index.xml

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    <title>Thom Volker</title>
    <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/</link>
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    <description>Thom Volker</description>
    <generator>Source Themes Academic (https://sourcethemes.com/academic/)</generator><language>en-us</language><copyright>© Thom Volker 2023</copyright><lastBuildDate>Sat, 01 Jun 2030 13:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate>
    <image>
      <url>https://thomvolker.github.io/img/avatar.png</url>
      <title>Thom Volker</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/</link>
    </image>
    
    <item>
      <title>Example Page 1</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/courses/example/example1/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 May 2019 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/courses/example/example1/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;In this tutorial, I&amp;rsquo;ll share my top 10 tips for getting started with Academic:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;tip-1&#34;&gt;Tip 1&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis posuere tellus ac convallis placerat. Proin tincidunt magna sed ex sollicitudin condimentum. Sed ac faucibus dolor, scelerisque sollicitudin nisi. Cras purus urna, suscipit quis sapien eu, pulvinar tempor diam. Quisque risus orci, mollis id ante sit amet, gravida egestas nisl. Sed ac tempus magna. Proin in dui enim. Donec condimentum, sem id dapibus fringilla, tellus enim condimentum arcu, nec volutpat est felis vel metus. Vestibulum sit amet erat at nulla eleifend gravida.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nullam vel molestie justo. Curabitur vitae efficitur leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Sed pulvinar mauris dui, eget varius purus congue ac. Nulla euismod, lorem vel elementum dapibus, nunc justo porta mi, sed tempus est est vel tellus. Nam et enim eleifend, laoreet sem sit amet, elementum sem. Morbi ut leo congue, maximus velit ut, finibus arcu. In et libero cursus, rutrum risus non, molestie leo. Nullam congue quam et volutpat malesuada. Sed risus tortor, pulvinar et dictum nec, sodales non mi. Phasellus lacinia commodo laoreet. Nam mollis, erat in feugiat consectetur, purus eros egestas tellus, in auctor urna odio at nibh. Mauris imperdiet nisi ac magna convallis, at rhoncus ligula cursus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cras aliquam rhoncus ipsum, in hendrerit nunc mattis vitae. Duis vitae efficitur metus, ac tempus leo. Cras nec fringilla lacus. Quisque sit amet risus at ipsum pharetra commodo. Sed aliquam mauris at consequat eleifend. Praesent porta, augue sed viverra bibendum, neque ante euismod ante, in vehicula justo lorem ac eros. Suspendisse augue libero, venenatis eget tincidunt ut, malesuada at lorem. Donec vitae bibendum arcu. Aenean maximus nulla non pretium iaculis. Quisque imperdiet, nulla in pulvinar aliquet, velit quam ultrices quam, sit amet fringilla leo sem vel nunc. Mauris in lacinia lacus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suspendisse a tincidunt lacus. Curabitur at urna sagittis, dictum ante sit amet, euismod magna. Sed rutrum massa id tortor commodo, vitae elementum turpis tempus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean purus turpis, venenatis a ullamcorper nec, tincidunt et massa. Integer posuere quam rutrum arcu vehicula imperdiet. Mauris ullamcorper quam vitae purus congue, quis euismod magna eleifend. Vestibulum semper vel augue eget tincidunt. Fusce eget justo sodales, dapibus odio eu, ultrices lorem. Duis condimentum lorem id eros commodo, in facilisis mauris scelerisque. Morbi sed auctor leo. Nullam volutpat a lacus quis pharetra. Nulla congue rutrum magna a ornare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aliquam in turpis accumsan, malesuada nibh ut, hendrerit justo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Quisque sed erat nec justo posuere suscipit. Donec ut efficitur arcu, in malesuada neque. Nunc dignissim nisl massa, id vulputate nunc pretium nec. Quisque eget urna in risus suscipit ultricies. Pellentesque odio odio, tincidunt in eleifend sed, posuere a diam. Nam gravida nisl convallis semper elementum. Morbi vitae felis faucibus, vulputate orci placerat, aliquet nisi. Aliquam erat volutpat. Maecenas sagittis pulvinar purus, sed porta quam laoreet at.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;tip-2&#34;&gt;Tip 2&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis posuere tellus ac convallis placerat. Proin tincidunt magna sed ex sollicitudin condimentum. Sed ac faucibus dolor, scelerisque sollicitudin nisi. Cras purus urna, suscipit quis sapien eu, pulvinar tempor diam. Quisque risus orci, mollis id ante sit amet, gravida egestas nisl. Sed ac tempus magna. Proin in dui enim. Donec condimentum, sem id dapibus fringilla, tellus enim condimentum arcu, nec volutpat est felis vel metus. Vestibulum sit amet erat at nulla eleifend gravida.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nullam vel molestie justo. Curabitur vitae efficitur leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Sed pulvinar mauris dui, eget varius purus congue ac. Nulla euismod, lorem vel elementum dapibus, nunc justo porta mi, sed tempus est est vel tellus. Nam et enim eleifend, laoreet sem sit amet, elementum sem. Morbi ut leo congue, maximus velit ut, finibus arcu. In et libero cursus, rutrum risus non, molestie leo. Nullam congue quam et volutpat malesuada. Sed risus tortor, pulvinar et dictum nec, sodales non mi. Phasellus lacinia commodo laoreet. Nam mollis, erat in feugiat consectetur, purus eros egestas tellus, in auctor urna odio at nibh. Mauris imperdiet nisi ac magna convallis, at rhoncus ligula cursus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cras aliquam rhoncus ipsum, in hendrerit nunc mattis vitae. Duis vitae efficitur metus, ac tempus leo. Cras nec fringilla lacus. Quisque sit amet risus at ipsum pharetra commodo. Sed aliquam mauris at consequat eleifend. Praesent porta, augue sed viverra bibendum, neque ante euismod ante, in vehicula justo lorem ac eros. Suspendisse augue libero, venenatis eget tincidunt ut, malesuada at lorem. Donec vitae bibendum arcu. Aenean maximus nulla non pretium iaculis. Quisque imperdiet, nulla in pulvinar aliquet, velit quam ultrices quam, sit amet fringilla leo sem vel nunc. Mauris in lacinia lacus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suspendisse a tincidunt lacus. Curabitur at urna sagittis, dictum ante sit amet, euismod magna. Sed rutrum massa id tortor commodo, vitae elementum turpis tempus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean purus turpis, venenatis a ullamcorper nec, tincidunt et massa. Integer posuere quam rutrum arcu vehicula imperdiet. Mauris ullamcorper quam vitae purus congue, quis euismod magna eleifend. Vestibulum semper vel augue eget tincidunt. Fusce eget justo sodales, dapibus odio eu, ultrices lorem. Duis condimentum lorem id eros commodo, in facilisis mauris scelerisque. Morbi sed auctor leo. Nullam volutpat a lacus quis pharetra. Nulla congue rutrum magna a ornare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aliquam in turpis accumsan, malesuada nibh ut, hendrerit justo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Quisque sed erat nec justo posuere suscipit. Donec ut efficitur arcu, in malesuada neque. Nunc dignissim nisl massa, id vulputate nunc pretium nec. Quisque eget urna in risus suscipit ultricies. Pellentesque odio odio, tincidunt in eleifend sed, posuere a diam. Nam gravida nisl convallis semper elementum. Morbi vitae felis faucibus, vulputate orci placerat, aliquet nisi. Aliquam erat volutpat. Maecenas sagittis pulvinar purus, sed porta quam laoreet at.&lt;/p&gt;
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    <item>
