feat: support larger python version

[gatheluck]

Issue URL

#107

Change overview

• Update Dockerfile to support python 3.10, 3.11, 3.12.
• Add python 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 to CI build matrix.
• Update python badge in README.md.
• Make default Python version to 3.12.

How to test

Please test following from Python 3.8 to 3.12 since build with GPU is not supported by CI now.

% cd environments/gpu
% sudo docker compose build --build-arg PYTHON_VERSION=<PLEASE_SPECIFY_PYTHON_VERSION>
% sudo docker compose exec core bash

# enter the container and check python version
$ python --version

On the other hand, build with CPU is tested by CI jobs.

Note for reviewers

NA

[YoshikiKubotani]

Please check one minor suggestion

[YoshikiKubotani]

LGTM