fix `phase_by` protocol for tagged operations #15976

Job	Run time
Format check	12s
Misc check	5s
Doc test	1m 49s
Lint check	4m 9s
Changed files test	1m 10s
Type check	1m 23s
Notebook formatting	12s
Packaging test	1m 13s
Shell check	9s
Build protos	19s
Coverage check	11m 35s
Isolated pytest Ubuntu	7m 51s
Pytest MacOS (3.10)	13m 18s
Notebook Tests against PR	10m 43s
Pytest MacOS (3.11)	6m 47s
Pytest MacOS (3.12)	17m 51s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-0)	50s
Check consistency of requirements	21s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-1)	53s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-2)	44s
Pytest Ubuntu (3.10)	6m 14s
Pytest Ubuntu (3.11)	6m 11s
Changed Notebooks Isolated Test against Cirq stable (partition-3)	48s
Pytest Ubuntu with NumPy-2 (3.10)	6m 50s
Pytest Ubuntu (3.12)	6m 56s
Pytest Ubuntu with NumPy-2 (3.11)	6m 21s
Typescript tests coverage	40s
Bundle file consistency	49s
Typescript tests	44s
Typescript lint check	37s
Pytest Windows (3.10)	19m 21s
Pytest Ubuntu with NumPy-2 (3.12)	7m 39s
Pytest Windows (3.11)	11m 12s
Pytest Windows (3.12)	20m 27s
	2h 56m 23s

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