      <title>Example Page 2</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/courses/example/example2/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 May 2019 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/courses/example/example2/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Here are some more tips for getting started with Academic:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;tip-3&#34;&gt;Tip 3&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis posuere tellus ac convallis placerat. Proin tincidunt magna sed ex sollicitudin condimentum. Sed ac faucibus dolor, scelerisque sollicitudin nisi. Cras purus urna, suscipit quis sapien eu, pulvinar tempor diam. Quisque risus orci, mollis id ante sit amet, gravida egestas nisl. Sed ac tempus magna. Proin in dui enim. Donec condimentum, sem id dapibus fringilla, tellus enim condimentum arcu, nec volutpat est felis vel metus. Vestibulum sit amet erat at nulla eleifend gravida.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nullam vel molestie justo. Curabitur vitae efficitur leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Sed pulvinar mauris dui, eget varius purus congue ac. Nulla euismod, lorem vel elementum dapibus, nunc justo porta mi, sed tempus est est vel tellus. Nam et enim eleifend, laoreet sem sit amet, elementum sem. Morbi ut leo congue, maximus velit ut, finibus arcu. In et libero cursus, rutrum risus non, molestie leo. Nullam congue quam et volutpat malesuada. Sed risus tortor, pulvinar et dictum nec, sodales non mi. Phasellus lacinia commodo laoreet. Nam mollis, erat in feugiat consectetur, purus eros egestas tellus, in auctor urna odio at nibh. Mauris imperdiet nisi ac magna convallis, at rhoncus ligula cursus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cras aliquam rhoncus ipsum, in hendrerit nunc mattis vitae. Duis vitae efficitur metus, ac tempus leo. Cras nec fringilla lacus. Quisque sit amet risus at ipsum pharetra commodo. Sed aliquam mauris at consequat eleifend. Praesent porta, augue sed viverra bibendum, neque ante euismod ante, in vehicula justo lorem ac eros. Suspendisse augue libero, venenatis eget tincidunt ut, malesuada at lorem. Donec vitae bibendum arcu. Aenean maximus nulla non pretium iaculis. Quisque imperdiet, nulla in pulvinar aliquet, velit quam ultrices quam, sit amet fringilla leo sem vel nunc. Mauris in lacinia lacus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suspendisse a tincidunt lacus. Curabitur at urna sagittis, dictum ante sit amet, euismod magna. Sed rutrum massa id tortor commodo, vitae elementum turpis tempus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean purus turpis, venenatis a ullamcorper nec, tincidunt et massa. Integer posuere quam rutrum arcu vehicula imperdiet. Mauris ullamcorper quam vitae purus congue, quis euismod magna eleifend. Vestibulum semper vel augue eget tincidunt. Fusce eget justo sodales, dapibus odio eu, ultrices lorem. Duis condimentum lorem id eros commodo, in facilisis mauris scelerisque. Morbi sed auctor leo. Nullam volutpat a lacus quis pharetra. Nulla congue rutrum magna a ornare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aliquam in turpis accumsan, malesuada nibh ut, hendrerit justo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Quisque sed erat nec justo posuere suscipit. Donec ut efficitur arcu, in malesuada neque. Nunc dignissim nisl massa, id vulputate nunc pretium nec. Quisque eget urna in risus suscipit ultricies. Pellentesque odio odio, tincidunt in eleifend sed, posuere a diam. Nam gravida nisl convallis semper elementum. Morbi vitae felis faucibus, vulputate orci placerat, aliquet nisi. Aliquam erat volutpat. Maecenas sagittis pulvinar purus, sed porta quam laoreet at.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;tip-4&#34;&gt;Tip 4&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis posuere tellus ac convallis placerat. Proin tincidunt magna sed ex sollicitudin condimentum. Sed ac faucibus dolor, scelerisque sollicitudin nisi. Cras purus urna, suscipit quis sapien eu, pulvinar tempor diam. Quisque risus orci, mollis id ante sit amet, gravida egestas nisl. Sed ac tempus magna. Proin in dui enim. Donec condimentum, sem id dapibus fringilla, tellus enim condimentum arcu, nec volutpat est felis vel metus. Vestibulum sit amet erat at nulla eleifend gravida.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nullam vel molestie justo. Curabitur vitae efficitur leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Sed pulvinar mauris dui, eget varius purus congue ac. Nulla euismod, lorem vel elementum dapibus, nunc justo porta mi, sed tempus est est vel tellus. Nam et enim eleifend, laoreet sem sit amet, elementum sem. Morbi ut leo congue, maximus velit ut, finibus arcu. In et libero cursus, rutrum risus non, molestie leo. Nullam congue quam et volutpat malesuada. Sed risus tortor, pulvinar et dictum nec, sodales non mi. Phasellus lacinia commodo laoreet. Nam mollis, erat in feugiat consectetur, purus eros egestas tellus, in auctor urna odio at nibh. Mauris imperdiet nisi ac magna convallis, at rhoncus ligula cursus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cras aliquam rhoncus ipsum, in hendrerit nunc mattis vitae. Duis vitae efficitur metus, ac tempus leo. Cras nec fringilla lacus. Quisque sit amet risus at ipsum pharetra commodo. Sed aliquam mauris at consequat eleifend. Praesent porta, augue sed viverra bibendum, neque ante euismod ante, in vehicula justo lorem ac eros. Suspendisse augue libero, venenatis eget tincidunt ut, malesuada at lorem. Donec vitae bibendum arcu. Aenean maximus nulla non pretium iaculis. Quisque imperdiet, nulla in pulvinar aliquet, velit quam ultrices quam, sit amet fringilla leo sem vel nunc. Mauris in lacinia lacus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suspendisse a tincidunt lacus. Curabitur at urna sagittis, dictum ante sit amet, euismod magna. Sed rutrum massa id tortor commodo, vitae elementum turpis tempus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean purus turpis, venenatis a ullamcorper nec, tincidunt et massa. Integer posuere quam rutrum arcu vehicula imperdiet. Mauris ullamcorper quam vitae purus congue, quis euismod magna eleifend. Vestibulum semper vel augue eget tincidunt. Fusce eget justo sodales, dapibus odio eu, ultrices lorem. Duis condimentum lorem id eros commodo, in facilisis mauris scelerisque. Morbi sed auctor leo. Nullam volutpat a lacus quis pharetra. Nulla congue rutrum magna a ornare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aliquam in turpis accumsan, malesuada nibh ut, hendrerit justo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Quisque sed erat nec justo posuere suscipit. Donec ut efficitur arcu, in malesuada neque. Nunc dignissim nisl massa, id vulputate nunc pretium nec. Quisque eget urna in risus suscipit ultricies. Pellentesque odio odio, tincidunt in eleifend sed, posuere a diam. Nam gravida nisl convallis semper elementum. Morbi vitae felis faucibus, vulputate orci placerat, aliquet nisi. Aliquam erat volutpat. Maecenas sagittis pulvinar purus, sed porta quam laoreet at.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Example Talk</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/talk/example/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jun 2030 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/talk/example/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;alert alert-note&#34;&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;
    Click on the &lt;strong&gt;Slides&lt;/strong&gt; button above to view the built-in slides feature.
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Slides can be added in a few ways:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Create&lt;/strong&gt; slides using Academic&amp;rsquo;s 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/managing-content/#create-slides&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Slides&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; feature and link using &lt;code&gt;slides&lt;/code&gt; parameter in the front matter of the talk file&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Upload&lt;/strong&gt; an existing slide deck to &lt;code&gt;static/&lt;/code&gt; and link using &lt;code&gt;url_slides&lt;/code&gt; parameter in the front matter of the talk file&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Embed&lt;/strong&gt; your slides (e.g. Google Slides) or presentation video on this page using 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/writing-markdown-latex/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;shortcodes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Further talk details can easily be added to this page using &lt;em&gt;Markdown&lt;/em&gt; and $\rm \LaTeX$ math code.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Anonymiced Shareable Data: Using mice to Create and Analyze Multiply Imputed Synthetic Datasets</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/publication/synthemice/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/publication/synthemice/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;All accompanying files and &lt;code&gt;R&lt;/code&gt;-code can be found on the project&amp;rsquo;s 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/amices/Synthemice&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;GitHub page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Psychometrics Assignment 2 - Societal Data Analytics</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/thomvolkerpsychometrics/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/thomvolkerpsychometrics/</guid>
      <description>


