MLOps Course

Learn how to combine machine learning with software engineering to design, develop, deploy and iterate on production-grade ML applications.

Lessons: https://madewithml.com/
Code: GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML

Overview

In this course, we'll go from experimentation (model design + development) to production (model deployment + iteration). We'll do this iteratively by motivating the components that will enable us to build a reliable production system.

Be sure to watch the video below for a quick overview of what we'll be building.

💡 First principles: before we jump straight into the code, we develop a first principles understanding for every machine learning concept.
💻 Best practices: implement software engineering best practices as we develop and deploy our machine learning models.
📈 Scale: easily scale ML workloads (data, train, tune, serve) in Python without having to learn completely new languages.
⚙️ MLOps: connect MLOps components (tracking, testing, serving, orchestration, etc.) as we build an end-to-end machine learning system.
🚀 Dev to Prod: learn how to quickly and reliably go from development to production without any changes to our code or infra management.
🐙 CI/CD: learn how to create mature CI/CD workflows to continuously train and deploy better models in a modular way that integrates with any stack.

Audience

Machine learning is not a separate industry, instead, it's a powerful way of thinking about data that's not reserved for any one type of person.

👩‍💻 All developers: whether software/infra engineer or data scientist, ML is increasingly becoming a key part of the products that you'll be developing.
👩‍🎓 College graduates: learn the practical skills required for industry and bridge gap between the university curriculum and what industry expects.
👩‍💼 Product/Leadership: who want to develop a technical foundation so that they can build amazing (and reliable) products powered by machine learning.

Set up

Be sure to go through the course for a much more detailed walkthrough of the content on this repository. We will have instructions for both local laptop and Anyscale clusters for the sections below, so be sure to toggle the ► dropdown based on what you're using (Anyscale instructions will be toggled on by default). If you do want to run this course with Anyscale, where we'll provide the structure, compute (GPUs) and community to learn everything in one weekend, join our next upcoming live cohort → sign up here!

Cluster

We'll start by setting up our cluster with the environment and compute configurations.

Local

Your personal laptop (single machine) will act as the cluster, where one CPU will be the head node and some of the remaining CPU will be the worker nodes. All of the code in this course will work in any personal laptop though it will be slower than executing the same workloads on a larger cluster.

Anyscale

We can create an Anyscale Workspace using the webpage UI.

- Workspace name: `madewithml`
- Project: `madewithml`
- Cluster environment name: `madewithml-cluster-env`
# Toggle `Select from saved configurations`
- Compute config: `madewithml-cluster-compute`

Alternatively, we can use the CLI to create the workspace via anyscale workspace create ...

Other (cloud platforms, K8s, on-prem)

If you don't want to do this course locally or via Anyscale, you have the following options:

On AWS and GCP. Community-supported Azure and Aliyun integrations also exist.
On Kubernetes, via the officially supported KubeRay project.
Deploy Ray manually on-prem or onto platforms not listed here.

Git setup

Create a repository by following these instructions: Create a new repository → name it Made-With-ML → Toggle Add a README file (very important as this creates a main branch) → Click Create repository (scroll down)

Now we're ready to clone the repository that has all of our code:

git clone https://github.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML.git .
git remote set-url origin https://github.com/GITHUB_USERNAME/Made-With-ML.git  # <-- CHANGE THIS to your username
git checkout -b dev

Virtual environment

Local

export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:$PWD
python3 -m venv venv  # recommend using Python 3.10
source venv/bin/activate  # on Windows: venv\Scripts\activate
python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
pre-commit install
pre-commit autoupdate

Highly recommend using Python 3.10 and using pyenv (mac) or pyenv-win (windows).

Anyscale

Our environment with the appropriate Python version and libraries is already all set for us through the cluster environment we used when setting up our Anyscale Workspace. So we just need to run these commands:

export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:$PWD
pre-commit install
pre-commit autoupdate

Notebook

Start by exploring the jupyter notebook to interactively walkthrough the core machine learning workloads.

Local

# Start notebook
jupyter lab notebooks/madewithml.ipynb

Anyscale

Click on the Jupyter icon at the top right corner of our Anyscale Workspace page and this will open up our JupyterLab instance in a new tab. Then navigate to the notebooks directory and open up the madewithml.ipynb notebook.

