37 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(12)158 271 y(3.5.2)f(Backward)
10 b(inference)41 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(13)62 351 y(3.6)44
b(Interfaces)32 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)51 b(14)62 431 y(3.7)44 b(Reserved)11 b(predicates)18
b(.)j(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(14)158 511 y(3.7.1)f(Commands)
29 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(14)158 591
y(3.7.2)f(Internal)9 b(state)34 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51
b(16)158 670 y(3.7.3)f(Implicit)8 b(relations)26 b(.)21
b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(16)0 792 y Fk(4)41 b(Running)10
b(Alma)1583 b(18)62 872 y Fj(4.1)44 b(Controllin)o(g)8
b(Alma)25 b(.)d(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(18)158
951 y(4.1.1)f(Command)10 b(line)g(ar)o(guments)39 b(.)21
b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
51 b(19)158 1031 y(4.1.2)f(Run)9 b(time)h(commands)31
b(.)21 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(20)158 1111 y(4.1.3)f(Internal)9
b(variables)22 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(20)62 1191
y(4.2)44 b(Running)8 b(Alma)j(in)e(prolog)36 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)51 b(20)62 1271 y(4.3)44 b(Demos)16 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(21)0 1392 y Fk(5)41
b(Alma)9 b(implementation)1458 b(22)62 1472 y Fj(5.1)44
b(Overall)10 b(design)j(.)21 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)51 b(22)62 1552 y(5.2)44 b(Data)10 b(structures)38
b(.)21 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
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1631 y(5.2.1)f(Formulas)29 b(.)22 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51
b(23)62 1711 y(5.3)44 b(Database)13 b(.)21 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g
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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(23)158 1791 y(5.3.1)f(Primary)10
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h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(23)158 1871 y(5.3.2)f(Filtering)10
b(.)21 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
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1951 y(5.3.3)f(History)29 b(.)21 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
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(.)51 b(24)158 2030 y(5.3.4)f(Indexing)37 b(.)22 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
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(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(24)158 2110 y(5.3.5)f(Miscellaneous)40
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
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g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b(25)158 2350 y(5.4.2)f(Applying)8 b(rules)32
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(and)j(deletions)e(to)g(the)i(database)g(and)f(can)h(be)g(used)f(to)g
(recreate)i(the)e(evolution)e(of)i(the)g(logic.)104 1846
y(The)i(history)e(can)i(be)g(asserted)g(in)f(the)g(logic,)g(but)g(this)
f(is)i(not)e(currently)h(being)f(done)i(because)g(there)g(has)g(been)g
(no)f(need)h(to)104 1896 y(access)g(history)d(in)h(the)g(applications)f
(to)g(date.)104 1962 y(The)i(history)d(can)j(however)g(be)f(written)f
(out)h(to)f(a)i(\256le)g(through)d(a)j(command)g(line)f(ar)o(gument.)
104 2097 y Fd(5.3.4)50 b(Indexing)104 2192 y Fj(Since)12
b(the)f(formulas)g(are)i(not)d(stored)h(directly)g(in)g(the)g(prolog)f
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(to)104 2241 y(index)d(the)h(formulas)g(for)g(ef)o(\256cient)h(access.)
