README.md

kaniko - Build Images In Kubernetes

kaniko is a tool to build container images from a Dockerfile, inside a container or Kubernetes cluster.

kaniko doesn't depend on a Docker daemon and executes each command within a Dockerfile completely in userspace. This enables building container images in environments that can't easily or securely run a Docker daemon, such as a standard Kubernetes cluster.

kaniko is meant to be run as an image, gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor. We do not recommend running the kaniko executor binary in another image, as it might not work.

If you are interested in contributing to kaniko, see DEVELOPMENT.md and CONTRIBUTING.md.

Table of Contents generated with DocToc

• How does kaniko work?
• Known Issues
• Demo
• Using kaniko
  • kaniko Build Contexts
  • Running kaniko
    • Running kaniko in a Kubernetes cluster
      • Kubernetes secret
    • Running kaniko in gVisor
    • Running kaniko in Google Cloud Build
    • Running kaniko in Docker
  • Caching
    • Caching Layers
    • Caching Base Images
  • Pushing to Different Registries
    • Pushing to Amazon ECR
  • Additional Flags
    • --build-arg
    • --cache
    • --cache-dir
    • --cache-repo
    • --cleanup
    • --digest-file
    • --insecure
    • --insecure-pull
    • --no-push
    • --reproducible
    • --single-snapshot
    • --snapshotMode
    • --skip-tls-verify
    • --skip-tls-verify-pull
    • --target
    • --tarPath
    • --verbosity
  • Debug Image
• Security
• Comparison with Other Tools
• Community
• Limitations
  • mtime and snapshotting

How does kaniko work?

The kaniko executor image is responsible for building an image from a Dockerfile and pushing it to a registry. Within the executor image, we extract the filesystem of the base image (the FROM image in the Dockerfile). We then execute the commands in the Dockerfile, snapshotting the filesystem in userspace after each one. After each command, we append a layer of changed files to the base image (if there are any) and update image metadata.

Known Issues

kaniko does not support building Windows containers.

Demo

Using kaniko

To use kaniko to build and push an image for you, you will need:

1. A build context, aka something to build
2. A running instance of kaniko

kaniko Build Contexts

kaniko's build context is very similar to the build context you would send your Docker daemon for an image build; it represents a directory containing a Dockerfile which kaniko will use to build your image. For example, a COPY command in your Dockerfile should refer to a file in the build context.

You will need to store your build context in a place that kaniko can access. Right now, kaniko supports these storage solutions:

• GCS Bucket
• S3 Bucket
• Local Directory
• Git Repository

Note: the local directory option refers to a directory within the kaniko container. If you wish to use this option, you will need to mount in your build context into the container as a directory.

If using a GCS or S3 bucket, you will first need to create a compressed tar of your build context and upload it to your bucket. Once running, kaniko will then download and unpack the compressed tar of the build context before starting the image build.

To create a compressed tar, you can run:

tar -C <path to build context> -zcvf context.tar.gz .

Then, copy over the compressed tar into your bucket. For example, we can copy over the compressed tar to a GCS bucket with gsutil:

gsutil cp context.tar.gz gs://<bucket name>

When running kaniko, use the --context flag with the appropriate prefix to specify the location of your build context:

Source	Prefix	Example
Local Directory	dir://[path to a directory in the kaniko container]	dir:///workspace
GCS Bucket	gs://[bucket name]/[path to .tar.gz]	gs://kaniko-bucket/path/to/context.tar.gz
S3 Bucket	s3://[bucket name]/[path to .tar.gz]	s3://kaniko-bucket/path/to/context.tar.gz
Git Repository	git://[repository url][#reference]	git://github.com/acme/myproject.git#refs/heads/mybranch

If you don't specify a prefix, kaniko will assume a local directory. For example, to use a GCS bucket called kaniko-bucket, you would pass in --context=gs://kaniko-bucket/path/to/context.tar.gz.

Using Private Git Repository

You can use Personal Access Tokens for Build Contexts from Private Repositories from GitHub.