Scripts

Now we'll execute the same workloads using the clean Python scripts following software engineering best practices (testing, documentation, logging, serving, versioning, etc.) The code we've implemented in our notebook will be refactored into the following scripts:

madewithml
├── config.py
├── data.py
├── evaluate.py
├── models.py
├── predict.py
├── serve.py
├── train.py
├── tune.py
└── utils.py

Note: Change the --num-workers, --cpu-per-worker, and --gpu-per-worker input argument values below based on your system's resources. For example, if you're on a local laptop, a reasonable configuration would be --num-workers 6 --cpu-per-worker 1 --gpu-per-worker 0.

Training

export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export DATASET_LOC="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML/main/datasets/dataset.csv"
export TRAIN_LOOP_CONFIG='{"dropout_p": 0.5, "lr": 1e-4, "lr_factor": 0.8, "lr_patience": 3}'
python madewithml/train.py \
    --experiment-name "$EXPERIMENT_NAME" \
    --dataset-loc "$DATASET_LOC" \
    --train-loop-config "$TRAIN_LOOP_CONFIG" \
    --num-workers 1 \
    --cpu-per-worker 3 \
    --gpu-per-worker 1 \
    --num-epochs 10 \
    --batch-size 256 \
    --results-fp results/training_results.json

Tuning

export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export DATASET_LOC="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML/main/datasets/dataset.csv"
export TRAIN_LOOP_CONFIG='{"dropout_p": 0.5, "lr": 1e-4, "lr_factor": 0.8, "lr_patience": 3}'
export INITIAL_PARAMS="[{\"train_loop_config\": $TRAIN_LOOP_CONFIG}]"
python madewithml/tune.py \
    --experiment-name "$EXPERIMENT_NAME" \
    --dataset-loc "$DATASET_LOC" \
    --initial-params "$INITIAL_PARAMS" \
    --num-runs 2 \
    --num-workers 1 \
    --cpu-per-worker 3 \
    --gpu-per-worker 1 \
    --num-epochs 10 \
    --batch-size 256 \
    --results-fp results/tuning_results.json

Experiment tracking

We'll use MLflow to track our experiments and store our models and the MLflow Tracking UI to view our experiments. We have been saving our experiments to a local directory but note that in an actual production setting, we would have a central location to store all of our experiments. It's easy/inexpensive to spin up your own MLflow server for all of your team members to track their experiments on or use a managed solution like Weights & Biases, Comet, etc.

export MODEL_REGISTRY=$(python -c "from madewithml import config; print(config.MODEL_REGISTRY)")
mlflow server -h 0.0.0.0 -p 8080 --backend-store-uri $MODEL_REGISTRY

Local

If you're running this notebook on your local laptop then head on over to http://localhost:8080/ to view your MLflow dashboard.

Anyscale

If you're on Anyscale Workspaces, then we need to first expose the port of the MLflow server. Run the following command on your Anyscale Workspace terminal to generate the public URL to your MLflow server.

APP_PORT=8080
echo https://$APP_PORT-port-$ANYSCALE_SESSION_DOMAIN

Evaluation

export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export RUN_ID=$(python madewithml/predict.py get-best-run-id --experiment-name $EXPERIMENT_NAME --metric val_loss --mode ASC)
export HOLDOUT_LOC="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML/main/datasets/holdout.csv"
python madewithml/evaluate.py \
    --run-id $RUN_ID \
    --dataset-loc $HOLDOUT_LOC \
    --results-fp results/evaluation_results.json

{
  "timestamp": "June 09, 2023 09:26:18 AM",
  "run_id": "6149e3fec8d24f1492d4a4cabd5c06f6",
  "overall": {
    "precision": 0.9076136428670714,
    "recall": 0.9057591623036649,
    "f1": 0.9046792827719773,
    "num_samples": 191.0
  },
...

Inference

# Get run ID
export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export RUN_ID=$(python madewithml/predict.py get-best-run-id --experiment-name $EXPERIMENT_NAME --metric val_loss --mode ASC)
python madewithml/predict.py predict \
    --run-id $RUN_ID \
    --title "Transfer learning with transformers" \
    --description "Using transformers for transfer learning on text classification tasks."