&lt;div id=&#34;introduction&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Introduction&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fake news poses problems to present-day societies, and in some instances, it can even become dangerous, for example when people believe in the relationship between vaccines and autism. Multiple sites exist that fact-check online sources of information with regard to whether the provided information was real or fake. An algorithm that could be trained to distinguish real from fake news would make this process easier and faster. Therefore, it is attempted to construct a machine learning method that is able to distinguish fake from real news, by means of analyzing the textual data at hand.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;methods&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Methods&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The dataset contained 500 texts that had on average nearly 800 words, and additionally a title and a label that indicates whether or not the text was fake. Used features were word unigrams, bigrams and trigrams, and combinations of the three. It was investigated whether frequencies of certain words or combinations of words (up to a maximum length of three) were indicative of the truthfulness of the text. The data was prepared for usage by means of removing excessive white spaces, punctuation, numbers, non-ASCII characters, replacing capitals by lower case letters, removing English stopwords, and applying Porter’s stemming algorithm (to make sure that common words are identified as common words), in this specific order. Additionally, sparse terms were removed, with a maximum allowed sparsity of 0.90 in case of the unigrams, 0.95 in case of bigrams and 0.97 in case of the trigrams and combinations of unigrams, bigrams and trigrams. The training set consists of 80% of the original dataset, and is chosen at random; the remaining 20% serves as the validation data. All methods were ran with the same seed, which ensures that all methods use the same observations (texts) to build the model on.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Four different methods were considered to build a model. The first one was a classification tree, the second one was a classification tree that was pruned by means of the cross-validation error based on the complexity parameter, the third model under consideration was a logistic regression model, and the fourth model was a support vector machine model. All models can handle the dichotomous outcome variable, and it was attempted to predict whether the document was real or fake in the validation data. The performance of all methods under the specified input (unigrams, bigrams, trigrams or a combination of the three) was measured by means of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and the F1-measure.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;figure&#34;&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;fig:unnamed-chunk-2&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;img src=&#34;https://thomvolker.github.io/post/ThomVolkerPsychometrics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png&#34; alt=&#34;Figure 1. Wordcloud containing the most frequently occurring words in the data, after the pre-processing steps.&#34; width=&#34;2800&#34; /&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;caption&#34;&gt;
Figure 1: Figure 1. Wordcloud containing the most frequently occurring words in the data, after the pre-processing steps.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, when the logistic model was used, the maximum allowed sparsity has to be further reduced when analyzing the unigrams, because otherwise, overfitting would be severe (to such an extent that a single variable for every model can be chosen). To avoid this problem, when unigrams were analyzed by means of the logistic regression model, the maximum allowed sparsity was reduced to 0.70. Combinations of unigrams, bigrams and trigrams were not considered, simply because bigrams and trigrams occured too infrequently in multiple texts, so that in the end, only unigrams would have been analyzed, if there is accounted for the overfitting problem.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;results&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Results&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The dimensions of the training and test sets were equal, except for the fact that obviously, the training data contained 400 rows, while the test data only contained 100 rows. After initially performing the analysis, it appeared that all models performed reasonable, with an accuracy of around 0.75 when the unigrams were taken into account, eventually in combination with bigrams and/or trigrams (results are mentioned in Appendix A, since they were not of primary interest). When solely bigrams and trigrams were considered, the accuracy ranged between 0.60 and 0.70. However, one of the words that occurred very often as one of the first nodes was “said”, which was not very informative, in my opinion. Therefore, I decided to exclude this word, and run the analysis again. Because removing the word ‘said’ would not make any difference with respect to bigrams and trigrams, and the models fitted on bigrams and trigrams initially did not perform that well, these two models were not considered any further.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As can be seen in Table 1, considering bigrams and trigrams next to unigrams did did not strengthen the accuracy of the considered methods. Overall, the results were very similar, and only considering unigrams yielded slightly better results as compared to additionally using bigrams and trigrams. Additionally, there was nearly no difference between the performance of the considered measures. However, it is noteworthy that the sensitivity of the Pruned Classification Tree is very high, while the specificity is much lower, while in case of the regular Classification Tree, the specificity is very high, but the sensitivity is much lower.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;caption&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;tab:unnamed-chunk-3&#34;&gt;Table 1: &lt;/span&gt;Table 1: Results of the classification methods on the text only, without infrequently occurring words and without the word ‘said’&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;header&#34;&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Method&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Accuracy&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Specificity&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;PPV&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;NPV&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;F1.measure&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.71&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.725&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.792&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.617&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.743&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.71&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.725&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.792&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.617&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.743&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;LR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.75&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.825&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.857&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.647&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.771&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.77&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.775&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.836&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.689&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Bigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.65&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.600&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.558&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.701&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.783&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.525&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.712&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.618&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.746&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.733&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.652&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.772&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Bigrams+Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.65&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.600&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.558&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.701&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.783&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.525&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.712&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.618&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.746&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.733&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.652&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.772&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.65&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.600&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.558&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.701&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.783&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.525&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.712&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.618&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.746&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.733&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.652&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.772&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note.&lt;/em&gt; Considered methods were Classification Trees (CT), Pruned Classification Trees based on the validation error (PCT), Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machines (SVM).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Words that were regarded as influencial, according to the Classification Tree method containing only unigrams can be found in Figure 2. It appears that persons who mentioned the word ‘gop’, which is an abbreviation of “Grand Old Party”, referring to the Republican Party, are not expected to provide fake news. Texts that do not contain ‘gop’, but do mention ‘sen’, which is a slightly problematic stem, since it can refer to more than 200 distinct word, among others ‘senator’ and ‘sentence’, are also expected to be real. People who do not mention ‘gop’, do not mention ‘sen’, do not mention ‘thursday’, but do mention ‘octob’ at least once are expected to provide fake news. In depth interpretation of these words must however be done by a specialist, who is well aware of “hot topics” among fake news providers and American actualities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;figure&#34;&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;fig:unnamed-chunk-4&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;img src=&#34;https://thomvolker.github.io/post/ThomVolkerPsychometrics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png&#34; alt=&#34;Figure 2. Plot of the results of the Classification Tree on the unigrams without infrequently occurring words and without the word &#39;said&#39;.&#34; width=&#34;2800&#34; /&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;caption&#34;&gt;
Figure 2: Figure 2. Plot of the results of the Classification Tree on the unigrams without infrequently occurring words and without the word ‘said’.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, some cells in the data appeared to be empty, but did have a title. So in addition to the previous analysis, I also considered a model in which the title was added to the text. Since removing the word ‘said’ proved to be useful, I continued with discarding ‘said’ from the analyses. The best overall model was the Pruned Classification Tree that analyzed unigrams only, since it had both the highest accuracy and the highest F1-measure of all models considered. That is, overall, this model classified the most cases accordingly (Table 2).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;caption&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;tab:unnamed-chunk-5&#34;&gt;Table 2: &lt;/span&gt;Table 2: Results of the classification methods on the text including the title, without infrequently occurring words and without the frequently occurring word ‘said’&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;header&#34;&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Method&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Accuracy&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Specificity&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;PPV&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;NPV&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;F1.measure&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.78&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.717&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.875&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.896&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.673&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.796&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.81&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.883&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.848&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;LR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.825&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.854&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.635&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.759&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.80&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.857&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.727&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.828&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Bigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.780&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.659&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.780&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.659&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.717&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.811&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.638&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.761&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Bigrams+Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.780&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.659&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.780&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.659&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.72&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.808&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.625&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.780&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.659&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.73&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.780&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.659&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.72&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.808&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.625&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note.&lt;/em&gt; Considered methods were Classification Trees (CT), Pruned Classification Trees based on the validation error (PCT), Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machines (SVM).
Second results.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;figure&#34;&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;fig:unnamed-chunk-6&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;img src=&#34;https://thomvolker.github.io/post/ThomVolkerPsychometrics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png&#34; alt=&#34;Figure 3. Plot of the results of the Pruned Classification Tree on the unigrams without infrequently occurring words and without the word &#39;said&#39;.&#34; width=&#34;2800&#34; /&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;caption&#34;&gt;
