Skip to content

Commit

Permalink
update(Writing)
Browse files Browse the repository at this point in the history
  • Loading branch information
bintang committed Dec 24, 2024
1 parent 1346af8 commit 385ef58
Show file tree
Hide file tree
Showing 5 changed files with 271 additions and 337 deletions.
38 changes: 21 additions & 17 deletions _posts/2024-12-18-Abstract.md
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Results

Conclusions

### Non-structured abstract
### Non-structured abstract (Common used)

USE Signal words, like

Expand All @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Conclusions: Our finding suggest / show /confirm that

## Standard of a good abstract

informative
### informative

corresponding with the text

Expand All @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ emphasize the new and important aspects of the study



Clear
### Clear

no reference, figures or tables; no abbreviations of jargons

Expand All @@ -95,45 +95,49 @@ use short, simple sentences



Concise
### Concise

length: Most abstracts are often too long: < 250 words

examine each word; make sure each word is necessary

Achieving conciseness


**Achieving conciseness**

Introductions/purpose: 1 short sentence

Put objective as imperative style:

Objective: to evaluate whether zinc supplementation during pregnancy affects infant birth measures.
**Objective**: to evaluate whether zinc supplementation during pregnancy affects infant birth measures.

**Methods, Results**: 2-4 sentences

**Conclusion**: 1-2 sentences

Methods, Restuls: 2-4 sentences

Conclusion: 1-2 sentences

## Technical details

### Tenses in Abstract

Technical details
The objectives part
- introducing background information: mostly simple **present tense**, some times **simple perfect tense**
- stating objectives: past tense

Tenses in Abstract
Methods and results part: **past tense**

1. The objectives part
- introducing background information: mostly simple **present tense**, some times **simple perfect tense**
- stating objectives: past tense
2. Methods and results part: **past tense**
3. Conclusion part: **mostly present tense**
Conclusion part: **mostly present tense**



Recognizing the “Stock Phrases”
### Recognizing the “Stock Phrases”

stock phrases — standard phrases that are frequently used in research articles (such as SCI papers) published in journals.



Using Abbreviations
### Using Abbreviations

When to use it?

Expand Down
191 changes: 94 additions & 97 deletions _posts/2024-12-19-Introduction.md
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -10,189 +10,186 @@ math: true
mermaid: true
---

1. ## Introduction
Content of Introduction for hypothesis — testing paper

Content of Introduction for hypothesis — testing paper
1. Review the pertinent literature
2. Present the research question (s)
3. State briefly the method of investigation

1. Review the pertinent literature
2. Present the research question (s)
3. State briefly the method of investigation



Organization
## Organization

Known: The known is the first step in the funnel
**Known**: The known is the first step in the funnel

Unknown:
**Unknown**:

- **The unknown is usually just one sentence**.
- The unknown indicates that the work is new.
- The unknown is usually just one sentence.
- The unknown indicates that the work is new.

Question
**Question**

​ The question is the specific topic of the paper and the end of the funnel.
​ The question is the specific topic of the paper and the end of the funnel.

Experimental Approach
**Experimental Approach**

- The Introduction can end with the statement of the question or can go on to state the experimental approach.
- The Introduction can end with the statement of the question or can go on to state the experimental approach.

No Answer, Results, or Implications
*Note: No Answer, Results, or Implications. The answer to the question should not be included in the Introduction.*

The answer to the question should not be included in the Introduction.



Technical Details
## Technical Details

Tenses in Introduction
### Tenses in Introduction

Simple present tense:
Simple present tense:

1. Introducing the background
2. Stating the unknown
3. Presenting the hypothesis
1. Introducing the background
2. Stating the unknown
3. Presenting the hypothesis

Simple past tense:

Simple past tense:
1. Signal of the question
2. Experimental approach, and anything else done by you or others in the past

1. Signal of the question
2. Experimental approach, and anything else done by you or others in the past
Present perfect tense:

1. Reviewing the development or achievement

Present perfect tense:

Reviewing the development or achievement
### Stock phrases for presenting background

- is believed to

### Stock phrases
is known to

1. Stock phrases for presenting background
has been reported

is believed to
is well documented

is known to
is unknown

has been reported
is/remains unclear

is well documented
remain elusive/controversial

is unknown
Little is known about…

is/remains unclear
Recent studies have suggested shown that …

remain elusive/controversial


Little is known about…
**Simple sentences**

Recent studies have suggested shown that …
The significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with diabetes is **<u>unknown</u>**.

**Simple sentences**
Quantitative differences in the abundance of transcripts **<u>has been demonstrated</u>** in malignancies, but gene expression from a large community-based cohort examining risk of cardiovascular disease **<u>has never been reported</u>**.

The significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with diabetes is **<u>unknown</u>**.
*Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, associated with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder* (PTLD) <u>**are known to**</u> develop in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected transplant recipients due to the indirect effects of CMV.