104 2308 y(A)d(hashing)g(function)f(maps)i(the)g(predicate)g(and)f
(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument)h(of)f(literals)g(to)g(be)h(indexed)f(onto)f
(integer)h(keys.)14 b(Special)9 b(care)104 2358 y(has)i(to)e(be)i
(taken)f(in)g(case)i(the)e(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument)h(is)f(itself)f(a)i
(term)g(or)f(a)h(variable.)j(These)d(keys)g(are)g(used)g(as)g(the)f
(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument)104 2408 y(for)e(the)g(index)g(terms)h(that)g
(are)g(asserted)g(into)f(the)g(prolog)f(database.)15
b(The)9 b(index)f(terms)h(have)h(three)e(ar)o(guments:)13
b(the)c(key)m(,)g(the)104 2457 y(list)f(of)h(formulas)h(where)g(the)f
(literal)g(indexed)g(occurs)h(positively;)d(the)i(list)g(where)h(the)f
(literal)f(occurs)i(negatively)m(.)k(Dif)o(ferent)104
2507 y(literals)9 b(can)i(hash)g(to)e(the)h(same)i(key)e(and)h
(allowance)f(needs)h(to)f(be)g(made)i(for)e(that.)104
2574 y(Therefore,)h(given)f(a)h(new)f(formula)g(to)g(index,)g(for)g
(each)h(literal)f(in)g(the)g(formula,)g(is)g(if)g(it)f(is)i(a)f
(negative)h(literal,)e(it)h(is)g(negated)104 2623 y(otherwise)g(not,)f
(then)h(the)g(key)h(is)f(computed.)k(This)c(is)g(then)g(used)g(to)g
(add)g(the)h(formula)e(in)h(the)g(appropriate)g(list)f(\(positive)f(or)
104 2673 y(negative)i(in)f(the)i(index)e(term\).)104
2740 y(During)d(inference,)j(we)f(need)h(to)e(\256nd)g(the)h(formulas)f
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(negatively)m(.)13 b(The)8 b(literal)104 2789 y(in)j(question)f(is)h
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104 2839 y(payed)f(to)g(the)g(case)i(that)e(the)g(\256rst)g(ar)o
(gument)g(is)g(a)h(variable.)p eop
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25 25 bop 0 90 a Fi(DRAFT)125 b(Alma-Carne)10 b(manual)125
b(April)9 b(1,)h(2001)962 b Fj(25)104 192 y(Unindexing)8
b(formulas)i(has)g(to)f(be)i(done)e(prior)g(to)h(removing)f(the)h
(formulas)f(from)h(the)g(database)h(and)f(is)g(done)f(by)h(removing)104
241 y(the)g(formula)g(from)g(the)g(entries)g(for)g(each)h(of)f(the)g
(literals)g(of)f(the)i(formula.)104 373 y Fd(5.3.5)50
b(Miscellaneous)104 465 y Fj(Also)9 b(part)g(of)g(the)g(database)i
(module)e(are)h(formula)f(data)h(structure)f(access)j(functions)c
(which)h(to)g(retrieve)g(and)h(modify)e(prop-)104 515
y(erties)k(of)f(the)h(formula)f(from)h(the)g(data)g(structures.)18
b(These)13 b(are)g(simple)e(prolog)g(functions.)17 b(There)c(are)f
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(formula)e(data)i(structures.)104 717 y Fe(5.4)59 b(Infer)o(ence)13
b(rules)104 824 y Fj(The)8 b(inference)h(rule)f(module)f(in)h(addition)
e(to)i(de\256ning)f(the)h(inference)g(rules)g(used,)h(also)f(\256nds)g
(candidates)g(for)g(inference)g(rule)104 874 y(application)h(and)h
(applies)g(the)g(rules.)104 1005 y Fd(5.4.1)50 b(Candidate)11
b(applications)104 1097 y Fj(Given)e(the)h(set)g(of)g(new)g(\256ltered)
f(\(see)i(above\))f(formulas)g(in)f(a)h(step,)h(we)f(need)g(to)f
(\256nd)h(the)g(possible)f(successful)h(applications)104
1147 y(of)i(the)g(rules)h(of)f(inference.)21 b(This)12
b(is)h(done)f(by)g(considering)f(each)j(literal)d(in)h(the)h(formulas)f
(and)g(\256nding)g(rules)g(that)g(could)104 1197 y(apply)m(.)i(The)c
(form)h(of)e(the)i(literal)e(determines)h(what)g(rule)g(is)g
(considered:)154 1282 y Fk(\261)20 b Fc(not\(bs\(X\)\))8
b Fj(If)g(this)f(is)i(the)f(only)f(literal)g(in)h(the)h(clause,)h(the)e
(backward)h(search)g(is)f(started)h(otherwise,)f(other)g(literals)195
1332 y(are)j(processed)g(\256rst.)154 1394 y Fk(\261)20
b Fc(bs\(X\))10 b Fj(This)g(is)g(treated)h(in)e(a)i(similar)f(way)m(.)