Figure 3: Figure 3. Plot of the results of the Pruned Classification Tree on the unigrams without infrequently occurring words and without the word ‘said’.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The pruned classification tree is in this scenario relatively simple. Once again, ‘gop’ is an important phrase, and the same holds for ‘thursday’ and ‘octob’. People who do mention ‘gop’ are expected to provide real news, as well as people who do not mention ‘gop’ at all, but do mention ‘thursday’. People who do not mention ‘gop’, do not mention ‘thursday’, but do mention ’octob are expected to provide fake news.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In practice, I would not use the model to base important decisions on, since the accuracy was not extremely high, and overall there were a substantial number of misclassifications. However, the provided models might be useful to guide people with interest in tracking down fake news, because it can narrow their search for texts that might be interesting. Given the fact that these people will probably not be able to identify all fake news going around, a narrower scope might help them to search for suspicious news.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To conclude, I would prefer the models based on Classification Trees, due to their simplicity. In my opinion, working with people who might not have profound knowledge about statistical topics, a simpler model might suit better. Of course, it is better to use a model that fits than a poor fitting model. However, in the current situation, it does not same to make a lot of difference which model one uses, and thus a Classification Tree, eventually with pruning after building the tree, might be best suited.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;appendix-a&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Appendix A&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;caption&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;tab:unnamed-chunk-7&#34;&gt;Table 3: &lt;/span&gt;Results of initial analyses containing unigrams, bigrams and trigrams separately and combinations of the three.&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;header&#34;&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Method&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Accuracy&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;Specificity&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;PPV&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;NPV&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;F1.measure&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.72&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.600&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.667&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.774&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.76&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.850&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.625&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.773&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.735&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.810&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;LR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.75&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.825&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.857&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.647&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.771&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.77&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.767&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.775&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.836&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.689&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Bigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.66&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.817&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.425&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.681&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.607&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.742&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.65&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.850&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.350&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.662&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.609&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.745&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;LR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.71&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.717&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.700&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.782&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.622&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.748&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.759&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.587&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.62&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.867&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.250&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.634&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.556&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.732&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.61&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.867&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.225&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.627&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.529&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.727&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;LR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.63&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.867&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.275&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.642&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.579&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.738&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.64&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.867&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.300&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.650&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.600&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.743&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Bigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.759&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.587&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.75&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.833&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.625&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.769&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.714&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.733&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.652&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.772&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Bigrams+Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.759&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.587&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.75&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.833&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.625&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.769&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.714&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.733&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.652&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.772&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;Unigrams+Trigrams&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;CT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.68&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.683&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.675&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.759&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.587&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.719&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;even&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;PCT&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.75&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.833&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.625&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.769&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.714&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.800&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&#34;odd&#34;&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;left&#34;&gt;SVM&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.74&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.733&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.750&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.815&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.652&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&#34;right&#34;&gt;0.772&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note.&lt;/em&gt; Considered methods were Classification Trees (CT), Pruned Classification Trees based on the validation error (PCT), Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machines (SVM).
Second results.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Writing technical content in Academic</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/writing-technical-content/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jul 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/writing-technical-content/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Academic is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and Academic handles the rest.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlight your code snippets, take notes on math classes, and draw diagrams from textual representation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On this page, you&amp;rsquo;ll find some examples of the types of technical content that can be rendered with Academic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;examples&#34;&gt;Examples&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;code&#34;&gt;Code&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Academic supports a Markdown extension for highlighting code syntax. You can enable this feature by toggling the &lt;code&gt;highlight&lt;/code&gt; option in your &lt;code&gt;config/_default/params.toml&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;```python
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv(&amp;quot;data.csv&amp;quot;)
data.head()
```
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-python&#34;&gt;import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv(&amp;quot;data.csv&amp;quot;)
data.head()
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;math&#34;&gt;Math&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Academic supports a Markdown extension for $\LaTeX$ math. You can enable this feature by toggling the &lt;code&gt;math&lt;/code&gt; option in your &lt;code&gt;config/_default/params.toml&lt;/code&gt; file.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To render &lt;em&gt;inline&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;block&lt;/em&gt; math, wrap your LaTeX math with &lt;code&gt;$...$&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;$$...$$&lt;/code&gt;, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example &lt;strong&gt;math block&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-tex&#34;&gt;$$\gamma_{n} = \frac{ 
\left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T 
\left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}
{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}$$
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;$$\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left |\nabla F(\mathbf{x}&lt;em&gt;{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}&lt;/em&gt;{n-1}) \right |^2}$$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example &lt;strong&gt;inline math&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;$\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$&lt;/code&gt; renders as $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example &lt;strong&gt;multi-line math&lt;/strong&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;\\\\&lt;/code&gt; math linebreak:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-tex&#34;&gt;$$f(k;p_0^*) = \begin{cases} p_0^* &amp;amp; \text{if }k=1, \\\\
1-p_0^* &amp;amp; \text {if }k=0.\end{cases}$$
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;$$f(k;p_0^&lt;em&gt;) = \begin{cases} p_0^&lt;/em&gt; &amp;amp; \text{if }k=1, \\
1-p_0^* &amp;amp; \text {if }k=0.\end{cases}$$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;diagrams&#34;&gt;Diagrams&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Academic supports a Markdown extension for diagrams. You can enable this feature by toggling the &lt;code&gt;diagram&lt;/code&gt; option in your &lt;code&gt;config/_default/params.toml&lt;/code&gt; file or by adding &lt;code&gt;diagram: true&lt;/code&gt; to your page front matter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An example &lt;strong&gt;flowchart&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;```mermaid
graph TD
A[Hard] --&amp;gt;|Text| B(Round)
B --&amp;gt; C{Decision}
C --&amp;gt;|One| D[Result 1]
C --&amp;gt;|Two| E[Result 2]
```
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-mermaid&#34;&gt;graph TD
A[Hard] --&amp;gt;|Text| B(Round)
B --&amp;gt; C{Decision}
C --&amp;gt;|One| D[Result 1]
C --&amp;gt;|Two| E[Result 2]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An example &lt;strong&gt;sequence diagram&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
Alice-&amp;gt;&amp;gt;John: Hello John, how are you?
loop Healthcheck
    John-&amp;gt;&amp;gt;John: Fight against hypochondria
end
Note right of John: Rational thoughts!
John--&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Alice: Great!
John-&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Bob: How about you?
Bob--&amp;gt;&amp;gt;John: Jolly good!
```
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-mermaid&#34;&gt;sequenceDiagram
Alice-&amp;gt;&amp;gt;John: Hello John, how are you?
loop Healthcheck
    John-&amp;gt;&amp;gt;John: Fight against hypochondria
end
Note right of John: Rational thoughts!
John--&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Alice: Great!
John-&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Bob: How about you?
Bob--&amp;gt;&amp;gt;John: Jolly good!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An example &lt;strong&gt;Gantt diagram&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;```mermaid
gantt
section Section
Completed :done,    des1, 2014-01-06,2014-01-08
Active        :active,  des2, 2014-01-07, 3d
Parallel 1   :         des3, after des1, 1d
Parallel 2   :         des4, after des1, 1d
Parallel 3   :         des5, after des3, 1d
Parallel 4   :         des6, after des4, 1d
```
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-mermaid&#34;&gt;gantt
section Section
Completed :done,    des1, 2014-01-06,2014-01-08
Active        :active,  des2, 2014-01-07, 3d
Parallel 1   :         des3, after des1, 1d
Parallel 2   :         des4, after des1, 1d
Parallel 3   :         des5, after des3, 1d
Parallel 4   :         des6, after des4, 1d
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An example &lt;strong&gt;class diagram&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;```mermaid
classDiagram
Class01 &amp;lt;|-- AveryLongClass : Cool
&amp;lt;&amp;lt;interface&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Class01
Class09 --&amp;gt; C2 : Where am i?
Class09 --* C3
Class09 --|&amp;gt; Class07
Class07 : equals()
Class07 : Object[] elementData
Class01 : size()
Class01 : int chimp
Class01 : int gorilla
class Class10 {
  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;service&amp;gt;&amp;gt;
  int id
  size()
}
```
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-mermaid&#34;&gt;classDiagram
Class01 &amp;lt;|-- AveryLongClass : Cool
&amp;lt;&amp;lt;interface&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Class01
Class09 --&amp;gt; C2 : Where am i?
Class09 --* C3
Class09 --|&amp;gt; Class07
Class07 : equals()
Class07 : Object[] elementData
Class01 : size()
Class01 : int chimp
Class01 : int gorilla
class Class10 {
  &amp;lt;&amp;lt;service&amp;gt;&amp;gt;
  int id
  size()
}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An example &lt;strong&gt;state diagram&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;```mermaid
stateDiagram
[*] --&amp;gt; Still
Still --&amp;gt; [*]
Still --&amp;gt; Moving
Moving --&amp;gt; Still
Moving --&amp;gt; Crash
Crash --&amp;gt; [*]
```
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-mermaid&#34;&gt;stateDiagram
[*] --&amp;gt; Still
Still --&amp;gt; [*]
Still --&amp;gt; Moving
Moving --&amp;gt; Still
Moving --&amp;gt; Crash
Crash --&amp;gt; [*]
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;todo-lists&#34;&gt;Todo lists&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can even write your todo lists in Academic too:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;- [x] Write math example
- [x] Write diagram example
- [ ] Do something else
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;input checked=&#34;&#34; disabled=&#34;&#34; type=&#34;checkbox&#34;&gt; Write math example&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;input checked=&#34;&#34; disabled=&#34;&#34; type=&#34;checkbox&#34;&gt; Write diagram example&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;input disabled=&#34;&#34; type=&#34;checkbox&#34;&gt; Do something else&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;tables&#34;&gt;Tables&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Represent your data in tables:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;| First Header  | Second Header |
| ------------- | ------------- |
| Content Cell  | Content Cell  |
| Content Cell  | Content Cell  |
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;First Header&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Second Header&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Content Cell&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Content Cell&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Content Cell&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Content Cell&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;asides&#34;&gt;Asides&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Academic supports a 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/writing-markdown-latex/#alerts&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;shortcode for asides&lt;/a&gt;, also referred to as &lt;em&gt;notices&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;hints&lt;/em&gt;, or &lt;em&gt;alerts&lt;/em&gt;. By wrapping a paragraph in &lt;code&gt;{{% alert note %}} ... {{% /alert %}}&lt;/code&gt;, it will render as an aside.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;{{% alert note %}}
A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.
{{% /alert %}}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;alert alert-note&#34;&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;
    A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;spoilers&#34;&gt;Spoilers&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Add a spoiler to a page to reveal text, such as an answer to a question, after a button is clicked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;{{&amp;lt; spoiler text=&amp;quot;Click to view the spoiler&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}}
You found me!
{{&amp;lt; /spoiler &amp;gt;}}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;spoiler &#34; &gt;
  &lt;p&gt;
    &lt;a class=&#34;btn btn-primary&#34; data-toggle=&#34;collapse&#34; href=&#34;#spoiler-1&#34; role=&#34;button&#34; aria-expanded=&#34;false&#34; aria-controls=&#34;spoiler-1&#34;&gt;
      Click to view the spoiler
    &lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;div class=&#34;collapse card &#34; id=&#34;spoiler-1&#34;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&#34;card-body&#34;&gt;
      You found me!
    &lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;icons&#34;&gt;Icons&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Academic enables you to use a wide range of 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/page-builder/#icons&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;icons from &lt;em&gt;Font Awesome&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Academicons&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in addition to 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/writing-markdown-latex/#emojis&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;emojis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here are some examples using the &lt;code&gt;icon&lt;/code&gt; shortcode to render icons:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;{{&amp;lt; icon name=&amp;quot;terminal&amp;quot; pack=&amp;quot;fas&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}} Terminal  
{{&amp;lt; icon name=&amp;quot;python&amp;quot; pack=&amp;quot;fab&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}} Python  
{{&amp;lt; icon name=&amp;quot;r-project&amp;quot; pack=&amp;quot;fab&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}} R
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;renders as&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
  &lt;i class=&#34;fas fa-terminal  pr-1 fa-fw&#34;&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Terminal&lt;br&gt;

