http bench

Simple framework to test HTTP servers, inspired by Simple Web Benchmark but focused on dlang frameworks and libraries.

It measures achievable RPS (requests per second) in a simple plaintext response test scenario.

Tests were gathered or modified from various places (including TechEmpower).

It uses docker container to build and host services on and can run locally or use load tester from remote host.

wrk is used as a default load generator and requests statistics collector, but hey is supported too (just use --tool switch).

Tests can be run without docker too, one just needs to have installed tested language compilers and wrk/hey workload generator (but this has been tested on linux only).

Note for io_uring tests:

• At least Linux kernel 5.7 is needed for tests to work.
• Problems with user limits on locked memory (ulimit -l) are possible too when run with regular user.
• There is some performance regression starting from Kernel 5.7.16. See also these: #189, #8.

Tests

Tests are divided to two types:

• singleCore - services are started in single core mode to measure performance without multiple threads / processes (default)
• multiCore - services are started to use all hosts CPU cores

Some of the tests are written just with a single thread usage. To be comparable with frameworks that can utilize more threads, prefork.d was added to the suite, that just forks multiple processes and pin them to separate CPUs (tests are named prefork or has (PF) in the name).

Usage

Build execution container

• make build - build execution container
• make shell - enter container

Note: Performance governor is set to performance with this command.

Test runner

For simplicity, one can just run one of these commands (in the container shell):

make all        # runs all tests
make single     # runs tests limited to single CPU core usage
make multi      # runs tests limited to multiple CPU cores usage

Main entry point to more advanced tests is in _suite/runner.d which is a runnable CLI script.

• _suite/runner.d list - list available benchmarks
• _suite/runner.d bench - runs benchmarks
• _suite/runner.d responses - prints out sampled response from each benchmark service
• _suite/runner.d versions - prints out used language versions in Markdown table format

Use _suite/runner.d -h to print out CLI interface help.

Sample:

_suite/runner.d bench --type singleCore dlang rust # runs all dlang and rust tests

Remote host testing

As localhost only benchmarking is discouraged (see ie https://www.mnot.net/blog/2011/05/18/http_benchmark_rules), CLI supports executing of load tester from the remote host.

Steps:

• on a host that would run servers, enter the container shell
• from that run something like _suite/runner.d bench --type singleCore -r [email protected] --host 192.168.0.2 dlang

Where -r or --remote specifies username and hostname used for executing load tester through ssh. --host is not in most cases necessary as CLI determines host IP from default route, but it's added for cases when it's needed anyway.

It's easier to generate ssh key and copy it's identity to the load generator host as otherwise underlying ssh command'll ask for password twice for each test (warmup and test itself).

Load tester (hey) must be installed on the load tester host.

Host that generates load should be ideally more performant (in a way that workload generator doesn't saturate the used CPUs).

Frameworks / libraries

Some of the top of the Techempower frameworks were added as a reference point.

Many of the tests there are using various tweaks unusable in a real life scenarios.

• no router (ie only match on path length, etc.)
• no HTTP request parser
• no Date header in the response
• prebuilt static text for response
• etc.

I've tried at least make response sizes to be of the same size for all the tests to be more fair.

C

These are added to determine the potential of the test environment configuration. They don't try to work as a generic HTTP servers, but just utilize the eventloop at the top speed.

Epoll and io_uring are added. Both named as raw.

dlang

archttp

New http server framework using async io (epoll, kqueue, ...).

arsd-official

I've wanted to add this popular library in the mix just for comparison. Currently three configurations of internal http servers are used:

• process - forked process, each serving one request
• threads - threadpool to handle connected clients
• hybrid - an experimental Linux-only hybrid implementation of forked processes, worker threads, and fibers in an event loop

They are the same in both type tests as they don't use (at the moment) some eventloop so we can compare this traditional way against the others.

