Fix: expanded postings can cache wrong data when queries are issued "in the future" #11142

Job	Run time
CodeQL	6m 51s
build	4m 22s
lint	4m 22s
test	16m 9s
test-no-race	33m 17s
integration-configs-db	2m 52s
integration (requires_docker)	7m 2s
integration (integration_alertmanager)	4m 3s
integration (integration_backward_compatibility)	10m 36s
integration (integration_memberlist)	8m 12s
integration (integration_querier)	15m 36s
integration (integration_ruler)	6m 0s
integration (integration_query_fuzz)	4m 42s
deploy_website	0s
deploy	0s
	2h 4m 4s

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