  &lt;i class=&#34;fab fa-python  pr-1 fa-fw&#34;&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Python&lt;br&gt;

  &lt;i class=&#34;fab fa-r-project  pr-1 fa-fw&#34;&gt;&lt;/i&gt; R&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;did-you-find-this-page-helpful-consider-sharing-it-&#34;&gt;Did you find this page helpful? Consider sharing it 🙌&lt;/h3&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Display Jupyter Notebooks with Academic</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/jupyter/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/jupyter/</guid>
      <description>&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-python&#34;&gt;from IPython.core.display import Image
Image(&#39;https://www.python.org/static/community_logos/python-logo-master-v3-TM-flattened.png&#39;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&#34;./index_1_0.png&#34; alt=&#34;png&#34;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-python&#34;&gt;print(&amp;quot;Welcome to Academic!&amp;quot;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Welcome to Academic!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;install-python-and-jupyterlab&#34;&gt;Install Python and JupyterLab&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/#download-section&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Install Anaconda&lt;/a&gt; which includes Python 3 and JupyterLab.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, install JupyterLab with &lt;code&gt;pip3 install jupyterlab&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;create-or-upload-a-jupyter-notebook&#34;&gt;Create or upload a Jupyter notebook&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Run the following commands in your Terminal, substituting &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;MY-WEBSITE-FOLDER&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;SHORT-POST-TITLE&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; with the file path to your Academic website folder and a short title for your blog post (use hyphens instead of spaces), respectively:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-bash&#34;&gt;mkdir -p &amp;lt;MY-WEBSITE-FOLDER&amp;gt;/content/post/&amp;lt;SHORT-POST-TITLE&amp;gt;/
cd &amp;lt;MY-WEBSITE-FOLDER&amp;gt;/content/post/&amp;lt;SHORT-POST-TITLE&amp;gt;/
jupyter lab index.ipynb
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;jupyter&lt;/code&gt; command above will launch the JupyterLab editor, allowing us to add Academic metadata and write the content.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;edit-your-post-metadata&#34;&gt;Edit your post metadata&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first cell of your Jupter notebook will contain your post metadata (
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/front-matter/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;front matter&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Jupter, choose &lt;em&gt;Markdown&lt;/em&gt; as the type of the first cell and wrap your Academic metadata in three dashes, indicating that it is YAML front matter:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;---
title: My post&#39;s title
date: 2019-09-01

