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<div class="document" id="pyqt-by-example-session-2">
<h1 class="title">PyQt by Example: Session 2</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle" id="plugging-things">Plugging Things</h2>
<div class="section" id="requirements">
<h1>Requirements</h1>
<p>If you haven't yet, check <a class="reference external" href="http://lateral.netmanagers.com.ar/stories/BBS47.html">Session 1</a> first.</p>
<p>All files for this session are here: <a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/ralsina/pyqt-by-example/tree/master/session2">Session 2 at GitHub</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="session-2-plugging-things">
<h1>Session 2: Plugging Things</h1>
<p>In <a class="reference external" href="http://lateral.netmanagers.com.ar/stories/BBS47.html">Session 1</a> we created our application's main window, a skeleton application that displays said window, and a simple <a class="reference external" href="http://elixir.ematia.de">Elixir</a> based backend.</p>
<p>We did not, however, connect both things. And connecting things is the important step we are taking in this session.</p>
<p>We will be working first on our <a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/ralsina/pyqt-by-example/blob/master/session2/main.py">main.py</a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="loading-data">
<h2>Loading Data</h2>
<p>The first thing is that we need to use our backend, so we have to import todo.py.</p>
<p>We do this in <a class="reference external" href="#F2_13">line 13</a></p>
<p>Then, in <a class="reference external" href="#F2_25">line 25</a> we do the first real new work: we get the list of tasks and put them in our list.</p>
<p>Let's examine that in detail. Here is the code from lines <a class="reference external" href="#F2_25">25</a> to <a class="reference external" href="#F2_35">35</a>:</p>
<table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><pre> 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11</pre></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># Let's do something interesting: load the database contents</span>
<span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># into our task list widget</span>
<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">for</span> task <span style="color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold">in</span> todo<span style="color: #666666">.</span>Task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>query()<span style="color: #666666">.</span>all():
tags<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">','</span><span style="color: #666666">.</span>join([t<span style="color: #666666">.</span>name <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">for</span> t <span style="color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold">in</span> task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>tags])
item<span style="color: #666666">=</span>QtGui<span style="color: #666666">.</span>QTreeWidgetItem([task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>text,<span style="color: #008000">str</span>(task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>date),tags])
item<span style="color: #666666">.</span>task<span style="color: #666666">=</span>task
<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">if</span> task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>done:
item<span style="color: #666666">.</span>setCheckState(<span style="color: #666666">0</span>,QtCore<span style="color: #666666">.</span>Qt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>Checked)
<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">else</span>:
item<span style="color: #666666">.</span>setCheckState(<span style="color: #666666">0</span>,QtCore<span style="color: #666666">.</span>Qt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>Unchecked)
<span style="color: #008000">self</span><span style="color: #666666">.</span>ui<span style="color: #666666">.</span>list<span style="color: #666666">.</span>addTopLevelItem(item)
</pre></div>
</td></tr></table><p>Remember our backend, <a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/ralsina/pyqt-by-example/blob/master/session2/todo.py">todo.py</a>? In it we defined Task objects that are stored in a database. If you are not familiar with <a class="reference external" href="http://elixir.ematia.de">Elixir</a>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">todo.Task.query().all()</span></tt> gets a list of all Task objects from the database.</p>
<p>Then we assign the tags separated by commas to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tags</span></tt>, which will look something like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"home,important"</span></tt>.</p>
<p>And now, we see our first Qt-related code.</p>
<p>First: self.ui.list is a widget. Everything we put on the window using designer is accessible using self.ui.object_name and the object_name is set using designer. If you right-click on the big widget in our window you can see that the widget's object name is <strong>list</strong>:</p>
<div class="figure">
<img alt="object_name.png" src="object_name.png" />
<p class="caption">The object name is <strong>list</strong>.</p>
</div>
<p>You can also see it (and change it) in the Object Inspector and in the Property Editor.</p>
<p>That is not just a widget. It's a QTreeWidget, useful for showing fancy multi-column lists and trees.</p>
