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src/edu/ru/defi/advanced-defi-concepts-trends/bridging-real-world-and-defi.md

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+# Bridging Real World and DeFi
+
+**Real-World Asset (RWA) Tokenization**
+
+While stablecoins represent the first wave of bringing real-world value into DeFi, tokenization is expanding to other assets. Gold-backed tokens offer a prime example – each token represents one gram of physical gold stored in vaults.
+
+This trend continues to extend to various assets:
+
+- Precious metals
+- Real estate
+- Commodities
+- Traditional financial instruments
+
+**Oracles in DeFi**
+
+Oracles solve a fundamental challenge in DeFi: accessing external data. Smart contracts can't naturally access information outside the blockchain, yet many DeFi applications require real-world data. Oracles provide this crucial link.
+
+For example, some derivative token which pegged in price to a real world asset needs accurate gold prices to maintain its peg. Oracles provide this data through:
+
+- Multiple data sources
+- Decentralized verification
+- Secure transmission of data to smart contracts
+- Regular price updates

src/edu/ru/defi/advanced-defi-concepts-trends/innovative-defi-features.md

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+# Innovative DeFi Features
+
+**Flash Loans**
+
+Flash loans represent a unique DeFi innovation impossible in traditional finance. They allow users to borrow any amount without collateral, provided the loan is repaid within the same transaction block. If the loan isn't repaid, the entire transaction reverts as if it never happened.
+
+Think of it like borrowing money to buy something and immediately reselling it for profit – but everything happens instantaneously. For example, a user might:
+
+1. Borrow 1 million USDT
+2. Use it for arbitrage trading
+3. Return the loan plus fees All in one atomic transaction.
+
+**DeFi Aggregators**
+
+DeFi aggregators leverage the composable nature of smart contracts to optimize user transactions. For instance, when trading tokens, 1inch DEX aggregator utilises its smart contracts to:
+
+- Check prices across multiple DEXes
+- Split the order for best execution
+- Execute trades across different platforms
+- Return the optimal result to the user
+
+This interoperability between different DeFi protocols showcases how DeFi services can build upon each other to enhance user outcomes.

src/edu/ru/defi/advanced-defi-concepts-trends/institutional-defi.md

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+# Institutional DeFi
+
+As institutions enter DeFi, platforms looking to serve these clients are adapting to meet regulatory requirements. New services combine DeFi's efficiency with traditional finance's compliance:
+
+- KYC verification for users
+- Transaction monitoring
+- Regulatory reporting
+
+For instance, lending service Save launched a service named Arc aimed specifically at institutions. Arc is a permissioned liquidity pool specifically designed for institutions to maintain regulatory compliance in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space.
+
+These institutional adaptations show how DeFi is evolving beyond its original retail focus while maintaining its core benefits of efficiency and transparency.

src/edu/ru/defi/common-defi-instruments/common-defi-use-cases.md

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+# Common DeFi Use Cases
+
+### Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs)
+
+DEXs enable permissionless cryptocurrency trading without intermediaries. Each blockchain ecosystem has its own popular DEX platforms:
+
+- Ethereum: Uniswap leads as the primary DEX
+- Solana: Raydium and Orca dominate the ecosystem
+- Avalanche: Trader Joe serves as the main trading platform
+- Binance Smart Chain: PancakeSwap handles most trading volume
+
+Anyone can trade on these DEXs by connecting their wallet, selecting tokens, and confirming transactions. First-time users must approve token access, but subsequent trades become more straightforward.
+
+DEXs rely on liquidity providers who supply trading pairs and earn rewards from trading fees. To become a liquidity provider, users must:
+
+- Understand impermanent loss risks
+- Deposit equal values of both tokens in a trading pair
+- Monitor their positions and market conditions
+
+The primary advantage of DEXs is their permissionless nature – anyone can trade without restrictions based on geography, age, or status. No registration or identification is required; you simply need a wallet and tokens to trade.
+
+However, DEXs face certain limitations. Liquidity can be restricted for some trading pairs, potentially affecting trade execution and prices. Additionally, DEXs are typically limited to tokens within their blockchain ecosystem. For example, Uniswap on Ethereum cannot directly trade Bitcoin (BTC), though cross-chain bridge services are emerging to address this limitation.
+
+### Lending and Borrowing
+
+DeFi lending platforms have revolutionized borrowing and lending. Each blockchain ecosystem features its own leading platforms:
+
+- Ethereum: Aave and Compound lead the lending space
+- Solana: Solend provides lending services
+- Avalanche: Aave has expanded here, alongside native platforms like Benqi
+- Binance Smart Chain: Venus Protocol offers lending functionality
+
+The primary use case for borrowing is obtaining liquidity without selling your cryptocurrency assets. For example, if you hold ETH but need cash flow, you can borrow against your ETH as collateral rather than selling it, maintaining your long-term investment position.
+
+From the lending perspective, these platforms offer an opportunity to earn interest on cryptocurrency assets, similar to traditional bank deposits but typically with higher yields. Lenders provide liquidity to the platform and earn interest from borrowers' payments.
+
+Important considerations for lending and borrowing:
+
+- Maintain healthy collateral ratios
+- Monitor positions and interest rates regularly
+- Understand liquidation mechanisms
+- Plan exit strategies carefully
+
+The main benefit of DeFi lending platforms is their open accessibility. Anyone can lend or borrow without traditional banking requirements or credit checks. Interest rates are typically more attractive than traditional banking, and the process is entirely automated through smart contracts.
+
+However, these platforms have notable limitations. Most significantly, borrowing typically requires over-collateralization – you must deposit collateral worth more than your borrowed amount, often 150% or higher. This makes these platforms less suitable for those seeking traditional loans without existing crypto assets. Additionally, the volatile nature of cryptocurrency can lead to sudden liquidations if collateral values drop significantly.