See Adam's description for more.

during

• raw - test that tries to be as fast as possible to make a theoretical limit of the used system facility (so no parsers, routers, ... - just plain event loop)

Using new asynchronous I/O io_uring it's interesting to compare against mostly used epoll on Linux systems.

epoll

Not a library, but just an underlying polling mechanism used by most frameworks. Added to test theoretical limit of the system we measure on - same as during/raw

eventcore

Library that is a basis for vibe-d framework. It generalizes event loop against epoll on linux (iocp and kqueue on windows and MacOS).

It's a microbenchmark as it has no proper http parser, router or response writer and currently only shows event loop potential of the library.

• callbacks - uses just callbacks to handle socket events
• fibers - uses fibers to emulate sync behavior on async events

geario

Asynchronous I/O library used by archttp to show event base loop performance (micro benchmark).

hunt

• hunt-http - idiomatic use of the framework (HTTP router, parser and all)
• hunt-pico - highly customized and optimized test that uses picohttpparser and tweaked handlers for just the test purpose (prebuilt responses, no router, ...) - no wonder that it's relatively high in Techempower

lighttp

Found this on code.dlang.org so I've added it to the mix too.

It has parser, router, and response writer.

Note: Currently it's disabled due to the etcimon/libasync#90

mecca

Core library from Weka.

It uses it's own low level fibers implementation.

Note: Uses some hacks to access druntime internals so it'd be able to switch fibers. But it won't compile with current release and some compilers. I've tried to patch it, but it still can have some problems.

photon

It's not on code.dlang.org but is an interesting library that rewrites glibc syscalls and emulates them via epoll eventloop and fibers underneath.

Test uses nodejs http-parser (not that fast as pico) and doesn't use router.

serverino

New simple to use HTTP server that uses managed subprocesses as a worker pool to handle individual requests. Single dependency library, using just standard phobos features.

It falls to the same category as arsd.

There are two variants of tests, one that uses same number if worker processes as is available CPUs and one that uses pool of 16 workers.

vibe-core

Higher level library that uses eventcore and adds fiber backed tasks framework to handle event callbacks.

Still a microbenchmark as it only uses TCPConnection and reads request line by line and then just writes static response text.

No router or http parser used.

vibe-d

Finally most popular dlang web framework that has it all.

dotnet

ASP.Net Core is used as a reference.

It has multiple tweaks mentioned above (simplistic router, prepared plaintext responses, ...). It does some magic when HTTP pipelining is used.

golang

fasthttp is used as a reference.

Test uses HTTP parser, but no router.

rust

Actix is used for comparison in two variants:

• actix-web - simple generic usage of the library
• actix-raw - more tweaked version with less generically used features and static responses

Results

Currently test runner outputs results in a Markdown formatted table.

Column description:

• Res[B] - size of the sample response in bytes - to check responses are of the same size ideally
• Req - total number of requests load generator generated
• Err - number of responses with other than 200 OK results
• RPS - requests per second
• BPS - bytes per second
• min - minimal request time in [ms]
• 25% - 25% of requests has been completed within this time in [ms]
• 50% - 50% of requests has been completed within this time in [ms] (median)
• 75% - 75% of requests has been completed within this time in [ms]
• 99% - 99% of requests has been completed within this time in [ms]
• max - maximal request time in [ms]

Environment

Language	Version
go	go1.18.1
ldc2	1.29.0
rust	1.61.0
dotnet	6.0.300

• Host: AMD Ryzen 7 3700X 8-Core (16 threads), kernel 5.17.9, Fedora 36
• Workload generator: KVM VM with 14 pinned CPUs, Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, kernel 5.15.0-33
• Service runner: KVM VM with 2 pinned CPUs, Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, kernel 5.15.0-33
• Network: bridged network on the host
• wrk version: 4.1.0
• hey version: 0.1.4

Note: Only 2 cores for server and 14 for clients as otherwise wrk will saturate the CPUs, affecting the results (we need to utilize http server cores and not client workers) - should've bought a threadripper instead ;-)

Multi core results

• Test command: for i in 8 64 128 256; do _suite/runner.d bench --type multiCore -r [email protected] --host 192.168.122.175 --tool wrk -d 30 -c $i; done

