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• git init: Initialize a new Git repository
• git clone <repository>: Clone a repository from a remote source
• git add <file>: Add a file to the staging area
• git commit -m "<message>": Commit the changes in the staging area with a message
• git status: Show the status of the working directory and staging area
• git log: Show the commit history
• git branch: List all branches in the repository
• git checkout <branch>: Switch to a different branch
• git merge <branch>: Merge changes from a different branch into the current branch
• git push: Push local commits to a remote repository
• git pull: Fetch and merge changes from a remote repository
• git remote add <name> <url>: Add a remote repository
• git remote -v: List all remote repositories
• git diff: Show the differences between the working directory and the staging area
• git reset <file>: Unstage a file from the staging area
• git revert <commit>: Create a new commit that undoes the changes made in a previous commit
• git stash: Save changes that are not ready to be committed
• git tag <name>: Create a new tag for a specific commit

Python Commands and Statements

Here is an overview of some commonly used Python commands and statements:

• print(): Used to display output on the console.
• input(): Used to get user input from the console.
• if statement: Used for conditional execution of code.
• elif statement: Used for additional conditions in an if statement.
• else statement: Used for code execution when no conditions are met in an if statement.
• for loop: Used for iterating over a sequence of elements.
• while loop: Used for executing a block of code repeatedly as long as a certain condition is true.
• def statement: Used to define a function.
• return statement: Used to return a value from a function.
• import statement: Used to import modules or specific functions from modules.
• try and except statements: Used for exception handling.
• with statement: Used for working with files or resources that need to be cleaned up.
• class statement: Used to define a class.
• self keyword: Used to refer to the instance of a class within the class definition.
• super() function: Used to call a method from the parent class.
• assert statement: Used for debugging and testing assumptions in code.
• pass statement: Used as a placeholder for empty code blocks.
• break statement: Used to exit a loop prematurely.
• continue statement: Used to skip the rest of the current iteration of a loop.
• range() function: Used to generate a sequence of numbers.
• len() function: Used to get the length of a sequence or the number of characters in a string.
• sorted() function: Used to sort a sequence.
• zip() function: Used to combine multiple sequences into a single sequence of tuples.
• min() function: Used to get the minimum value from a sequence.
• max() function: Used to get the maximum value from a sequence.
• sum() function: Used to get the sum of all elements in a sequence.
• round() function: Used to round a number to a specified number of decimal places.
• abs() function: Used to get the absolute value of a number.
• type() function: Used to get the type of an object.
• isinstance() function: Used to check if an object is an instance of a specific class.
• dir() function: Used to get a list of attributes and methods of an object.
• help() function: Used to get help information about an object or function.

Common Terminal Commands

Key Commands & Navigation

Before we look at some common commands, I just want to note a few keyboard commands that are very helpful:

• Up Arrow: Will show your last command
• Down Arrow: Will show your next command
• Tab: Will auto-complete your command
• Ctrl + L: Will clear the screen
• Ctrl + C: Will cancel a command
• Ctrl + R: Will search for a command
• Ctrl + D: Will exit the terminal

Manual Command

On Linux and Mac, the man command is used to show the manual of any command that you can run in the terminal. So if you wanted to know more about the ls command, you could run:

  man ls

Unfortunately, if you are on Windows and using Git Bash, the man command is not included, however, you can just type the command that you want to know more about and then --help and you will get similar info:

  ls --help

You should be able to use the arrow keys or page up and down. When you are ready to exit, just press q.

The whoami Command

The whoami command will show you the current user that you are logged in as.

  whoami

The date Command

Another really simple one is the date command, which, surprise, will show you the current date and time.

  date

File System Navigation

Commands to navigate your file system are very important. You will be using them all the time. You won't remember every single command that you use, but these are the ones that you should remember.

Command	Description
pwd	Lists the path to the working directory
ls	List directory contents
ls -a	List contents including hidden files (Files that begin with a dot)
ls -l	List contents with more info including permissions (long listing)
ls -r	List contents reverse order
cd	Change directory to home
cd [dirname]	Change directory to specific directory
cd ~	Change to home directory
cd ..	Change to parent directory
cd -	Change to previous directory (which could be different than the parent of course)
find [dirtosearch] -name [filename]	Find location of a program

Of course, you can group flags together. For example, if I want to see more info and view hidden files, I could do ls -l -a and even shorten it to ls -la.

Opening a Folder or File

If you want to open a file or a folder in the GUI from your terminal, the command is different depending on the OS.

Mac - open [dirname] Windows - start [dirname] Linux - xdg-open [dirname]

You can open folders, files and even URLs

  open https://traversymedia.com

Modifying Files & Directories

Command	Description
mkdir [dirname]	Make directory
touch [filename]	Create file
rm [filename]	Remove file
rm -i [filename]	Remove directory, but ask before
rm -r [dirname]	Remove directory
rm -rf [dirname]	Remove directory with contents
rm ./*	Remove everything in the current folder
cp [filename] [dirname]	Copy file
mv [filename] [dirname]	Move file
mv [dirname] [dirname]	Move directory
mv [filename] [filename]	Rename file or folder
mv [filename] [filename] -v	Rename Verbose - print source/destination directory

We can also do multiple commands at once with the && operator:

cd test2 && mkdir test3

Right angle bracket >

This symbol tells the system to output results into whatever you specify next. The target is usually a filename. You can use this symbol by itself to create a new file:

> [filename]

When you are done, hit ctrl+D

The cat (concatenate) Command

The cat command is a very common command and allows you to create single or multiple files, view content of a file, concatenate files and redirect output in terminal or files.