154 1456 y Fk(\261)20 b Fc(call\(X,)k(Y\))8 b Fj(If)f(this)f(is)h(the)g
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g(case)i(for)e Fc(not\(call\(X,)24 b(Y\)\))p Fj(.)154
1568 y Fk(\261)c Fc(gensym\(X,)k(Y,)h(Z\))10 b Fj(Similar)f(to)g(the)g
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(is)f(deleted)h(and)f(the)g Fc(gensym)g Fj(done)g(at)g(the)g(end)h(of)f
(the)g(step.)154 1680 y Fk(\261)20 b Fc(alma\(X\))10
b Fj(This)g(is)g(processed)h(in)f(a)h(way)f(similar)g(to)g(the)g
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1792 y(diately)g(rather)i(than)f(waiting)e(for)i(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g
(step.)154 1855 y Fk(\261)20 b Fc(eval)p 297 1855 13
2 v 15 w(bound\(X,)k(Y\))9 b Fj(If)f(all)h(of)f(the)h(variables)g(are)h
(bound,)e Fc(X)h Fj(is)g(evaluated)g(in)f(prolog,)g(the)h(results)f
(are)i(substituted)195 1904 y(back)h(in)f(the)g(clause)h(and)f
(processing)g(continues)f(with)h(the)g(new)g(clauses.)154
1967 y Fk(\261)20 b Fc(not\(eval)p 397 1967 V 14 w(bound\(X,)k(Y\)\))11
b Fj(Similar)e(to)h(above)g(except)h(that)f(this)f(time)h(processing)g
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b Fg(Default)7 b Fj(In)g(this)g(case,)j(we)f(lookup)d(the)i(index)f
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b(are)g(candidates)g(for)f(resolution)e(with)h(the)h(current)g(clause.)
14 b(The)8 b(inferential)e(task)i(that)e(results)h(depends)g(on)195
2128 y(the)h(type)g(of)g(clauses)i(involved,)d(rule)h(used)h(is)f
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(a)h(user)o(-de\256ned)195 2178 y(inference)i(rule.)j(If)c(there)g(are)
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(tasks)h(generated)h(in)e(the)i(above)f(are)h(added)g(to)e(the)h
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2395 y Fd(5.4.2)50 b(Applying)11 b(rules)104 2487 y Fj(Given)e(the)g
(agenda,)h(this)e(section)h(determines)h(which)f(of)g(the)g
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b(the)f(agenda)h(is)f(ordered,)h(there)g(are)g(two)104
2586 y(possibilities:)c(we)h(can)g(execute)g(a)f(\256xed)g(number)g(of)
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(done)g(in)f(a)i(given)e(time)104 2636 y(\(seems)h(not)e(to)h(be)g
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g(the)f(agenda)i(and)f(are)h(reconsidered)f(at)g(the)g(next)104
2686 y(step.)104 2750 y(Each)g(task)e(in)g(the)h(set)g(of)f(tasks)h
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g(corresponding)e(prolog)h(function)f(that)104 2800 y(implements)h
(that)g(inference)h(rule.)k(Therefore,)d(for)e(each)i(task,)f(the)f
(corresponding)f(function)g(is)h(called)h(with)e(the)h(appropriate)104
2850 y(ar)o(guments.)p eop
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26 26 bop 0 90 a Fi(DRAFT)125 b(Alma-Carne)10 b(manual)125
b(April)9 b(1,)h(2001)962 b Fj(26)104 192 y Fd(5.4.3)50
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336 y(spond)g(to)h Fb(if)r(;)d(f)t(if)16 b Fj(and)11
b Fb(bif)k Fj(formulas.)154 427 y Fk(\261)20 b Fb(if)15
b Fj(and)9 b Fb(bif)14 b Fj(tasks)c(use)g(resolution)d(in)i(the)g
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(account)i(the)f(assumptions)f(under)195 477 y(which)h(the)g(formulas)g
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527 y(asserted)j(into)e(the)h(database.)154 593 y Fk(\261)20
b Fj(For)8 b(the)g Fb(f)t(if)15 b Fj(tasks,)9 b(we)f(verify)g(whether)g
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(the)h(database,)i(the)e(conclusion)f(is)i(added.)104
770 y Fk(Other)g(tasks)104 864 y Fj(Other)g(inferential)f(tasks)h
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914 y(are)f(still)e(processed)i(with)e(speci\256c)i(prolog)e
