Based on the book "The Ray Tracer Challenge" by Jamis Buck, 1st Edition 2019.
Written in Rust 2021, with some code ported from RTC-CPP, a partial implementation in C++20.
- Outputs PPM files.
- World scene with primitives:
- Spheres,
- Planes (infinite),
- Cubes,
- Cylinders,
- Cones.
- Transformations:
- Translation,
- Rotation (Euler),
- Scaling (independent axes),
- Skewing (6 DoF).
- Multiple point-light sources.
- Procedural patterns:
- Stripes (linear, ring),
- Gradients (linear, radial),
- 3D checkerboard,
- Blended patterns,
- Nested patterns of arbitrary depth,
- Perlin-noise perturbed patterns.
- Phong shading.
- Reflection.
- Refraction.
- Single and multi-threaded rendering.
- Command-line interface.
Apart from continuing through the book:
- Command line parameters for:
- Resolution (e.g. "SVGA", "1024x768") - DONE
- Rendering subrange within current resolution (e.g. "200+50,300+380", "200-250,300-380", "200-,300-", "-100,-100")
- Output to filename - DONE (PPM only)
- PNG rendering
- Scene description files or DSL?
- Gamma Correction (https://bheisler.github.io/post/writing-raytracer-in-rust-part-3/)
- Beer's Law for transparency.
- Emmissive colours.
- HDR.
This codebase uses the Left Hand Coordinate system.
$ cargo build
TODO
RTC-CPP perf stats:
$ perf stat cpp/ray_tracer_challenge/cmake-build-release/src/chapter10_perturbed_patterns > image.ppm
Performance counter stats for 'cpp/ray_tracer_challenge/cmake-build-release/src/chapter10_perturbed_patterns':
7,039.55 msec task-clock # 1.000 CPUs utilized
20 context-switches # 2.841 /sec
5 cpu-migrations # 0.710 /sec
52,504 page-faults # 7.458 K/sec
29,017,092,620 cycles # 4.122 GHz
97,401,205,035 instructions # 3.36 insn per cycle
13,300,398,903 branches # 1.889 G/sec
78,188,392 branch-misses # 0.59% of all branches
144,275,900,080 slots # 20.495 G/sec
90,526,054,952 topdown-retiring # 62.6% retiring
11,881,544,712 topdown-bad-spec # 8.2% bad speculation
39,039,361,198 topdown-fe-bound # 27.0% frontend bound
3,206,197,698 topdown-be-bound # 2.2% backend bound
7.040438559 seconds time elapsed
6.992133000 seconds user
0.048000000 seconds sys
$ perf stat -e L1-dcache-load-misses,L1-icache-load-misses cpp/ray_tracer_challenge/cmake-build-release/src/chapter10_perturbed_patterns > image.ppm
Performance counter stats for 'cpp/ray_tracer_challenge/cmake-build-release/src/chapter10_perturbed_patterns':
16,584,237 L1-dcache-load-misses
9,472,442 L1-icache-load-misses
6.863133956 seconds time elapsed
6.794779000 seconds user
0.068027000 seconds sys
RTC-Rust, before caching inverted transform matrices:
$ perf stat target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns > image.ppm
Performance counter stats for 'target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns':
3,099.29 msec task-clock # 1.000 CPUs utilized
10 context-switches # 3.227 /sec
3 cpu-migrations # 0.968 /sec
37,371 page-faults # 12.058 K/sec
13,185,017,404 cycles # 4.254 GHz
42,668,214,735 instructions # 3.24 insn per cycle
5,032,009,860 branches # 1.624 G/sec
52,054,965 branch-misses # 1.03% of all branches
65,775,579,875 slots # 21.223 G/sec
40,755,065,177 topdown-retiring # 61.7% retiring
6,190,642,811 topdown-bad-spec # 9.4% bad speculation
11,233,919,860 topdown-fe-bound # 17.0% frontend bound
7,912,705,896 topdown-be-bound # 12.0% backend bound
3.099916796 seconds time elapsed
3.043758000 seconds user
0.055995000 seconds sys
$ perf stat -e L1-dcache-load-misses,L1-icache-load-misses target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns > image.ppm