# Put any other Academic metadata here...
---
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Edit the metadata of your post, using the 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/managing-content&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; as a guide to the available options.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To set a 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/managing-content/#featured-image&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;featured image&lt;/a&gt;, place an image named &lt;code&gt;featured&lt;/code&gt; into your post&amp;rsquo;s folder.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For other tips, such as using math, see the guide on 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/writing-markdown-latex/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;writing content with Academic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;convert-notebook-to-markdown&#34;&gt;Convert notebook to Markdown&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-bash&#34;&gt;jupyter nbconvert index.ipynb --to markdown --NbConvertApp.output_files_dir=.
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;example&#34;&gt;Example&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This post was created with Jupyter. The orginal files can be found at 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/tree/master/exampleSite/content/post/jupyter&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;https://github.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/tree/master/exampleSite/content/post/jupyter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Slides</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/slides/example/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/slides/example/</guid>
      <description>&lt;h1 id=&#34;create-slides-in-markdown-with-academic&#34;&gt;Create slides in Markdown with Academic&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Academic&lt;/a&gt; | 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/managing-content/#create-slides&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;features&#34;&gt;Features&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Efficiently write slides in Markdown&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;3-in-1: Create, Present, and Publish your slides&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Supports speaker notes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mobile friendly slides&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;controls&#34;&gt;Controls&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Next: &lt;code&gt;Right Arrow&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Space&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Previous: &lt;code&gt;Left Arrow&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Start: &lt;code&gt;Home&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Finish: &lt;code&gt;End&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Overview: &lt;code&gt;Esc&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Speaker notes: &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fullscreen: &lt;code&gt;F&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Zoom: &lt;code&gt;Alt + Click&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#pdf-export&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;PDF Export&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;code&gt;E&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;code-highlighting&#34;&gt;Code Highlighting&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Inline code: &lt;code&gt;variable&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Code block:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-python&#34;&gt;porridge = &amp;quot;blueberry&amp;quot;
if porridge == &amp;quot;blueberry&amp;quot;:
    print(&amp;quot;Eating...&amp;quot;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;math&#34;&gt;Math&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In-line math: $x + y = z$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Block math:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;$$
f\left( x \right) = ;\frac{{2\left( {x + 4} \right)\left( {x - 4} \right)}}{{\left( {x + 4} \right)\left( {x + 1} \right)}}
$$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;fragments&#34;&gt;Fragments&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Make content appear incrementally&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{% fragment %}} One {{% /fragment %}}
{{% fragment %}} **Two** {{% /fragment %}}
{{% fragment %}} Three {{% /fragment %}}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Press &lt;code&gt;Space&lt;/code&gt; to play!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span class=&#34;fragment &#34; &gt;
   One 
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&#34;fragment &#34; &gt;
   **Two** 
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&#34;fragment &#34; &gt;
   Three 
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A fragment can accept two optional parameters:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt;: use a custom style (requires definition in custom CSS)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;weight&lt;/code&gt;: sets the order in which a fragment appears&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;speaker-notes&#34;&gt;Speaker Notes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Add speaker notes to your presentation&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;{{% speaker_note %}}
- Only the speaker can read these notes
- Press `S` key to view
{{% /speaker_note %}}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Press the &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt; key to view the speaker notes!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;aside class=&#34;notes&#34;&gt;
  &lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Only the speaker can read these notes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Press &lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt; key to view&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/aside&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;themes&#34;&gt;Themes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;black: Black background, white text, blue links (default)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;white: White background, black text, blue links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;league: Gray background, white text, blue links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;beige: Beige background, dark text, brown links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;sky: Blue background, thin dark text, blue links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;night: Black background, thick white text, orange links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;serif: Cappuccino background, gray text, brown links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;simple: White background, black text, blue links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;solarized: Cream-colored background, dark green text, blue links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;

&lt;section data-noprocess data-shortcode-slide
  
      
      data-background-image=&#34;/img/boards.jpg&#34;
  &gt;

&lt;h2 id=&#34;custom-slide&#34;&gt;Custom Slide&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Customize the slide style and background&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-markdown&#34;&gt;{{&amp;lt; slide background-image=&amp;quot;/img/boards.jpg&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}}
{{&amp;lt; slide background-color=&amp;quot;#0000FF&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}}
{{&amp;lt; slide class=&amp;quot;my-style&amp;quot; &amp;gt;}}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;custom-css-example&#34;&gt;Custom CSS Example&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let&amp;rsquo;s make headers navy colored.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Create &lt;code&gt;assets/css/reveal_custom.css&lt;/code&gt; with:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&#34;language-css&#34;&gt;.reveal section h1,
.reveal section h2,
.reveal section h3 {
  color: navy;
}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h1 id=&#34;questions&#34;&gt;Questions?&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://spectrum.chat/academic&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Ask&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/managing-content/#create-slides&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Documentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Bayesian Evidence Synthesis</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/project/bes/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/project/bes/</guid>
      <description>


