Update Golang from 1.22 to 1.23

[MrSerth]

Since release 1.23, Go will automatically download a newer toolchain, if available. Hence, we don't need to specify a patch version ourselves.

Checklist from the issue:

• the release notes for interesting changes or new features we should enable --> @mpass99 would you take over this part, please?
• the production environment to have Go 1.23 support
• the go.mod file, CI, potentially linter, ...
• a previous upgrade to ensure we don't miss something important.

Fixes #648

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 76.20%. Comparing base (35bbae7) to head (d3e64d0).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #658   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   76.20%   76.20%           
=======================================
  Files          43       43           
  Lines        3551     3551           
=======================================
  Hits         2706     2706           
  Misses        620      620           
  Partials      225      225           

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[mpass99]

The release notes for interesting changes or new features we should enable

• Overall, we are quite unaffected by the update
  • We could enable Go Telemetry

[MrSerth]

Overall, we are quite unaffected by the update

Sounds good!

We could enable Go Telemetry

Yes, we could theoretically. I just tried checking which data is recorded, and it doesn't seem to be too much (a few counters here and there). However, it seems to be more effective on a developer machine (since this is where the most usage of the commands happens), so I would currently tend to enable it per developer.

[MrSerth]

Go 1.23 was released in the PPA we use, so that we may merge and deploy this now. A staging deploy worked seamlessly.

[MrSerth]

We need to merge #664 first, since otherwise the pipeline won't pass.