feat: native shortcode to get Quarto CLI version

[mcanouil]

Introduce a native shortcode that retrieves the Quarto CLI version. This feature allows users to easily access the version information within their Quarto documents using {{< version >}}

Fixes #11379

This should be followed by a PR to the prerelease branch on https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-web

[cscheid]

Thanks for this PR.

We should have some basic tests for this feature. It might be a little weird because the versions will change every time, but we should be checking that the shortcode is called and something comes out the other side (using a Lua filter, for example)

[mcanouil]

Maybe a test checking for a semantic version string.

[mcanouil]

Test added.
I'll make a PR against the "pre-release" branch of the documentation once merged.