&lt;p&gt;In recent years, the importance of replications has received considerable attention &lt;span class=&#34;citation&#34;&gt;(e.g., Open Science Collaboration, 2015; Baker, 2016; Brandt et al., 2014)&lt;/span&gt;. However, emphasis has been placed primarily on exact, direct or close replication studies. These studies employ an identical methodology and research design as the initial study, and are thus merely concerned with the statistical reliability of the results. If these results depend on methodological flaws, inferences from all studies will lead to suboptimal or invalid conclusions &lt;span class=&#34;citation&#34;&gt;(Munafò &amp;amp; Smith, 2018)&lt;/span&gt;. To overcome these limitations, the use of conceptual replications has been advocated &lt;span class=&#34;citation&#34;&gt;(e.g., Munafò &amp;amp; Smith, 2018; Lawlor, Tilling, &amp;amp; Davey Smith, 2017)&lt;/span&gt;. Specifically, conceptual replications scrutinize the extent to which the initial conclusions hold under different conditions, using varying instruments or operationalizations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, established methods such as (Bayesian) meta-analysis and Bayesian updating are not applicable when studies differ conceptually. This is due to the fact that these methods require that the parameter estimates (i) share a common scale, and (ii) result from analyses with identical function forms &lt;span class=&#34;citation&#34;&gt;(Lipsey &amp;amp; Wilson, 2001; Schönbrodt, Wagenmakers, Zehetleitner, &amp;amp; Perugini, 2017; Sutton &amp;amp; Abrams, 2001)&lt;/span&gt;. Consequently, &lt;span class=&#34;citation&#34;&gt;Kuiper, Buskens, Raub, &amp;amp; Hoijtink (2013)&lt;/span&gt; proposed Bayesian Evidence Synthesis (BES), which is built upon the foundation of the Bayes Factor &lt;span class=&#34;citation&#34;&gt;(BF; Kass &amp;amp; Raftery, 1995)&lt;/span&gt;. This method allows researchers to pool evidence for a specific hypothesis over multiple studies, even if the studies have seemingly incompatible designs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the current project, Irene Klugkist and I aim to reveal under which circumstances BES performs inadequately. Additionally, we hope to propose adjustments to the method that improve its performance, so that an increasing number of researchers can benefit from BES.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;references&#34; class=&#34;section level4 unnumbered&#34;&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;References&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;refs&#34; class=&#34;references&#34;&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-baker_reproducibility_2016&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Baker, M. (2016). Reproducibility crisis. &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;533&lt;/em&gt;(26), 353–366. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1038/533452a&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/533452a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-brandt_et_al_replication_2014&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., … Van’t Veer, A. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? &lt;em&gt;Journal of Experimental Social Psychology&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;50&lt;/em&gt;, 217–224. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-kass_raftery_bayes_factors_1995&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kass, R. E., &amp;amp; Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. &lt;em&gt;Journal of the American Statistical Association&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;90&lt;/em&gt;(430), 773–795.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-kuiper_combining_2013&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kuiper, R. M., Buskens, V., Raub, W., &amp;amp; Hoijtink, H. (2013). Combining statistical evidence from several studies: A method using bayesian updating and an example from research on trust problems in social and economic exchange. &lt;em&gt;Sociological Methods &amp;amp; Research&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;42&lt;/em&gt;(1), 60–81.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-lawlor_triangulation_2017&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., &amp;amp; Davey Smith, G. (2017). Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology. &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Epidemiology&lt;/em&gt;, dyw314. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw314&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw314&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-lipsey_wilson_2001&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lipsey, M. W., &amp;amp; Wilson, D. B. (2001). &lt;em&gt;Practical meta-analysis.&lt;/em&gt; SAGE publications, Inc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-munafo_robust_2018&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Munafò, M. R., &amp;amp; Smith, G. D. (2018). Robust research needs many lines of evidence. &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;553&lt;/em&gt;(7689), 399–401. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-open_science_collab_2015&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;349&lt;/em&gt;(6251). &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-schonbrodt_sequential_2017&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Schönbrodt, F. D., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Zehetleitner, M., &amp;amp; Perugini, M. (2017). Sequential hypothesis testing with bayes factors: Efficiently testing mean differences. &lt;em&gt;Psychological Methods&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;22&lt;/em&gt;(2), 322.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-sutton_bayesian_meta2001&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sutton, A. J., &amp;amp; Abrams, K. R. (2001). Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis. &lt;em&gt;Statistical Methods in Medical Research&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;10&lt;/em&gt;(4), 277–303. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1177/096228020101000404&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/096228020101000404&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Academic: the website builder for Hugo</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/getting-started/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/getting-started/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Create a free website with Academic using Markdown, Jupyter, or RStudio. Choose a beautiful color theme and build anything with the Page Builder - over 40 &lt;em&gt;widgets&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;themes&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;language packs&lt;/em&gt; included!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://academic-demo.netlify.com/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Check out the latest &lt;strong&gt;demo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; of what you&amp;rsquo;ll get in less than 10 minutes, or 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/#expo&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;view the &lt;strong&gt;showcase&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; of personal, project, and business sites.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;👉 
&lt;a href=&#34;#install&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get Started&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;📚 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;View the &lt;strong&gt;documentation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;💬 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://discourse.gohugo.io&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ask a question&lt;/strong&gt; on the forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;👥 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://spectrum.chat/academic&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Chat with the &lt;strong&gt;community&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;🐦 Twitter: 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://twitter.com/source_themes&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;@source_themes&lt;/a&gt; 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://twitter.com/GeorgeCushen&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;@GeorgeCushen&lt;/a&gt; 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://twitter.com/search?q=%23MadeWithAcademic&amp;amp;src=typd&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;#MadeWithAcademic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;💡 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/issues&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Request a &lt;strong&gt;feature&lt;/strong&gt; or report a &lt;strong&gt;bug&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;⬆️ &lt;strong&gt;Updating?&lt;/strong&gt; View the 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/update/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Update Guide&lt;/a&gt; and 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/updates/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Release Notes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;❤️ &lt;strong&gt;Support development&lt;/strong&gt; of Academic:
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;☕️ 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://paypal.me/cushen&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Donate a coffee&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;💵 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.patreon.com/cushen&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Become a backer on &lt;strong&gt;Patreon&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;🖼️ 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.redbubble.com/people/neutreno/works/34387919-academic&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Decorate your laptop or journal with an Academic &lt;strong&gt;sticker&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;👕 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://academic.threadless.com/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Wear the &lt;strong&gt;T-shirt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;👩‍💻 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/contribute/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contribute&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;















&lt;figure id=&#34;figure-academic-is-mobile-first-with-a-responsive-design-to-ensure-that-your-site-looks-stunning-on-every-device&#34;&gt;


  &lt;a data-fancybox=&#34;&#34; href=&#34;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/master/academic.png&#34; data-caption=&#34;Academic is mobile first with a responsive design to ensure that your site looks stunning on every device.&#34;&gt;


  &lt;img src=&#34;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/master/academic.png&#34; alt=&#34;&#34;  &gt;
&lt;/a&gt;


  
  
  &lt;figcaption&gt;
    Academic is mobile first with a responsive design to ensure that your site looks stunning on every device.
  &lt;/figcaption&gt;


&lt;/figure&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key features:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Page builder&lt;/strong&gt; - Create &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; with 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/page-builder/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;widgets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/writing-markdown-latex/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;elements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit any type of content&lt;/strong&gt; - Blog posts, publications, talks, slides, projects, and more!&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Create content&lt;/strong&gt; in 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/writing-markdown-latex/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Markdown&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/jupyter/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jupyter&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, or 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/install/#install-with-rstudio&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RStudio&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plugin System&lt;/strong&gt; - Fully customizable 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/themes/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;color&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;font themes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Display Code and Math&lt;/strong&gt; - Code highlighting and 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;LaTeX math&lt;/a&gt; supported&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Integrations&lt;/strong&gt; - 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://analytics.google.com&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Google Analytics&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://disqus.com&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Disqus commenting&lt;/a&gt;, Maps, Contact Forms, and more!&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Beautiful Site&lt;/strong&gt; - Simple and refreshing one page design&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Industry-Leading SEO&lt;/strong&gt; - Help get your website found on search engines and social media&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Media Galleries&lt;/strong&gt; - Display your images and videos with captions in a customizable gallery&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mobile Friendly&lt;/strong&gt; - Look amazing on every screen with a mobile friendly version of your site&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multi-language&lt;/strong&gt; - 15+ language packs including English, 中文, and Português&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multi-user&lt;/strong&gt; - Each author gets their own profile page&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Privacy Pack&lt;/strong&gt; - Assists with GDPR&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stand Out&lt;/strong&gt; - Bring your site to life with animation, parallax backgrounds, and scroll effects&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One-Click Deployment&lt;/strong&gt; - No servers. No databases. Only files.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;themes&#34;&gt;Themes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Academic comes with &lt;strong&gt;automatic day (light) and night (dark) mode&lt;/strong&gt; built-in. Alternatively, visitors can  choose their preferred mode - click the sun/moon icon in the top right of the 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://academic-demo.netlify.com/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Demo&lt;/a&gt; to see it in action! Day/night mode can also be disabled by the site admin in &lt;code&gt;params.toml&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/themes/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Choose a stunning &lt;strong&gt;theme&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;font&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for your site. Themes are fully 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/customization/#custom-theme&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;customizable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;ecosystem&#34;&gt;Ecosystem&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/sourcethemes/academic-admin&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Academic Admin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; An admin tool to import publications from BibTeX or import assets for an offline site&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/sourcethemes/academic-scripts&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Academic Scripts&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Scripts to help migrate content to new versions of Academic&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;install&#34;&gt;Install&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can choose from one of the following four methods to install:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/install/#install-with-web-browser&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;one-click install using your web browser (recommended)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/install/#install-with-git&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;install on your computer using &lt;strong&gt;Git&lt;/strong&gt; with the Command Prompt/Terminal app&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/install/#install-with-zip&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;install on your computer by downloading the &lt;strong&gt;ZIP files&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/install/#install-with-rstudio&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;install on your computer with &lt;strong&gt;RStudio&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Then 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/get-started/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;personalize and deploy your new site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;updating&#34;&gt;Updating&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/update/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;View the Update Guide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Feel free to &lt;em&gt;star&lt;/em&gt; the project on 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Github&lt;/a&gt; to help keep track of 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://sourcethemes.com/academic/updates&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;updates&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;license&#34;&gt;License&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Copyright 2016-present 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://georgecushen.com&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;George Cushen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Released under the 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/gcushen/hugo-academic/blob/master/LICENSE.md&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;MIT&lt;/a&gt; license.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Hello R Markdown</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/2015-07-23-r-rmarkdown/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2015 21:13:14 -0500</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/2015-07-23-r-rmarkdown/</guid>
      <description>