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1146 y(the)f(user)h(to)e(specify)i(whether)f(the)g(search)h(should)e
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1213 y Fk(\261)20 b Fj(The)12 b Fg(clock)g Fj(rule)e(does)i(the)f
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Fa(\()p Fb(T)6 b Fa(\))11 b Fj(and)g(asserts)h Fb(now)q
Fa(\()p Fb(U)5 b Fa(\))11 b Fj(where)h Fb(U)19 b Fa(=)c
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h(the)g(database)h(without)d(the)i(one)h(step)f(delay)g(described)h
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104 1484 y Fj(There)e(are)g(two)e(secondary)i(inference)f(rules)g(that)
g(apply)f(to)h(the)g(secondary)g(database:)14 b(contradiction)7
b(detection)i(and)g(dupli-)104 1533 y(cate)i(detection.)154
1616 y Fk(\261)20 b Fj(Contradiction)8 b(detection)i(searches)i(for)d
(literals)h(that)g(are)h(contradictory)m(.)i(If)d(P)h(is)f(in)g(the)g
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27 27 bop 0 90 a Fi(DRAFT)125 b(Alma-Carne)10 b(manual)125
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28 28 bop 104 519 a Fh(Chapter)21 b(6)104 744 y Fl(Carne)104
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104 1787 y(Carne)i(can)g(add)g(arbitrary)f(formulas)g(to)g(Alma)h
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y(icates)j(that)e(are)i(available)g(to)e(be)i(used)f(in)g(specifying)f
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Fb(X)j Fj(to)c(be)h(added)f(to)g(the)g(Alma)h(database)g(in)f(the)g
(same)h(way)g(as)g(one)f(would)f(do)h(at)h(the)f(keyboard.)104
1969 y Fc(df\(X\))i Fj(deletes)h(from)f(Alma)h(all)g(formulas)f(that)g
Fg(unify)g Fj(with)f Fb(X)s Fj(.)22 b(Note)12 b(the)h(dif)o(ference)g
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(is)f(some)h(people)f(wanting)g(it)f(this)g(way)m(.)15
b(Don')o(t)10 b(ask)g(me)h(why)m(.)104 2154 y Fd(6.1.2)50
b(stdin/stdout)11 b(interaction)104 2249 y Fj(Carne)e(interacts)g(with)
f(external)h(processes)h(and)f(with)f(the)h(user)g(at)g(standard)g
(input)e(and)i(output.)j(A)d(KQML)h(parser)f(converts)104
2298 y(the)k(input)f(to)h(a)h(form)f(suitable)g(for)g(further)g
(processing)g(in)g(prolog.)22 b(This)13 b(causes)i(a)f(formula)f(to)g
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(incoming)g(message)i(based)f(on)f(user)o(-de\256ned)g(message)104
2398 y(interpretation)8 b(code.)104 2464 y(The)j(KQML)f(parser)h(can)g
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(user)h(at)f(stdin.)104 2600 y Fd(6.1.3)50 b(Log)13 b(\256les)104
2694 y Fj(Carne)e(can)h(be)g(made)g(to)f(write)g(a)g(log)g(\256le)g
(that)g(provides)f(details)h(of)g(the)g(inputs)f(and)h(outputs)f(to)h
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(runs.)j(This)d(can)h(be)g(useful)f(for)g(debugging.)954
2975 y(28)p eop
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29 29 bop 0 90 a Fi(DRAFT)125 b(Alma-Carne)10 b(manual)125
b(April)9 b(1,)h(2001)962 b Fj(29)104 192 y Fe(6.2)59
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30 30 bop 104 519 a Fh(Chapter)21 b(7)104 744 y Fl(Running)26
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1570 y(T)m(o)f(do)g(so,)h(load)e Fc(carne.pl)g Fj(and)h(initialize)f
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f(proceeds)h(as)g(though)e(Carne)h(were)h(run)f(interactively)m(.)104
1776 y Fe(7.1)59 b(Command)15 b(line)f(arguments)104
1885 y Fj(Need)d(to)e(verify)h(whether)g(this)f(is)h(correct.)154
1977 y Fk(\261)20 b Fc(sfile)25 b(X)10 b Fj(X)g(is)g(the)g(\256le)h
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(Default:)h(true)954 2975 y(30)p eop
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31 31 bop 104 519 a Fh(Chapter)21 b(8)104 744 y Fl(Carne)k