Running kaniko

There are several different ways to deploy and run kaniko:

• In a Kubernetes cluster
• In gVisor
• In Google Cloud Build
• In Docker

Running kaniko in a Kubernetes cluster

Requirements:

• Standard Kubernetes cluster (e.g. using GKE)
• Kubernetes Secret
• A build context

Kubernetes secret

To run kaniko in a Kubernetes cluster, you will need a standard running Kubernetes cluster and a Kubernetes secret, which contains the auth required to push the final image.

To create a secret to authenticate to Google Cloud Registry, follow these steps:

1. Create a service account in the Google Cloud Console project you want to push the final image to with Storage Admin permissions.
2. Download a JSON key for this service account
3. Rename the key to kaniko-secret.json
4. To create the secret, run:

kubectl create secret generic kaniko-secret --from-file=<path to kaniko-secret.json>

Note: If using a GCS bucket in the same GCP project as a build context, this service account should now also have permissions to read from that bucket.

The Kubernetes Pod spec should look similar to this, with the args parameters filled in:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko
spec:
  containers:
  - name: kaniko
    image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
    args: ["--dockerfile=<path to Dockerfile within the build context>",
            "--context=gs://<GCS bucket>/<path to .tar.gz>",
            "--destination=<gcr.io/$PROJECT/$IMAGE:$TAG>"]
    volumeMounts:
      - name: kaniko-secret
        mountPath: /secret
    env:
      - name: GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS
        value: /secret/kaniko-secret.json
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: kaniko-secret
      secret:
        secretName: kaniko-secret

This example pulls the build context from a GCS bucket. To use a local directory build context, you could consider using configMaps to mount in small build contexts.

Running kaniko in gVisor

Running kaniko in gVisor provides an additional security boundary. You will need to add the --force flag to run kaniko in gVisor, since currently there isn't a way to determine whether or not a container is running in gVisor.

docker run --runtime=runsc -v $(pwd):/workspace -v ~/.config:/root/.config \
gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest \
--dockerfile=<path to Dockerfile> --context=/workspace \
--destination=gcr.io/my-repo/my-image --force

We pass in --runtime=runsc to use gVisor. This example mounts the current directory to /workspace for the build context and the ~/.config directory for GCR credentials.

Running kaniko in Google Cloud Build

Requirements:

• A build context

To run kaniko in GCB, add it to your build config as a build step:

steps:
  - name: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
    args: ["--dockerfile=<path to Dockerfile within the build context>",
           "--context=dir://<path to build context>",
           "--destination=<gcr.io/$PROJECT/$IMAGE:$TAG>"]

kaniko will build and push the final image in this build step.

Running kaniko in Docker

Requirements:

• Docker
• gcloud

We can run the kaniko executor image locally in a Docker daemon to build and push an image from a Dockerfile.

1. Load the executor image into the Docker daemon by running:

make images

2. Run kaniko in Docker using run_in_docker.sh:

./run_in_docker.sh <path to Dockerfile> <path to build context> <destination of final image>

Caching

Caching Layers

kaniko currently can cache layers created by RUN commands in a remote repository. Before executing a command, kaniko checks the cache for the layer. If it exists, kaniko will pull and extract the cached layer instead of executing the command. If not, kaniko will execute the command and then push the newly created layer to the cache.

Users can opt in to caching by setting the --cache=true flag. A remote repository for storing cached layers can be provided via the --cache-repo flag. If this flag isn't provided, a cached repo will be inferred from the --destination provided.

Caching Base Images

kaniko can cache images in a local directory that can be volume mounted into the kaniko image. To do so, the cache must first be populated, as it is read-only. We provide a kaniko cache warming image at gcr.io/kaniko-project/warmer:

docker run -v $(pwd):/workspace gcr.io/kaniko-project/warmer:latest --cache-dir=/workspace/cache --image=<image to cache> --image=<another image to cache>

--image can be specified for any number of desired images. This command will cache those images by digest in a local directory named cache. Once the cache is populated, caching is opted into with the same --cache=true flag as above. The location of the local cache is provided via the --cache-dir flag, defaulting at /cache as with the cache warmer. See the examples directory for how to use with kubernetes clusters and persistent cache volumes.