src/edu/ru/defi/common-defi-instruments/defi-safety.md

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+## DeFi Safety
+
+Following these essential safety practices helps protect your assets:
+
+- Start with small amounts to learn platform mechanics
+- Maintain sufficient funds for multiple transactions
+- Verify all addresses and permissions carefully
+- Research platform-specific requirements thoroughly
+- Monitor your positions regularly
+
+It's crucial to understand that this is only a basic list of safety measures and by no means complete. DeFi security requires proper self-education to master the subject and stay secure. The complexity of DeFi security goes well beyond simply using services like DEXes or lending platforms – it encompasses understanding smart contract risks, platform-specific vulnerabilities, market manipulation risks, and numerous other security considerations. Users should invest time in continuous learning about DeFi security practices to protect their assets effectively.

src/edu/ru/defi/common-defi-instruments/getting-started-with-defi.md

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+# Getting Started with DeFi
+
+Before diving into DeFi services, you need two fundamental components: a non-custodial wallet and some native cryptocurrency of your chosen blockchain.
+
+Your choice of wallet will largely determine which DeFi services you can access. Non-custodial wallets give you complete control over your funds and the ability to interact with DeFi protocols.
+
+Popular wallet options include:
+
+- Mobile wallets: Unstoppable offers comprehensive support for multiple blockchains and DeFi platforms
+- Browser wallets: MetaMask dominates Ethereum and compatible chains
+- Specialized wallets: Phantom serves as the primary wallet for Solana DeFi users
+
+For most users, a versatile wallet like Unstoppable will cover the majority of DeFi use cases, but your choice should align with your intended blockchain ecosystem.
+
+Each blockchain requires its native cryptocurrency to pay for DeFi transactions. You'll need ETH for Ethereum transactions, SOL for Solana, or AVAX for Avalanche. Every DeFi interaction requires transaction fees, so maintaining adequate native currency is essential for continuous operation.

src/edu/ru/defi/common-defi-instruments/stablecoins-the-foundation-of-defi.md

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+# Stablecoins: The Foundation of DeFi
+
+Stablecoins form the backbone of the DeFi ecosystem, providing a stable medium of exchange and reliable unit of account. These digital assets maintain a steady value, typically pegged to the US dollar, enabling consistent pricing and reduced volatility in DeFi transactions.
+
+### Centralized Stablecoins: The Case of USDT
+
+Tether (USDT) exemplifies the centralized stablecoin approach. The system operates through smart contracts controlled by Tether Limited, which manages the issuance and redemption of USDT. When users purchase USDT, Tether Limited maintains equivalent traditional currency reserves to support the 1:1 USD peg.
+
+Key characteristics of USDT include:
+
+- Central management by Tether Limited
+- Traditional currency backing
+- Wide acceptance across DeFi platforms
+- Administrative controls including balance freezing capabilities
+
+### Decentralized Stablecoins: DAI and Beyond
+
+DAI represents a truly decentralized alternative to centralized stablecoins. Its decentralized nature ensures that no central authority can freeze or confiscate user funds. Instead, DAI maintains its value through smart contracts and cryptocurrency collateral.
+
+Users can acquire DAI in two ways:
+
+- Purchase directly from cryptocurrency exchanges
+- Generate DAI through the MakerDAO protocol by following these steps:
+    1. Connect your wallet to MakerDAO
+    2. Deposit cryptocurrency collateral
+    3. Generate DAI based on collateral value
+    4. Maintain a healthy collateral ratio to avoid liquidation

src/edu/ru/defi/defi-in-practice-challenges/isolated-ecosystems.md

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+# Isolated Ecosystems
+
+This multi-chain development, while fostering innovation, creates several practical challenges for users. The first challenge is similar to needing different bank accounts in different countries – each blockchain typically requires its own wallet. While some users prefer specialized wallets like Phantom for Solana or MetaMask for Ethereum, universal wallets like Unstoppable are emerging to simplify this experience.
+
+Transaction fees present another consideration. Just as you need local currency for expenses in different countries, each blockchain requires its native token for transactions. You'll need ETH for DeFi transactions on Ethereum, SOL for Solana operations, and AVAX for using Avalanche services.
+
+Perhaps the most significant challenge is the scattered nature of assets and services across these platforms. Imagine having money in a bank that can't directly transfer to another bank in a different country. Similarly, if you have USDT on one blockchain (like TRON), you can't directly use it on another (like Ethereum) without first converting it through a service known as bridge or some centralized exchange.

