feat: Add retry mechanism for storage initialization

[MoeBensu]

Resolves #3602

PR includes:

• Implement configurable retry logic for storage connection attempts
• Add configuration options for retry attempts and delay
• Default to 5 attempts with 5 second delay if not specified

[MoeBensu]

@nabokihms I would like to request a review here, if possible! Or how do you like to plan this in the next release?

[nabokihms]

Let's move this code to the config parsing, we usually enforce config default there, not in the method. I expect it to be in cmd/dex/config.go

[nabokihms]

1. Probably it is better to use token/bucket algorithm or an exponential backoff.
2. Let's put options under a single key

retry:
  attempts: 3
  delay: 5s

[nabokihms]

Do we need to validate here that delay is in the go time format, e.g., 5s, 10m?

[nabokihms]

connected #1189