The most common thing I use it for is to display the contents of a file:

  cat [filename]

You can also view the contents of multiple files:

  cat [filename] [filename]

You can also create a file using the cat command:

  cat > [filename]

This will open up a new file and you can start typing. When you are done, you can press Ctrl + D to save and exit.

You can also append to a file:

  cat >> [filename]

This will open up the file and you can start typing. When you are done, you can press Ctrl + D to save and exit.

You can use it to show line numbers:

  cat -n [filename]

There are other uses as well, but as you can see, the cat command is very powerful.

The less Command

The less command is used to view the contents of a file. It is similar to the cat command, but it allows you to scroll up and down.

  less [filename]

To exit the less command, just press q.

The echo Command

The echo command is used to display messages, or to create and write to files. It is similar to the cat command, but it is used to display a single line of text.

  echo "Hello World"

You can also use it to create a file:

  echo "Hello World" > [filename]

You can also append to a file:

  echo "Hello World" >> [filename]

The nano Command

The nano command is a text editor that is installed by default on most Linux distributions, MacOS and you can even use it with Git Bash on Windows. It is very similar to the vim editor, but it is much easier to use.

You can open an existing file to edit or create a new file and open it with:

  nano [filename]

When you're ready to exit, just hit Ctrl + X and then Y to save and N to not save.

The head and tail Commands

The head command is used to output the first part of files. By default, it outputs the first 10 lines of each file. You can also specify the number of lines to output.

  head [filename]

You can also specify the number of lines to output:

  head -n 5 [filename]

The tail command is used to output the last part of files. By default, it outputs the last 10 lines of each file. You can also specify the number of lines to output.

  tail [filename]

You can also specify the number of lines to output:

  tail -n 5 [filename]

The grep Command

The grep command is used to search for a text pattern in a file. It is very powerful and can be used to search for a string or regular expression in a file or set of files.

  grep [searchterm] [filename]

You can also search for a string in multiple files:

  grep [searchterm] [filename] [filename]

There are a lot more things that you can do with the grep command, but it's a but more advanced.

The find command

The find command is extremely powerful and is used to find the location of files and directories based on conditions that you specify.

To start off by creating something to work with. Let's create 100 files in the current directory. This is one of those things that I talked about earlier where you can do certain things much faster than you could in the GUI. We already know that the touch command will create a file. It can also be used to create multiple files.

  touch file-{001..100}.txt

Now we have 100 .txt files in the current directory. Something that would have taken a lot longer to do in the GUI.

Let's do something very simple and find a specific file. The format looks like this:

  find [dirname] -name [filename]

Let's find the file called file-001.txt:

  find . -name "file-001.txt"

This will look in the current directory, which is represented with a dot.

We can look in other directories as well. Let's create a file in our home folder called test.txt

  touch ~/test.txt

To find that file:

  find ~/ -name "test.txt"

We can look for files that match a certain pattern as well. Let's find all files that start with file-:

  find . -name "file-*"

We can search for files that are empty:

  find . -empty

Let's append some text to the file file-002.txt. We could use the cat command, like I showed you earlier, but we can also use the echo command:

  echo "Hello World" >> file-002.txt

Now if we find the empty files again, we will see that file-002.txt is no longer empty:

  find . -empty

We can remove all of the files that we created with this command:

  find . -name "file-*" -delete
  rm -f file-* # This will also work

There is so much more that you can do with the find command, but it goes beyond the scope of this tutorial.

Piping

Piping is very powerful. It is a way of redirecting standard output to another destination, such as another file. Let's actually use the find command to find a list of files and then pipe them to a new file.

First, we'll create 10 files:

touch file-{001..010}.txt

Now, let's pipe the result from our find into a new file named output.txt

find . -name "file-0*" > output.txt

You can see the results now in the new file:

cat output.txt

Creating a Symlink

A symlink is a special type of file that points to another file. It is a shortcut to the original file. It is useful when you want to access a file in a different location without having to copy it.

We can use the ln command to create a symlink:

  ln -s [filename] [symlinkname]

You can remove a symlink with the rm command:

  rm [symlinkname]

If you're on Windows and you are not using something like Git Bash, you can use the mklink command:

  mklink [symlinkname] [filename]

File Compression

tar is a program for concatenating multiple files into one big file called a tarball and reversing this process by extracting the files from the tarball.

Command	Description
tar czvf [dirname].tar.gz [dirname]	Create tarball
tar tzvf [dirname]	See what is in the tarball
tar xzvf [dirname].tar.gz	Extract tarball

• -c : Creates Archive
• -x : Extract the archive
• -f : creates archive with given filename
• -t : displays or lists files in archived file
• -u : archives and adds to an existing archive file
• -v : Displays Verbose Information
• -A : Concatenates the archive files
• -z : zip, tells tar command that creates tar file using gzip
• -j : filter archive tar file using tbzip
• -W : Verify a archive file
• -r : update or add file or directory in already existed .tar file

The history Command

Used to display the history of commands that you have run.

  history

You can also use the ! to run a command from the history.

  !100

This will run the command that is in the 100th position in the history.