src/edu/ru/defi/defi-in-practice-challenges/moving-between-blockchains.md

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+# Moving Between Blockchains
+
+Users have several options for moving assets between different blockchain platforms. The first option is using bridge services, which directly connect different blockchains. However, a simpler alternative, especially for beginners, is using centralized exchanges like Coinbase or Binance, which allow you to deposit on one network and withdraw on another. That being said, this neither fast nor cheap.
+
+Major stablecoin providers have adapted to this reality by maintaining versions of their tokens across all major platforms. For instance, USDT exists on multiple blockchains, allowing users to choose the most convenient network for their needs. However, that doesn't affect the inefficiency faced by users. Not only users have to understand the concept of DeFi but also deal with the added practical complexities of switching from one blockchain to another.
+
+The DeFi ecosystem continues to evolve, with new solutions emerging to address these challenges. New cross-chain services are making it easier to move assets between blockchain platforms, while improved wallet support is simplifying the user experience. While the current system may seem complex, it represents a transition period as the technology matures and becomes more integrated. The goal remains clear: creating an accessible, efficient, and truly global financial system.

src/edu/ru/defi/defi-in-practice-challenges/the-multi-chain-reality.md

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+# The Multi-Chain Reality
+
+As we've explored the various DeFi services like decentralized exchanges and lending platforms, you might wonder why there are so many different versions of seemingly similar services. The answer lies in how DeFi has evolved across multiple blockchain platforms, each creating its own vibrant ecosystem.
+
+Think of these blockchain platforms as different cities, each with its own financial district. Ethereum, the oldest and largest, is like New York's Wall Street – established, influential, but often expensive to operate in. Here you'll find the original versions of many popular services: Uniswap for trading, Aave for lending, and a wide variety of stablecoins like USDT and USDC.
+
+Newer platforms like Solana have emerged as alternatives, similar to emerging financial centers. Solana, with its high-speed transactions and lower costs, hosts its own versions of these services, including Raydium for trading and Solend for lending. Similarly, Avalanche has developed its own ecosystem, with Trader Joe leading its trading services and platforms like Benqi providing lending options.

src/edu/ru/defi/fees-and-transactions/service-specific-fees.md

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+# Специфические комиссии сервисов
+
+Помимо комиссий за транзакции в блокчейне, сервисы DeFi обычно взимают собственные комиссии за предоставляемые услуги. Эти сервисные комиссии отличаются от сетевых комиссий за транзакции и используются для вознаграждения поставщиков ликвидности, поддержки развития протокола или в качестве дохода для DAO, стоящей за данным сервисом.
+
+Распространенные примеры включают:
+
+- Uniswap взимает 0.3% за каждую сделку, которые распределяются между поставщиками ликвидности
+- Комиссии за кредитование в Aave варьируются в зависимости от рыночных условий и спроса на заимствования
+
+Понимание этих различных уровней комиссий крайне важно для эффективного участия в DeFi. Пользователям необходимо учитывать как комиссии за транзакции в блокчейне, так и специфические комиссии сервисов при планировании своей деятельности в DeFi. Это особенно важно для небольших транзакций, где комиссии могут потенциально превысить предполагаемую выгоду от самой тр

src/edu/ru/defi/fees-and-transactions/transaction-complexity.md

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+# Сложность транзакций
+
+Транзакции в DeFi фундаментально отличаются от простых переводов криптовалюты. Когда вы отправляете криптовалюту с одного адреса на другой, это простая операция. Однако транзакции в DeFi часто включают множество шагов и сложные взаимодействия со смарт-контрактами, что делает их более ресурсоемкими и, следовательно, более дорогими.
+
+Например, когда вы обмениваете токены на децентрализованной бирже вроде Uniswap, транзакция включает расчет обменных курсов, управление пулами ликвидности и выполнение обмена. Каждый из этих шагов требует вычислительных ресурсов в блокчейне, что приводит к более высоким комиссиям за транзакции по сравнению с простыми переводами токенов.
+
+Эта сложность по-разному влияет на стоимость в различных блокчейнах:
+
+- В Ethereum: Простой перевод ETH может стоить от нескольких до десятков долларов, в то время как взаимодействие с DeFi, например обмен токенов, может стоить значительно дороже, в зависимости от состояния сети.
+- В Solana: И обычные переводы, и взаимодействия с DeFi обычно стоят значительно меньше, что делает их более доступными для частой торговли и экспериментов.

src/edu/ru/defi/fees-and-transactions/transaction-fee-fluctuatuons.md

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+# Колебания комиссий за транзакции
+
+Как и в случае с обычными переводами между кошельками, комиссии за транзакции в DeFi колеблются в зависимости от активности сети. В периоды высокой активности, например, при волатильности рынка, когда многие пытаются что-то купить или продать, загруженность сети может значительно повысить комиссии.
+
+И наоборот, в более спокойные периоды те же самые транзакции могут стоить существенно меньше. Поэтому некоторые пользователи могут предпочесть выполнять транзакции в часы низкой нагрузки, например, в выходные дни или ранним утром, чтобы минимизировать затраты.