fix(python): Raise for incompatible array casting in series construction

[tylerriccio33]

In #17743 constructing series objects from numpy arrays, when using a polars array dtype, may allow for unwanted coercion. For example, you may pass a polars int array to dtype and it may cast the numpy float array to int, which is obviously undesirable.

I debated throttling this behavior based on the strict argument, which is passed to the Series constructor. I decided not to allow an override to this edge case check since I (personally) would want this exception raised in all cases. If the core dev team thinks otherwise I can of course alter this.

The logic I wrote was for this specific edge case but there may be others I just am not thinking about. This is why I broke the logic out to a separate checking function.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 80.51%. Comparing base (1f14e4a) to head (d34703f).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #17900      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   80.51%   80.51%   -0.01%     
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  Files        1492     1492              
  Lines      196426   196435       +9     
  Branches     2813     2817       +4     
==========================================
+ Hits       158157   158162       +5     
- Misses      37748    37752       +4     
  Partials      521      521              

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