Quantitative differences in the abundance of transcripts **<u>has been demonstrated</u>** in malignancies, but gene expression from a large community-based cohort examining risk of cardiovascular disease **<u>has never been reported</u>**.
Viral eradication in chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response (SVR) after interferon (IFN) therapy **<u>remains controversial</u>**.

*Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, associated with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder* (PTLD) <u>**are known to**</u> develop in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected transplant recipients due to the indirect effects of CMV.
The molecular events underlying the progression of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) to acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) **<u>remain elusive</u>**.

Viral eradication in chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response (SVR) after interferon (IFN) therapy **<u>remains controversial</u>**.
**<u>Little is known about</u>** the impact liver transplantation has during adolescence.

The molecular events underlying the progression of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) to acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) **<u>remain elusive</u>**.
<u>**It is, however, unclear how**</u> natural hosts can sustain high viral loads, comparable to those observed in the pathogenic model, without developing severe disease.

**<u>Little is known about</u>** the impact liver transplantation has during adolescence.
**<u>Recent studies have suggested</u>** that intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells can transform into myofibroblasts

<u>**It is, however, unclear how**</u> natural hosts can sustain high viral loads, comparable to those observed in the pathogenic model, without developing severe disease.

**<u>Recent studies have suggested</u>** that intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells can transform into myofibroblasts

2. Stock phrases to describe Objectives:

To do …

The objective of the present study was to …
### Stock phrases to describe Objectives:

The aim of this study was to …
- To do …

The study was designed to …
The objective of the present study was to …

We sought to …
The aim of this study was to …

We aimed to …
The study was designed to …

**Sample sentences**
We sought to …

**<u>To describe</u>** the severity of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) illness and the association with early antiviral treatment among pregnant women in the United States.
We aimed to …

**<u>To determine</u>** whether B-vitamin therapy can slow progression of diabetic nephropathy and prevent vascular complications.

**<u>To assess</u>** the safety and effectiveness of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a large population of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis.
**Sample sentences**

**<u>The aim of this study was to determine</u>** whether the risk of systemic disease after esophagectomy could be predicted by angiogenesis-related gene polymorphisms.
**<u>To describe</u>** the severity of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) illness and the association with early antiviral treatment among pregnant women in the United States.

**<u>We sought to identify</u>** risk factors for VTE with a focus on risk factors for atherosclerotic disease.
**<u>To determine</u>** whether B-vitamin therapy can slow progression of diabetic nephropathy and prevent vascular complications.

**<u>The objective of the present study was to investigate</u>** whether atherosclerotic plaque composition is associated with the occurrence of future vascular events.
**<u>To assess</u>** the safety and effectiveness of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a large population of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis.

**<u>The aim of this study was to determine</u>** whether the risk of systemic disease after esophagectomy could be predicted by angiogenesis-related gene polymorphisms.

**<u>We sought to identify</u>** risk factors for VTE with a focus on risk factors for atherosclerotic disease.

### Standard of A Good Introduction
**<u>The objective of the present study was to investigate</u>** whether atherosclerotic plaque composition is associated with the occurrence of future vascular events.

Being informative

It covers all the necessary parts (ABCD).

It contains a clear message.



Being clear
## Standard of A Good Introduction

It is well-organized.
Being informative

each part is coherent with each other.
It covers all the necessary parts (ABCD).

The question(s) is/are precisely stated.
It contains a clear message.

Achieving coherence

1. transition

Transitions between paragraphs: Use transitional sentences
### Being clear

Transition within paragraphs: Use transitional words/phrases:
- It is well-organized.

​ However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore….
- each part is coherent with each other.

2. Repetition of key terms
- The question(s) is/are precisely stated.

3. Stating the question(s) precisely

4. Highlighting the originality:

Emphasizing the Newness and Importance

5. Being concise
### Achieving coherence

Length: generally 1-3 paragraphs, 250-300 words
**transition**

Do not review the topic. That is what review articles are for. (citing reference)
- Transitions between paragraphs: Use transitional sentences

- Transition within paragraphs: Use transitional words/phrases:

Citing reference in Introduction
- However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore….

Principles:

1. Keep to a minimum
2. Select papers that described…

The most relevant,
**Repetition of key terms**

The most important,
**Stating the question(s) precisely**

and the most recent ones.
**Highlighting the originality:**

- Emphasizing the Newness and Importance

**Being concise**

- Length: **generally 1-3 paragraphs, 250-300 words**

- Do not review the topic. That is what review articles are for. (citing reference)



### Citing reference in Introduction

Principles:

1. Keep to a minimum
2. Select papers that described…

The most relevant, The most important, and the most recent ones.
Loading

0 comments on commit 385ef58

Please sign in to comment.