Fix: expanded postings can cache wrong data when queries are issued "in the future" #11145

Job	Run time
CodeQL	6m 59s
lint	4m 31s
test	16m 14s
build	4m 5s
test-no-race	7m 14s
integration-configs-db	2m 48s
integration (requires_docker)	7m 1s
integration (integration_alertmanager)	4m 16s
integration (integration_backward_compatibility)	10m 50s
integration (integration_memberlist)	8m 8s
integration (integration_querier)	15m 10s
integration (integration_ruler)	5m 46s
integration (integration_query_fuzz)	4m 15s
deploy_website	0s
deploy	0s
	1h 37m 17s

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