diff --git a/newsfragments/3175.doc.rst b/newsfragments/3175.doc.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c8475f4e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/newsfragments/3175.doc.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Warn if a user forgot to implement ``.derive`` for an ExceptionGroup subclass.
diff --git a/src/trio/_core/_run.py b/src/trio/_core/_run.py
index 5dbaa18cab..0f243c4ff5 100644
--- a/src/trio/_core/_run.py
+++ b/src/trio/_core/_run.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 )
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
-    from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup
+    from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup, ExceptionGroup
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -639,6 +639,31 @@ def _close(self, exc: BaseException | None) -> BaseException | None:
                 self.cancelled_caught = True
                 exc = None
             elif isinstance(exc, BaseExceptionGroup):
+                # sanity check users
+                egs = [exc]
+                visited = set()
+                while egs:
+                    next_eg = egs.pop()
+                    if next_eg in visited:
+                        continue
+                    visited.add(next_eg)
+                    if (
+                        "derive" not in type(next_eg).__dict__
+                        and type(next_eg) is not ExceptionGroup
+                    ):
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f"derive not implemented for {type(next_eg).__name__}, results may be unexpected",
+                            stacklevel=1,
+                        )
+
+                    egs.extend(
+                        [
+                            e
+                            for e in next_eg.exceptions
+                            if isinstance(e, BaseExceptionGroup)
+                        ]
+                    )
+
                 matched, exc = exc.split(Cancelled)
                 if matched:
                     self.cancelled_caught = True
diff --git a/src/trio/_core/_tests/test_run.py b/src/trio/_core/_tests/test_run.py
index 75e5457d78..073ac0f281 100644
--- a/src/trio/_core/_tests/test_run.py
+++ b/src/trio/_core/_tests/test_run.py
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@
         Awaitable,
         Callable,
         Generator,
+        Sequence,
     )
 
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
 if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
     from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup, ExceptionGroup
 
@@ -2855,3 +2858,65 @@ def run(self, fn: Callable[[], object]) -> object:
 
     with mock.patch("trio._core._run.copy_context", return_value=Context()):
         assert _count_context_run_tb_frames() == 1
+
+
+def test_run_with_custom_exception_group() -> None:
+    class ExceptionGroupForTest(ExceptionGroup[Exception]):
+        @staticmethod
+        def for_test(message: str, excs: list[Exception]) -> ExceptionGroupForTest:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    async def check1(exception_group_type: type[ExceptionGroupForTest]) -> None:
+        raise exception_group_type.for_test("test message", [ValueError("uh oh")])
+
+    async def check2(exception_group_type: type[ExceptionGroupForTest]) -> None:
+        with _core.CancelScope():
+            raise exception_group_type.for_test("test message", [ValueError("uh oh")])
+
+    async def check3(exception_group_type: type[ExceptionGroupForTest]) -> None:
+        async with _core.open_nursery():
+            raise exception_group_type.for_test("test message", [ValueError("uh oh")])
+
+    class HasDerive(ExceptionGroupForTest):
+        def derive(self, excs: Sequence[Exception]) -> HasDerive:
+            return HasDerive(self.message, excs)
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def for_test(message: str, excs: list[Exception]) -> HasDerive:
+            return HasDerive(message, excs)
+
+    class NormalNew(ExceptionGroupForTest):
+        @staticmethod
+        def for_test(message: str, excs: list[Exception]) -> NormalNew:
+            return NormalNew(message, excs)
+
+    class AbnormalNew(ExceptionGroupForTest):
+        def __new__(cls, excs: Sequence[Exception]) -> Self:
+            return super().__new__(cls, f"has {len(excs)} exceptions", excs)
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def for_test(message: str, excs: list[Exception]) -> AbnormalNew:
+            return AbnormalNew(excs)
+
+    for check in (check1, check2, check3):
+        for error in [HasDerive, NormalNew, AbnormalNew]:
+            if check is check3:
+                if error in (NormalNew, AbnormalNew):
+                    with (
+                        pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="^derive not implemented"),
+                        pytest.raises(ExceptionGroup) as e,
+                    ):
+                        _core.run(check, error)
+
+                    error = ExceptionGroup  # we don't provide something better
+                else:
+                    with pytest.raises(ExceptionGroup) as e:
+                        _core.run(check, error)
+
+                assert len(e.value.exceptions) == 1
+                assert isinstance(e.value.exceptions[0], error)
+            else:
+                with pytest.raises(error):
+                    _core.run(check, error)
+
+            print(f"{check} + {error} PASSED")