[{
  "prediction": [
    "natural-language-processing"
  ],
  "probabilities": {
    "computer-vision": 0.0009767753,
    "mlops": 0.0008223939,
    "natural-language-processing": 0.99762577,
    "other": 0.000575123
  }
}]

Serving

Local

# Start
ray start --head

# Set up
export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export RUN_ID=$(python madewithml/predict.py get-best-run-id --experiment-name $EXPERIMENT_NAME --metric val_loss --mode ASC)
python madewithml/serve.py --run_id $RUN_ID

While the application is running, we can use it via cURL, Python, etc.:

# via cURL
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
  "title": "Transfer learning with transformers",
  "description": "Using transformers for transfer learning on text classification tasks."
}' http://127.0.0.1:8000/predict

# via Python
import json
import requests
title = "Transfer learning with transformers"
description = "Using transformers for transfer learning on text classification tasks."
json_data = json.dumps({"title": title, "description": description})
requests.post("http://127.0.0.1:8000/predict", data=json_data).json()

ray stop  # shutdown

export HOLDOUT_LOC="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML/main/datasets/holdout.csv"
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
    "dataset_loc": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML/main/datasets/holdout.csv"
  }' http://127.0.0.1:8000/evaluate

Anyscale

In Anyscale Workspaces, Ray is already running so we don't have to manually start/shutdown like we have to do locally.

# Set up
export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export RUN_ID=$(python madewithml/predict.py get-best-run-id --experiment-name $EXPERIMENT_NAME --metric val_loss --mode ASC)
python madewithml/serve.py --run_id $RUN_ID

While the application is running, we can use it via cURL, Python, etc.:

# via cURL
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
  "title": "Transfer learning with transformers",
  "description": "Using transformers for transfer learning on text classification tasks."
}' http://127.0.0.1:8000/predict

# via Python
import json
import requests
title = "Transfer learning with transformers"
description = "Using transformers for transfer learning on text classification tasks."
json_data = json.dumps({"title": title, "description": description})
requests.post("http://127.0.0.1:8000/predict", data=json_data).json()

Testing

# Code
python3 -m pytest tests/code --verbose --disable-warnings

# Data
export DATASET_LOC="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GokuMohandas/Made-With-ML/main/datasets/dataset.csv"
pytest --dataset-loc=$DATASET_LOC tests/data --verbose --disable-warnings

# Model
export EXPERIMENT_NAME="llm"
export RUN_ID=$(python madewithml/predict.py get-best-run-id --experiment-name $EXPERIMENT_NAME --metric val_loss --mode ASC)
pytest --run-id=$RUN_ID tests/model --verbose --disable-warnings

# Coverage
python3 -m pytest --cov madewithml --cov-report html

Production

From this point onwards, in order to deploy our application into production, we'll need to either be on Anyscale or on a cloud VM / on-prem cluster you manage yourself (w/ Ray). If not on Anyscale, the commands will be slightly different but the concepts will be the same.

If you don't want to set up all of this yourself, we highly recommend joining our upcoming live cohort{:target="_blank"} where we'll provide an environment with all of this infrastructure already set up for you so that you just focused on the machine learning.

Authentication

These credentials below are automatically set for us if we're using Anyscale Workspaces. We do not need to set these credentials explicitly on Workspaces but we do if we're running this locally or on a cluster outside of where our Anyscale Jobs and Services are configured to run.

export ANYSCALE_HOST=https://console.anyscale.com
export ANYSCALE_CLI_TOKEN=$YOUR_CLI_TOKEN  # retrieved from Anyscale credentials page

Cluster environment

The cluster environment determines where our workloads will be executed (OS, dependencies, etc.) We've already created this cluster environment for us but this is how we can create/update one ourselves.

export CLUSTER_ENV_NAME="madewithml-cluster-env"
anyscale cluster-env build deploy/cluster_env.yaml --name $CLUSTER_ENV_NAME

Compute configuration

The compute configuration determines what resources our workloads will be executes on. We've already created this compute configuration for us but this is how we can create it ourselves.

export CLUSTER_COMPUTE_NAME="madewithml-cluster-compute"
anyscale cluster-compute create deploy/cluster_compute.yaml --name $CLUSTER_COMPUTE_NAME

Anyscale jobs

Now we're ready to execute our ML workloads. We've decided to combine them all together into one job but we could have also created separate jobs for each workload (train, evaluate, etc.) We'll start by editing the $GITHUB_USERNAME slots inside our workloads.yaml file:

runtime_env:
  working_dir: .
  upload_path: s3://madewithml/$GITHUB_USERNAME/jobs  # <--- CHANGE USERNAME (case-sensitive)
  env_vars:
    GITHUB_USERNAME: $GITHUB_USERNAME  # <--- CHANGE USERNAME (case-sensitive)

The runtime_env here specifies that we should upload our current working_dir to an S3 bucket so that all of our workers when we execute an Anyscale Job have access to the code to use. The GITHUB_USERNAME is used later to save results from our workloads to S3 so that we can retrieve them later (ex. for serving).