&lt;div id=&#34;r-markdown&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;R Markdown&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is an R Markdown document. Markdown is a simple formatting syntax for authoring HTML, PDF, and MS Word documents. For more details on using R Markdown see &lt;a href=&#34;http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com&#34; class=&#34;uri&#34;&gt;http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can embed an R code chunk like this:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&#34;r&#34;&gt;&lt;code&gt;summary(cars)
##      speed           dist       
##  Min.   : 4.0   Min.   :  2.00  
##  1st Qu.:12.0   1st Qu.: 26.00  
##  Median :15.0   Median : 36.00  
##  Mean   :15.4   Mean   : 42.98  
##  3rd Qu.:19.0   3rd Qu.: 56.00  
##  Max.   :25.0   Max.   :120.00
fit &amp;lt;- lm(dist ~ speed, data = cars)
fit
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = dist ~ speed, data = cars)
## 
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)        speed  
##     -17.579        3.932&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;including-plots&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Including Plots&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can also embed plots. See Figure &lt;a href=&#34;#fig:pie&#34;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; for example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&#34;r&#34;&gt;&lt;code&gt;par(mar = c(0, 1, 0, 1))
pie(
  c(280, 60, 20),
  c(&amp;#39;Sky&amp;#39;, &amp;#39;Sunny side of pyramid&amp;#39;, &amp;#39;Shady side of pyramid&amp;#39;),
  col = c(&amp;#39;#0292D8&amp;#39;, &amp;#39;#F7EA39&amp;#39;, &amp;#39;#C4B632&amp;#39;),
  init.angle = -50, border = NA
)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;figure&#34;&gt;&lt;span id=&#34;fig:pie&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;img src=&#34;https://thomvolker.github.io/post/2015-07-23-r-rmarkdown_files/figure-html/pie-1.png&#34; alt=&#34;A fancy pie chart.&#34; width=&#34;672&#34; /&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;caption&#34;&gt;
Figure 1: A fancy pie chart.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>About me</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/about/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/about/</guid>
      <description></description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Multiple Imputation of Synthetic Data</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/project/synthetic_data/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/project/synthetic_data/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Publicly available research data could dramatically improve the scientific returns of research, given the same data collection effort. However, directly sharing the research data might harm the privacy and confidentiality of the participants. A solution has been proposed by Donald Rubin and Roderick Little, who, in two separate papers, have given rise to the procedure of creating &lt;em&gt;synthetic data&lt;/em&gt;. Both scholars proposed to create multiple, synthetic versions of a dataset that is stripped of all possibly identifying information, by replacing this information by artificially created synthetic data that is unrelated to the persons in the data. Both approaches are build upon the foundation of multiple imputation for missing data, but rather than imputating the missing values, observed values are &lt;em&gt;overimputed&lt;/em&gt; with multiple draws from the posterior predictive distribution of the observed data.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If the imputation procedure is of sufficient quality, the synthetic datasets are almost equally informative as the observed data, without disclosing any identifying information. However, to make this work, creating synthetic data should be a cakewalk, as researchers collecting data can generally not be expected to be experts in this field. To ease the effort involved with creating missing data, together with 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.gerkovink.com/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Gerko Vink&lt;/a&gt; and 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://stefvanbuuren.name/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;Stef van Buuren&lt;/a&gt;, I am extending the R-package 
&lt;a href=&#34;https://amices.org/mice/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34; rel=&#34;noopener&#34;&gt;MICE&lt;/a&gt;, which is currently restricted to the imputation of missing data. Hereby, we aim at relieving the burden associated with generating synthetic data, while maintaining the data quality that is required to make valid inferences.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
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    <item>
      <title>New Post I</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/empty_post/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/empty_post/</guid>
      <description>


&lt;div id=&#34;new-post&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;New post&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a new post without any information.&lt;/p&gt;
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      <title>New post with references</title>
      <link>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/new_post_ref/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://thomvolker.github.io/post/new_post_ref/</guid>
      <description>


&lt;div id=&#34;r-markdown&#34; class=&#34;section level2&#34;&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;R Markdown&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is an R Markdown document. Markdown is a simple formatting syntax for authoring HTML, PDF, and MS Word documents. For more details on using R Markdown see &lt;a href=&#34;http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com&#34; class=&#34;uri&#34;&gt;http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you click the &lt;strong&gt;Knit&lt;/strong&gt; button a document will be generated that includes both content as well as the output of any embedded R code chunks within the document. You can embed an R code chunk like this:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&#34;r&#34;&gt;&lt;code&gt;summary(cars)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;##      speed           dist       
##  Min.   : 4.0   Min.   :  2.00  
##  1st Qu.:12.0   1st Qu.: 26.00  
##  Median :15.0   Median : 36.00  
##  Mean   :15.4   Mean   : 42.98  
##  3rd Qu.:19.0   3rd Qu.: 56.00  
##  Max.   :25.0   Max.   :120.00&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
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This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it: &lt;a href=&#34;cv.pdf&#34;&gt;Download PDF&lt;/a&gt;.
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&lt;div id=&#34;including-plots&#34; class=&#34;section level2&#34;&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Including Plots&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can also embed plots, for example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&#34;https://thomvolker.github.io/post/new_post_ref_files/figure-html/pressure-1.png&#34; width=&#34;672&#34; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;references&#34; class=&#34;section level1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;refs&#34;&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-Akaike1973&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory and an etension of the maximum likelihood principle. In B. N. Petrov &amp;amp; F. Csaki (Eds.), &lt;em&gt;Second international symposium on information theory&lt;/em&gt; (pp. 267–281). Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-BurnAnde2002&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Burnham, K. P., &amp;amp; Anderson, D. R. (2002). &lt;em&gt;Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach&lt;/em&gt; (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-DenUijl2011&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Den Uijl, I. E. M., Fischer, K., Van der Bom, J. G., Grobbee, D. E., Rosendaal, F. R., &amp;amp; Plug, I. (2011). Analysis of low frequency bleeding data: The association of joint bleeds according to baseline fviii activity levels. &lt;em&gt;Haemophilia&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;17&lt;/em&gt;, 41–44. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2010.02383.x&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2010.02383.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-Raftery1995&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research. &lt;em&gt;Sociological Methodology&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;25&lt;/em&gt;, 111. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.2307/271063&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.2307/271063&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-R&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R Core Team. (2019). &lt;em&gt;R: A language and environment for statistical computing&lt;/em&gt;. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.R-project.org/&#34;&gt;https://www.R-project.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-Royston2006&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Royston, P., Altman, D. G., &amp;amp; Sauerbrei, W. (2006). Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: A bad idea. &lt;em&gt;Statistics in Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;25&lt;/em&gt;, 127–141. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2331&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2331&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-Schwarz1978&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. &lt;em&gt;Annals of Statistics&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;6&lt;/em&gt;, 461–462. &lt;a href=&#34;https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.aos/1176344136&#34;&gt;https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.aos/1176344136&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-MASS&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Venables, W. N., &amp;amp; Ripley, B. D. (2002). &lt;em&gt;Modern applied statistics with s&lt;/em&gt; (Fourth). Springer. &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4&#34;&gt;http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-tidyverse&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L. D., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T. L., Miller, E., Bache, S. M., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D. P., Spinu, V., … Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Open Source Software&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;43&lt;/em&gt;, 1686. &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686&#34;&gt;https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&#34;ref-pscl&#34;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Zeileis, A., Kleiber, C., &amp;amp; Jackman, S. (2008). Regression models for count data in R. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Statistical Software&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;27&lt;/em&gt;(8). &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.jstatsoft.org/v27/i08/&#34;&gt;http://www.jstatsoft.org/v27/i08/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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