Performance counter stats for 'target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns':
11,160,830 L1-dcache-load-misses
5,510,678 L1-icache-load-misses
3.101941357 seconds time elapsed
3.053837000 seconds user
0.048028000 seconds sys
RTC-Rust, after caching inverted transform matrices:
$ perf stat target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns > image.ppm
Performance counter stats for 'target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns':
2,281.92 msec task-clock # 1.000 CPUs utilized
6 context-switches # 2.629 /sec
2 cpu-migrations # 0.876 /sec
37,409 page-faults # 16.394 K/sec
9,850,975,494 cycles # 4.317 GHz
31,482,049,466 instructions # 3.20 insn per cycle
4,953,545,286 branches # 2.171 G/sec
52,700,609 branch-misses # 1.06% of all branches
49,167,467,990 slots # 21.547 G/sec
29,500,480,794 topdown-retiring # 60.0% retiring
5,205,967,198 topdown-bad-spec # 10.6% bad speculation
8,483,798,398 topdown-fe-bound # 17.3% frontend bound
5,977,221,598 topdown-be-bound # 12.2% backend bound
2.282860171 seconds time elapsed
2.218686000 seconds user
0.064077000 seconds sys
$ perf stat -e L1-dcache-load-misses,L1-icache-load-misses target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns > image.ppm
Performance counter stats for 'target/release/chapter10_perturbed_patterns':
10,653,812 L1-dcache-load-misses
4,428,316 L1-icache-load-misses
2.324244012 seconds time elapsed
2.264039000 seconds user
0.060001000 seconds sys
When converting large PPM images to PNG, ImageMagick needs certain limits increased, otherwise this error occurs:
$ convert image.ppm hires.png
convert-im6.q16: width or height exceeds limit `image.ppm' @ error/cache.c/OpenPixelCache/3909.
convert-im6.q16: no images defined `hires.png' @ error/convert.c/ConvertImageCommand/3229.
Copy /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml into the current directory and change the following lines:
$ diff -u /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml policy.xml
--- /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml 2022-02-06 23:53:27.000000000 +1100
+++ policy.xml 2023-04-21 22:41:05.691912163 +1000
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@
-->
<policymap>
<!-- <policy domain="resource" name="temporary-path" value="/tmp"/> -->
- <policy domain="resource" name="memory" value="256MiB"/>
- <policy domain="resource" name="map" value="512MiB"/>
- <policy domain="resource" name="width" value="16KP"/>
- <policy domain="resource" name="height" value="16KP"/>
+ <policy domain="resource" name="memory" value="16GiB"/>
+ <policy domain="resource" name="map" value="4GiB"/>
+ <policy domain="resource" name="width" value="32KP"/>
+ <policy domain="resource" name="height" value="32KP"/>
<!-- <policy domain="resource" name="list-length" value="128"/> -->
- <policy domain="resource" name="area" value="128MP"/>
- <policy domain="resource" name="disk" value="1GiB"/>
+ <policy domain="resource" name="area" value="1024MP"/>
+ <policy domain="resource" name="disk" value="10GiB"/>
<!-- <policy domain="resource" name="file" value="768"/> -->
<!-- <policy domain="resource" name="thread" value="4"/> -->
<!-- <policy domain="resource" name="throttle" value="0"/> -->
The conversion can now take place, using MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH to set the location of the temporary policy.xml file:
$ MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH=. convert -verbose image.ppm hires.png
image.ppm PPM 20480x15360 20480x15360+0+0 8-bit sRGB 2.68126GiB 18.050u 0:18.058
image.ppm=>hires.png PPM 20480x15360 20480x15360+0+0 8-bit sRGB 21.1562MiB 13.000u 0:10.258