<p>You can read a lot about this widget in its <a class="reference external" href="http://doc.trolltech.com/4.4/qtreewidget.html#details">manual</a> but let's do the very short version:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>We create <a class="reference external" href="http://doc.trolltech.com/4.4/qtreewidgetitem.html">QTreeWidgetItem</a> objects. These take a list of strings, which are displayed in the widget's columns. In this case, we are adding the task text ("Buy groceries"), the due date, and the tags.</li>
<li>We set item.task to task. This is so later on we know what task is described by a specific item. Not the most elegant way, perhaps, but by far the easiest.</li>
<li>We add each item to the widget using <a class="reference external" href="http://doc.trolltech.com/4.4/qtreewidget.html#addTopLevelItem">addTopLevelItem</a> so they are all at the same level (not hierarchical, as childs and parents)</li>
<li>It will work as a list</li>
</ul>
<p>Then, if the task is done (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">task.done==True</span></tt>) we make a checkmark next to the task. If it's not done, we do not.</p>
<p>For many simple programs, this is all you need to know about QTreeWidget. It's a rather complex widget, and very powerful, but this will do for our task. Investigate!</p>
<p>So, what does it do? Let's run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">main.py</span></tt> and find out!</p>
<div class="figure">
<img alt="window3.png" src="window3.png" />
<p class="caption">The task list with our sample tasks.</p>
</div>
<p>If your window is empty, try running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">todo.py</span></tt> first, which will create some sample tasks.</p>
<p>You can even check a task to mark it done! That's because we have also implemented (partial) saving of modified tasks...</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="saving-data">
<h2>Saving Data</h2>
<p>So, what we want is that when the user clicks on the checkbox, the task should be modified accordingly, and stored in the database.</p>
<p>In most toolkits you would be looking for callbacks. Here things are a bit different. When a Qt widget wants to make you notice something, like "The user clicked this button" or "The Help menu is activated", or whatever, they <em>emit signals</em> (go along for a minute).</p>
<p>In particular, here we are interested in the itemChanged signal of QTreeWidget:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>QTreeWidget.itemChanged ( item, column ) [signal]</p>
<p>This signal is emitted when the contents of the column in the specified item changes.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>And, whenever you click on the checkbox, this signal is emitted. Why's that important? Because you can connect your own code to a signal, so that whenever that signal is emitted, your code is executed! Your code is called a <em>slot</em> in Qt slang.</p>
<p>It's like a callback, except that:</p>
<ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li>The signal doesn't know what is connected to it (or if there is anything connected at all)</li>
<li>You can connect as many slots to a signal as you want.</li>
</ol>
<p>This helps keep your code <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loosely_coupled">loosely coupled</a>.</p>
<p>We <em>could</em> define a method in the Main class, and connect it to the itemChanged signal, but there is no need because we can use AutoConnect. If you add to Main a method with a specific name, it will be connected to that signal. The name is on_objectname_signalname.</p>
<p>Here is the code (lines <a class="reference external" href="#F2_37">37</a> to <a class="reference external" href="#F2_42">42</a>):</p>
<table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><pre>1
2
3
4
5
6</pre></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">def</span> <span style="color: #0000FF">on_list_itemChanged</span>(<span style="color: #008000">self</span>,item,column):
<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">if</span> item<span style="color: #666666">.</span>checkState(<span style="color: #666666">0</span>):
item<span style="color: #666666">.</span>task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>done<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #008000">True</span>
<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">else</span>:
item<span style="color: #666666">.</span>task<span style="color: #666666">.</span>done<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #008000">False</span>
todo<span style="color: #666666">.</span>saveData()
</pre></div>
</td></tr></table><p>See how we use item.task to reflect the item's checkState (whether it's checked or not) into the task state?</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">todo.saveData()</span></tt> at the end makes sure all data is saved in the database via Elixir. That function is a bit gnarly because I wanted it to work with two different versions of Elixir.</p>
<p>AutoConnect is what you will use 90% of the time to add behaviour to your application. Most of the time, you will just create the window, add the widgets, and hook signals via AutoConnect.</p>
<p>In some occasions that will not be enough. But we are not there yet.</p>
<p>This was a rather short session, but be prepared for the next one: we will be doing <strong>Important Stuff with Designer</strong> (TM)!</p>
<p>In the meantime, you may want to check these pages:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Learn about <a class="reference external" href="http://doc.trolltech.com/4.4/gallery.html">widgets</a> available in Qt</li>
