fix `phase_by` protocol for tagged operations #15972

Job	Run time
Type check	1m 24s
Misc check	7s
Changed files test	1m 18s
Doc test	1m 45s
Format check	10s
Lint check	4m 6s
Notebook formatting	10s
Packaging test	1m 13s
Shell check	6s
Build protos	15s
Coverage check	11m 9s
Isolated pytest Ubuntu	8m 58s
Pytest MacOS (3.10)	9m 17s
Pytest MacOS (3.11)	8m 7s
Notebook Tests against PR	10m 26s
Pytest MacOS (3.12)	12m 24s
Check consistency of requirements	20s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-0)	42s
Pytest Ubuntu (3.10)	6m 28s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-1)	48s
Pytest Ubuntu (3.11)	5m 59s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-2)	44s
Pytest Ubuntu with NumPy-2 (3.10)	6m 52s
Pytest Ubuntu (3.12)	6m 12s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-3)	47s
Pytest Ubuntu with NumPy-2 (3.11)	6m 12s
Pytest Ubuntu with NumPy-2 (3.12)	6m 59s
Bundle file consistency	44s
Typescript lint check	37s
Typescript tests	43s
Pytest Windows (3.10)	14m 41s
Typescript tests coverage	35s
Pytest Windows (3.11)	12m 43s
Pytest Windows (3.12)	14m 48s
	2h 37m 49s

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