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32 32 bop 104 519 a Fh(Chapter)21 b(9)104 744 y Fl(Applications)104
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1246 y Fj(Something)9 b(to)h(come)h(here.)104 1402 y
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(implement)f(a)h(default)f(logic)g(with)g(preferences.)20
b(The)12 b(idea)g(is)g(to)f(represent)104 1561 y(defaults)d(as)h
(implications)d(and)j(to)e(apply)h(them)h(whenever)f(they)g(can)h(be)g
(applied.)k(The)c(presence)g(of)f(a)h(contradiction)e(signals)104
1611 y(that)g(a)h(default)f(had)h(been)h(applied)e(when)g(it)g(should)g
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(then)e(used)h(to)f(resolve)104 1661 y(the)i(problem.)14
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(in)104 1711 y(the)f(database)h(that)f(would)f(af)o(fect)i(the)f(use)h
(of)f(some)h(formula.)104 1777 y(See)g(the)f(Examples)h(section)f(for)g
(an)h(actual)f(execution)g(of)g(this)f(logic.)104 1912
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b(need)h(to)e(represent)i(defaults)e(in)h(the)g(logic)f(and)h(express)h
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(represented)f(as)104 2057 y Fb(f)t(if)t Fj(s)h(and)f(therefore)f(as)h
(inference)g(rules.)k(The)c(reason)g(for)f(using)g Fb(f)t(if)t
Fj(s)i(is)f(that)e(with)h Fb(f)t(if)t Fj(s,)j(contraposition)7
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Fb(if)15 b Fj(and)10 b Fb(bif)t Fj(.)15 b(W)m(e)c(do)f(not)f(want)i(to)
e(contrapose)h(defaults)g(in)g(general.)104 2173 y(The)k(defaults)f
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(these)g(names)h(are)f(used)g(to)f(assert)i(preferences)104
2223 y(between)10 b(defaults.)104 2289 y(For)g(example,)h(we)g
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(as:)104 2389 y Fc(named\(fif\(bird\(X\),)23 b
(conclusion\(fly\(X\)\)\),)g(birdsfly\).)104 2438 y
(named\(fif\(penguin\(X\),)g(conclusion\(not\(fly\(X\)\)\)\),)f
(penguinsdontfly\).)104 2488 y(if\(penguin\(X\),)h(bird\(X\)\).)104
2538 y(prefer\(penguinsdontfly,)g(birdsfly\).)104 2673
y Fd(9.2.2)50 b(Default)11 b(application)104 2768 y Fj(Since)f
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(usual)g(way)h(that)e Fb(f)t(if)t Fj(s)104 2817 y(are)i(applied.)954
2975 y(32)p eop
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33 33 bop 0 90 a Fi(DRAFT)125 b(Alma-Carne)10 b(manual)125
b(April)9 b(1,)h(2001)962 b Fj(33)104 192 y(Continuing)9
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(\256rst)104 241 y(concludes)f(that)f(Joe)h(does)g(not)e(\257y)i(using)
f Fc(penguinsdontfly)p Fj(,)g(then)g(derives)h(that)f(Joe)h(is)f(a)i
(bird,)e(then)g(concludes)h(that)104 291 y(Joe)f(\257ies)h(using)e
Fc(birdsfly)h Fj(which)g(causes)i(a)e(direct)g(contradiction.)104
426 y Fd(9.2.3)50 b(Resolving)12 b(the)g(contradiction)104
521 y Fj(As)h(seen)h(above,)g(this)e(results)g(in)g(the)h
(contradiction)e(being)h(noted)g(and)h(the)g(formulas)f(resulting)g
(from)g(the)h(contradiction)104 570 y(being)e(distrusted.)16
b(A)c(simple)f(resolution)f(of)h(the)g(contradiction)f(using)g
(preferences)j(is)f(to)e(inspect)i(the)f(derivations)f(of)h(the)104
620 y(contradictands)d(for)i(defaults)f(that)f(may)j(have)f(a)g
(preference)g(relation)f(between)h(them.)k(In)9 b(this)g(case,)i
Fc(fly\(joe\))e Fj(depends)104 670 y(on)h Fc(birdsfly)f
Fj(and)i Fc(not\(fly\(joe\)\))e Fj(depends)h(on)g Fc(penguinsdontfly)p
Fj(.)j(Since)e(the)f(second)h(is)f(preferred)h(to)e(the)104
720 y(\256rst,)h(we)h(prefer)f(that)g Fc(not\(fly\(joe\)\))p
Fj(,)g(and)g(this)f(can)i(be)g(reinstated)f(in)f(the)h(database.)104
786 y(Finding)d(the)h(derivations)f(is)h(easily)h(done)f(using)g
Fc(name)p 926 786 13 2 v 14 w(to)p 990 786 V 15 w(derivation)g