<li>Learn about <a class="reference external" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/static/Docs/PyQt4/pyqt4ref.html#signal-and-slot-support">signals and slots</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://lateral.netmanagers.com.ar/stories/BBS49.html">Session 3</a></li>
</ul>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>Here you can see what changed between the old and new versions:</p>
<table>
<tr><td width="50%">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="modified">Modified lines: </td>
<td class="modified"><a href="#F1_34">34</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="added">Added line: </td>
<td class="added"><a href="#F2_13">13</a>, <a href="#F2_14">14</a>, <a href="#F2_15">15</a>, <a href="#F2_25">25</a>, <a href="#F2_26">26</a>, <a href="#F2_27">27</a>, <a href="#F2_28">28</a>, <a href="#F2_29">29</a>, <a href="#F2_30">30</a>, <a href="#F2_31">31</a>, <a href="#F2_32">32</a>, <a href="#F2_33">33</a>, <a href="#F2_34">34</a>, <a href="#F2_35">35</a>, <a href="#F2_36">36</a>, <a href="#F2_37">37</a>, <a href="#F2_38">38</a>, <a href="#F2_39">39</a>, <a href="#F2_40">40</a>, <a href="#F2_41">41</a>, <a href="#F2_42">42</a>, <a href="#F2_43">43</a>, <a href="#F2_44">44</a>, <a href="#F2_46">46</a>, <a href="#F2_47">47</a>, <a href="#F2_48">48</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="removed">Removed line: </td>
<td class="removed">None</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td width="50%">
<i>Generated by <a href="http://diff2html.tuxfamily.org"><b>diff2html</b></a><br/>
© Yves Bailly, MandrakeSoft S.A. 2001<br/>
<b>diff2html</b> is licensed under the <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL</a>.</i>
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr/>
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th width="45%"><strong><big>session1/main.py</big></strong></th>
<th> </th>
<th> </th>
<th width="45%"><strong><big>session2/main.py</big></strong></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td>
34 lines<br/>
754 bytes<br/>
Last modified : Mon Mar 2 01:29:24 2009<br/>
<hr/>
</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td>
60 lines<br/>
1557 bytes<br/>
Last modified : Thu Mar 5 02:03:03 2009<br/>
<hr/>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">1</td>
<td class="normal"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">1</td>
<td class="normal"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">2</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">2</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">3</td>
<td class="normal">"""The user interface for our app"""</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">3</td>
<td class="normal">"""The user interface for our app"""</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">4</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">4</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">5</td>
<td class="normal">import os,sys</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">5</td>
<td class="normal">import os,sys</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">6</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">6</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">7</td>
<td class="normal"># Import Qt modules</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">7</td>
<td class="normal"># Import Qt modules</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">8</td>
<td class="normal">from PyQt4 import QtCore,QtGui</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">8</td>
<td class="normal">from PyQt4 import QtCore,QtGui</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">9</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">9</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">10</td>
<td class="normal"># Import the compiled UI module</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">10</td>
<td class="normal"># Import the compiled UI module</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">11</td>
<td class="normal">from windowUi import Ui_MainWindow</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">11</td>
<td class="normal">from windowUi import Ui_MainWindow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">12</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">12</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_13">13</a></td>
<td class="added"># Import our backend</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_14">14</a></td>
<td class="added">import todo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_15">15</a></td>
<td class="added"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">13</td>
<td class="normal"># Create a class for our main window</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">16</td>
<td class="normal"># Create a class for our main window</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">14</td>
<td class="normal">class Main(QtGui.QMainWindow):</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">17</td>
<td class="normal">class Main(QtGui.QMainWindow):</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">15</td>
<td class="normal"> def __init__(self):</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">18</td>
<td class="normal"> def __init__(self):</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">16</td>
<td class="normal"> QtGui.QMainWindow.__init__(self)</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">19</td>
<td class="normal"> QtGui.QMainWindow.__init__(self)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">17</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">20</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">18</td>
<td class="normal"> # This is always the same</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">21</td>