Now we're ready to submit our job to execute our ML workloads:

anyscale job submit deploy/jobs/workloads.yaml

Anyscale Services

And after our ML workloads have been executed, we're ready to launch our serve our model to production. Similar to our Anyscale Jobs configs, be sure to change the $GITHUB_USERNAME in serve_model.yaml.

ray_serve_config:
  import_path: deploy.services.serve_model:entrypoint
  runtime_env:
    working_dir: .
    upload_path: s3://madewithml/$GITHUB_USERNAME/services  # <--- CHANGE USERNAME (case-sensitive)
    env_vars:
      GITHUB_USERNAME: $GITHUB_USERNAME  # <--- CHANGE USERNAME (case-sensitive)

Now we're ready to launch our service:

# Rollout service
anyscale service rollout -f deploy/services/serve_model.yaml

# Query
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $SECRET_TOKEN" -d '{
  "title": "Transfer learning with transformers",
  "description": "Using transformers for transfer learning on text classification tasks."
}' $SERVICE_ENDPOINT/predict/

# Rollback (to previous version of the Service)
anyscale service rollback -f $SERVICE_CONFIG --name $SERVICE_NAME

# Terminate
anyscale service terminate --name $SERVICE_NAME

CI/CD

We're not going to manually deploy our application every time we make a change. Instead, we'll automate this process using GitHub Actions!

We'll start by adding the necessary credentials to the /settings/secrets/actions page of our GitHub repository.

export ANYSCALE_HOST=https://console.anyscale.com
export ANYSCALE_CLI_TOKEN=$YOUR_CLI_TOKEN  # retrieved from https://console.anyscale.com/o/madewithml/credentials

Now we can make changes to our code (not on main branch) and push them to GitHub. But in order to push our code to GitHub, we'll need to first authenticate with our credentials before pushing to our repository:

git config --global user.name "Your Name"  # <-- CHANGE THIS to your name
git config --global user.email [email protected]  # <-- CHANGE THIS to your email
git add .
git commit -m ""  # <-- CHANGE THIS to your message
git push origin dev

Now you will be prompted to enter your username and password (personal access token). Follow these steps to get personal access token: New GitHub personal access token → Add a name → Toggle repo and workflow → Click Generate token (scroll down) → Copy the token and paste it when prompted for your password.

Now we can start a PR from this branch to our main branch and this will trigger the workloads workflow. If the workflow (Anyscale Jobs) succeeds, this will produce comments with the training and evaluation results directly on the PR.

If we like the results, we can merge the PR into the main branch. This will trigger the serve workflow which will rollout our new service to production!

Continual learning

With our CI/CD workflow in place to deploy our application, we can now focus on continually improving our model. It becomes really easy to extend on this foundation to connect to scheduled runs (cron), data pipelines, drift detected through monitoring, online evaluation, etc. And we can easily add additional context such as comparing any experiment with what's currently in production (directly in the PR even), etc.

FAQ

Jupyter notebook kernels

Issues with configuring the notebooks with jupyter? By default, jupyter will use the kernel with our virtual environment but we can also manually add it to jupyter:

python3 -m ipykernel install --user --name=venv

Now we can open up a notebook → Kernel (top menu bar) → Change Kernel → venv. To ever delete this kernel, we can do the following:

jupyter kernelspec list
jupyter kernelspec uninstall venv

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 1 Commit
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
datasets		datasets
deploy		deploy
docs		docs
madewithml		madewithml
notebooks		notebooks
tests		tests
.gitignore		.gitignore
.pre-commit-config.yaml		.pre-commit-config.yaml
LICENSE		LICENSE
Makefile		Makefile
README.md		README.md
mkdocs.yml		mkdocs.yml
pyproject.toml		pyproject.toml
requirements.txt		requirements.txt

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MLOps Course

Overview

Audience

Set up

Cluster

Git setup

Virtual environment

Notebook

Scripts

Training

Tuning

Experiment tracking

Evaluation

Inference

Serving

Testing

Production

Authentication

Cluster environment

Compute configuration

Anyscale jobs

Anyscale Services

CI/CD

Continual learning

FAQ

Jupyter notebook kernels

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MLOps Course

Overview

Audience

Set up

Cluster

Git setup

Virtual environment

Notebook

Scripts

Training

Tuning

Experiment tracking

Evaluation

Inference

Serving

Testing

Production

Authentication

Cluster environment

Compute configuration

Anyscale jobs

Anyscale Services

CI/CD

Continual learning

FAQ

Jupyter notebook kernels

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