Add SQLite 3.24.0 optimized for binary size

[jfirebaugh]

Using both -Os and -flto (which we've found to substantially reduce binary size).

Testing over in mapbox/mapbox-gl-native#12596.

This could serve as an example for mapbox/cpp#22

[jfirebaugh]

😢 https://circleci.com/gh/mapbox/mapbox-gl-native/141024

../../../mason_packages/linux-x86_64/sqlite/3.24.0-min-size/lib/libsqlite3.a: error adding symbols: Archive has no index; run ranlib to add one

Seems we are running afoul of this item from mapbox/cpp#22:

• llvm-ar and llvm-ranlib on path (and set in environment AR=/path/to/llvm-ar RANLIB=/path/to/llvm-ranlib)

[jfirebaugh]

Gave up on LTO. It probably doesn't make too much of a difference anyway, given that SQLite compiles as a single large .c file.