<td class="normal"> # This is always the same</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">19</td>
<td class="normal"> self.ui=Ui_MainWindow()</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">22</td>
<td class="normal"> self.ui=Ui_MainWindow()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">20</td>
<td class="normal"> self.ui.setupUi(self)</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">23</td>
<td class="normal"> self.ui.setupUi(self)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">21</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">24</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_25">25</a></td>
<td class="added"> # Let's do something interesting: load the database contents</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_26">26</a></td>
<td class="added"> # into our task list widget</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_27">27</a></td>
<td class="added"> for task in todo.Task.query().all():</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_28">28</a></td>
<td class="added"> tags=','.join([t.name for t in task.tags])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_29">29</a></td>
<td class="added"> item=QtGui.QTreeWidgetItem([task.text,str(task.date),tags])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_30">30</a></td>
<td class="added"> item.task=task</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_31">31</a></td>
<td class="added"> if task.done:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_32">32</a></td>
<td class="added"> item.setCheckState(0,QtCore.Qt.Checked)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_33">33</a></td>
<td class="added"> else:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_34">34</a></td>
<td class="added"> item.setCheckState(0,QtCore.Qt.Unchecked)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_35">35</a></td>
<td class="added"> self.ui.list.addTopLevelItem(item)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_36">36</a></td>
<td class="added"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_37">37</a></td>
<td class="added"> def on_list_itemChanged(self,item,column):</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_38">38</a></td>
<td class="added"> if item.checkState(0):</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_39">39</a></td>
<td class="added"> item.task.done=True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_40">40</a></td>
<td class="added"> else:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_41">41</a></td>
<td class="added"> item.task.done=False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_42">42</a></td>
<td class="added"> todo.saveData()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_43">43</a></td>
<td class="added"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_44">44</a></td>
<td class="added"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">22</td>
<td class="normal">def main():</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">45</td>
<td class="normal">def main():</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_46">46</a></td>
<td class="added"> # Init the database before doing anything else</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_47">47</a></td>
<td class="added"> todo.initDB()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum"> </td>
<td class="added"> </td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum"><a name="F2_48">48</a></td>
<td class="added"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">23</td>
<td class="normal"> # Again, this is boilerplate, it's going to be the same on</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">49</td>
<td class="normal"> # Again, this is boilerplate, it's going to be the same on</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">24</td>
<td class="normal"> # almost every app you write</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">50</td>
<td class="normal"> # almost every app you write</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">25</td>
<td class="normal"> app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">51</td>
<td class="normal"> app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">26</td>
<td class="normal"> window=Main()</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">52</td>
<td class="normal"> window=Main()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">27</td>
<td class="normal"> window.show()</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">53</td>
<td class="normal"> window.show()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">28</td>
<td class="normal"> # It's exec_ because exec is a reserved word in Python</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">54</td>
<td class="normal"> # It's exec_ because exec is a reserved word in Python</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">29</td>
<td class="normal"> sys.exit(app.exec_())</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">55</td>
<td class="normal"> sys.exit(app.exec_())</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">30</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">56</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">31</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">57</td>
<td class="normal"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">32</td>
<td class="normal">if __name__ == "__main__":</td>
<td width="16"> </td>
<td class="linenum">58</td>
<td class="normal">if __name__ == "__main__":</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="linenum">33</td>
<td class="normal"> main()</td>