Pushing to Different Registries

kaniko uses Docker credential helpers to push images to a registry.

kaniko comes with support for GCR and Amazon ECR, but configuring another credential helper should allow pushing to a different registry.

Pushing to Amazon ECR

The Amazon ECR credential helper is built in to the kaniko executor image. To configure credentials, you will need to do the following:

1. Update the credHelpers section of config.json with the specific URI of your ECR registry:

{
  "credHelpers": {
    "aws_account_id.dkr.ecr.region.amazonaws.com": "ecr-login"
  }
}

You can mount in the new config as a configMap:

kubectl create configmap docker-config --from-file=<path to config.json>

2. Create a Kubernetes secret for your ~/.aws/credentials file so that credentials can be accessed within the cluster.

To create the secret, run:

kubectl create secret generic aws-secret --from-file=<path to .aws/credentials>

The Kubernetes Pod spec should look similar to this, with the args parameters filled in:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko
spec:
  containers:
  - name: kaniko
    image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
    args: ["--dockerfile=<path to Dockerfile within the build context>",
            "--context=s3://<bucket name>/<path to .tar.gz>",
            "--destination=<aws_account_id.dkr.ecr.region.amazonaws.com/my-repository:my-tag>"]
    volumeMounts:
      - name: aws-secret
        mountPath: /root/.aws/
      - name: docker-config
        mountPath: /kaniko/.docker/
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: aws-secret
      secret:
        secretName: aws-secret
    - name: docker-config
      configMap:
        name: docker-config

Additional Flags

--build-arg

This flag allows you to pass in ARG values at build time, similarly to Docker. You can set it multiple times for multiple arguments.

--cache

Set this flag as --cache=true to opt in to caching with kaniko.

--cache-dir

Set this flag to specify a local directory cache for base images. Defaults to /cache.

This flag must be used in conjunction with the --cache=true flag.

--cache-repo

Set this flag to specify a remote repository which will be used to store cached layers.

If this flag is not provided, a cache repo will be inferred from the --destination flag. If --destination=gcr.io/kaniko-project/test, then cached layers will be stored in gcr.io/kaniko-project/test/cache.

This flag must be used in conjunction with the --cache=true flag.

--digest-file

Set this flag to specify a file in the container. This file will receive the digest of a built image. This can be used to automatically track the exact image built by Kaniko.

For example, setting the flag to --digest-file=/dev/termination-log will write the digest to that file, which is picked up by Kubernetes automatically as the {{.state.terminated.message}} of the container.

--insecure-registry

Set this flag to use plain HTTP requests when accessing a registry. It is supposed to be used for testing purposes only and should not be used in production! You can set it multiple times for multiple registries.

--skip-tls-verify-registry

Set this flag to skip TLS cerificate validation when accessing a registry. It is supposed to be used for testing purposes only and should not be used in production! You can set it multiple times for multiple registries.

--cleanup

Set this flag to clean the filesystem at the end of the build.

--insecure

Set this flag if you want to push images to a plain HTTP registry. It is supposed to be used for testing purposes only and should not be used in production!

--insecure-pull

Set this flag if you want to pull images from a plain HTTP registry. It is supposed to be used for testing purposes only and should not be used in production!

--no-push

Set this flag if you only want to build the image, without pushing to a registry.

--reproducible

Set this flag to strip timestamps out of the built image and make it reproducible.

--single-snapshot

This flag takes a single snapshot of the filesystem at the end of the build, so only one layer will be appended to the base image.

--skip-tls-verify

Set this flag to skip TLS certificate validation when pushing to a registry. It is supposed to be used for testing purposes only and should not be used in production!

--skip-tls-verify-pull

Set this flag to skip TLS certificate validation when pulling from a registry. It is supposed to be used for testing purposes only and should not be used in production!