Fj(when)g(we)i(detect)e(a)h(contradiction,)f(by)g(for)g(ex-)104
836 y(ample)f Fc(if\(and\(contra\(X,)24 b(Y,)g(T\),)h(eval)p
912 836 V 14 w(bound\(name)p 1176 836 V 15 w(to)p 1241
836 V 14 w(derivation\(X,)f(XD\),)g([X]\)\),)h(derivation)p
2153 836 V 14 w(of\(X,)104 886 y(XD\)\))p Fj(.)10 b(Similarly)g(for)g
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(have)g(the)g(derivations,)e(the)i(easiest)g(way)g(to)104
936 y(compare)d(the)e(two)g(is)h(to)f(write)h(a)g(prolog)e(predicate)i
(that)g(will)e(do)h(the)h(comparison.)13 b(This)7 b(can)g(be)g(invoked)
f(using)g Fc(eval)p 1841 936 V 14 w(bound)p Fj(.)104
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h(the)g(appropriate)g(formula,)g(using)f Fc(reinstate)p
Fj(.)104 1052 y(Because)i(Alma)f(only)f(applies)g(an)h(inference)g
(rule)g(when)f(there)h(is)g(new)g(information)e(in)h(the)g(database)i
(that)e(uni\256es)h(with)e(the)104 1102 y(antecedent)g(of)g(the)g
(rule,)h Fc(birdsfly)e Fj(will)g(not)g(be)i(applied)e(to)h(Joe)g
(anymore)h(unless)f(we)g(somewhow)g(rederive)h(that)e(Joe)i(is)f(a)104
1152 y(bird)g Fk(\(is)g(it)g(applied)h(even)h(then?)j(V)l(erify\))p
Fj(.)h(This)9 b(feature)g(of)f(Alma)i(makes)g(it)e(unnecessary)h(for)g
(the)g(application)e(of)i(defaults)104 1201 y(to)g(verify)h(whether)g
(the)g(default)g(has)h(previously)d(been)j(applied)e(and)i(found)e(not)
g(to)h(be)h(preferred.)104 1337 y Fd(9.2.4)50 b(Behavior)104
1431 y Fj(The)10 b(behavior)e(of)h(Alma)h(in)e(this)g(case)j(will)d(be)
h(to)g(jump)g(to)f(the)h(\256rst)g(conclusion)f(that)h(can)h(be)f(made)
h(and)g(to)e(change)i(its)f(mind)104 1481 y(later)h(if)f(better)h
(information)e(\(more)i(preferred)h(defaults,)f(for)f(example\))i
(becomes)g(available.)j(This)c(process)h(need)g(not)e(stop)104
1530 y(at)g(going)g(from)g Fc(fly\(joe\))g Fj(to)g Fc
(not\(fly\(joe\)\))g Fj(but)f(can)j(involve)d(several)i(iterations)e
(of)i(this)e(change,)j(each)g(time)e(the)104 1580 y(answer)i(being)e
(based)i(on)f(better)g(information.)104 1647 y(Also)g(the)h(time)h(at)f
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b(W)m(e)c(might)e(have)i(a)f(contradiction)f(immediately)m(,)h(or)g
(after)h(a)104 1697 y(more)f(or)f(less)h(long)e(time)i(depending)e(on)h
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(on)f(when)g(new)h(information)104 1746 y(becomes)g(available.)104
1882 y Fd(9.2.5)50 b(Mor)o(e)13 b(work)104 1976 y Fj(What)8
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2225 y(one)g(is)g(better)n(.)p eop
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34 34 bop 104 519 a Fh(Chapter)21 b(10)104 744 y Fl(Bugs)104
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(above.)104 1402 y Fe(10.2)59 b(Resolution)104 1512 y
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(result)f(in)h(tautologies.)104 1718 y Fe(10.3)59 b(Query)104
1827 y Fj(Currently)7 b(query)i(returns)g(the)g(matches)i(for)d(bs)i
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g(query\(q\(X\)\))f(does)i(not)104 1877 y(seem)h(to)f(return)g(all)g
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2975 y(34)p eop
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35 35 bop 104 519 a Fh(Chapter)21 b(1)-5 b(1)104 744
y Fl(Futur)n(e)27 b(work)104 976 y Fj(Alma)9 b(is)f(still)f(work)h(in)g
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1026 y(presented)h(here.)104 1182 y Fe(1)m(1.1)59 b(Misc)104
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1868 y(1.)14 b(set)p 197 1868 V 15 w(focus\(F)m(,)c(T\))h(F)f(is)g(a)h
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eop
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%%Trailer
end
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
%%EOF