--snapshotMode

You can set the --snapshotMode=<full (default), time> flag to set how kaniko will snapshot the filesystem. If --snapshotMode=time is set, only file mtime will be considered when snapshotting (see limitations related to mtime).

--target

Set this flag to indicate which build stage is the target build stage.

--tarPath

Set this flag as --tarPath=<path> to save the image as a tarball at path instead of pushing the image.

--verbosity

Set this flag as --verbosity=<panic|fatal|error|warn|info|debug> to set the logging level. Defaults to info.

Debug Image

The kaniko executor image is based off of scratch and doesn't contain a shell. We provide gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:debug, a debug image which consists of the kaniko executor image along with a busybox shell to enter.

You can launch the debug image with a shell entrypoint:

docker run -it --entrypoint=/busybox/sh gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:debug

Security

kaniko by itself does not make it safe to run untrusted builds inside your cluster, or anywhere else.

kaniko relies on the security features of your container runtime to provide build security.

The minimum permissions kaniko needs inside your container are governed by a few things:

• The permissions required to unpack your base image into it's container
• The permissions required to execute the RUN commands inside the container

If you have a minimal base image (SCRATCH or similar) that doesn't require permissions to unpack, and your Dockerfile doesn't execute any commands as the root user, you can run Kaniko without root permissions. It should be noted that Docker runs as root by default, so you still require (in a sense) privileges to use Kaniko.

You may be able to achieve the same default seccomp profile that Docker uses in your Pod by setting seccomp profiles with annotations on a PodSecurityPolicy to create or update security policies on your cluster.

Comparison with Other Tools

Similar tools include:

• BuildKit
• img
• orca-build
• umoci
• buildah
• FTL
• Bazel rules_docker

All of these tools build container images with different approaches.

BuildKit (and img) can perform as a non root user from within a container, but requires seccomp and AppArmor to be disabled to create nested containers. kaniko does not actually create nested containers, so it does not require seccomp and AppArmor to be disabled.

orca-build depends on runc to build images from Dockerfiles, which can not run inside a container (for similar reasons to img above). kaniko doesn't use runc so it doesn't require the use of kernel namespacing techniques. However, orca-build does not require Docker or any privileged daemon (so builds can be done entirely without privilege).

umoci works without any privileges, and also has no restrictions on the root filesystem being extracted (though it requires additional handling if your filesystem is sufficiently complicated). However it has no Dockerfile-like build tooling (it's a slightly lower-level tool that can be used to build such builders -- such as orca-build).

Buildah specializes in building OCI images. Buildah's commands replicate all of the commands that are found in a Dockerfile. This allows building images with and without Dockerfiles while not requiring any root privileges. Buildah’s ultimate goal is to provide a lower-level coreutils interface to build images. The flexibility of building images without Dockerfiles allows for the integration of other scripting languages into the build process. Buildah follows a simple fork-exec model and does not run as a daemon but it is based on a comprehensive API in golang, which can be vendored into other tools.

FTL and Bazel aim to achieve the fastest possible creation of Docker images for a subset of images. These can be thought of as a special-case "fast path" that can be used in conjunction with the support for general Dockerfiles kaniko provides.

Community

kaniko-users Google group

To Contribute to kaniko, see DEVELOPMENT.md and CONTRIBUTING.md.

Limitations

mtime and snapshotting

When taking a snapshot, kaniko's hashing algorithms include (or in the case of --snapshotMode=time, only use) a file's mtime to determine if the file has changed. Unfortunately there is a delay between when changes to a file are made and when the mtime is updated. This means:

• With the time-only snapshot mode (--snapshotMode=time), kaniko may miss changes introduced by RUN commands entirely.
• With the default snapshot mode (--snapshotMode=full), whether or not kaniko will add a layer in the case where a RUN command modifies a file but the contents do not change is theoretically non-deterministic. This does not affect the contents which will still be correct, but it does affect the number of layers.

Note that these issues are currently theoretical only. If you see this issue occur, please open an issue.