2 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	1316945	43752	8400446	0.026	0.041	0.044	0.048	0.071	3.351
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	1297196	43096	8274472	0.027	0.042	0.045	0.048	0.069	5.888
dlang	mecca	micro	prefork	1289957	42855	8228297	0.028	0.042	0.045	0.048	0.067	1.875
dlang	eventcore	micro	cb (PF)	1284316	42668	8192314	0.027	0.043	0.045	0.048	0.069	1.591
dlang	eventcore	micro	fibers (PF)	1267849	42121	8087276	0.027	0.043	0.046	0.05	0.07	1.275
dlang	during	micro	raw (PF)	1246284	41404	7949718	0.027	0.044	0.047	0.05	0.069	3.06
dlang	adio-http	platform	epoll (PF)	1237865	41125	7896015	0.029	0.044	0.047	0.051	0.07	9.233
c	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	1201327	39911	7662949	0.029	0.045	0.048	0.052	0.081	7.757
c	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	1200583	39886	7658203	0.029	0.045	0.048	0.053	0.074	4.531
dlang	geario	micro	geario (multi)	1175768	39062	7499915	0.029	0.046	0.049	0.054	0.073	6.632
dlang	vibe-core	micro	prefork	1166130	38741	7438437	0.027	0.046	0.05	0.054	0.077	5.855
dlang	hunt	micro	hunt-pico	1161331	38582	7407825	0.029	0.044	0.048	0.054	0.907	5.268
dotnet	aspcore	platform		1155459	38387	7370369	0.031	0.046	0.049	0.054	0.308	10.679
c	io_uring	micro	raw (PF)	1139972	37872	7271582	0.03	0.048	0.051	0.055	0.076	2.174
c	nginx	platform		1110345	36888	7082599	0.03	0.048	0.052	0.057	0.079	3.845
golang	fasthttp	platform		1108316	36821	7069656	0.029	0.045	0.051	0.059	0.092	5.502
dlang	adio-http	platform	io_uring (PF)	1091040	36247	6959457	0.032	0.05	0.053	0.058	0.077	4.449
rust	actix-raw	micro		1068205	35488	6813799	0.03	0.05	0.054	0.059	0.084	8.98
dlang	photon	micro		1041491	34601	6643397	0.033	0.052	0.056	0.061	0.085	2.802
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	1018431	33834	6496304	0.036	0.052	0.056	0.061	0.124	8.286
rust	actix-web	platform		1004730	33379	6408908	0.037	0.053	0.057	0.063	0.088	6.853
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	930335	30908	5934362	0.04	0.057	0.062	0.068	0.099	3.741
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual (PF)	887273	29477	5659681	0.044	0.061	0.065	0.071	0.098	5.109
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	790659	26267	5043406	0.051	0.066	0.073	0.082	0.12	1.077
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	778587	25866	4966402	0.051	0.068	0.075	0.082	0.122	1.159
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc (PF)	744552	24735	4749301	0.049	0.072	0.078	0.086	0.115	2.028
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	732525	24417	4688160	0.038	0.054	0.062	0.084	1.274	11.121
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual	706821	23560	4523654	0.042	0.073	0.08	0.088	0.867	4.975
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc	697335	23167	4448116	0.043	0.071	0.078	0.087	1.028	3.664
dlang	archttp	platform	archttp (multi)	239090	7943	1525092	0.015	0.098	8.904	26.506	43.522	48.034
dlang	hunt	platform	hunt-http	97055	3224	619088	0.064	0.097	0.156	19.925	43.427	44.241

8 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	2827675	93942	18036996	0.03	0.072	0.082	0.094	0.145	9.47
dlang	eventcore	micro	cb (PF)	2690728	89392	17163447	0.028	0.074	0.085	0.099	0.181	2.171
c	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	2676087	88906	17070056	0.03	0.074	0.086	0.099	0.182	8.085
dlang	vibe-core	micro	prefork	2652698	88129	16920864	0.03	0.067	0.084	0.105	0.226	8.889
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	2609447	86692	16644977	0.033	0.077	0.089	0.102	0.173	6.064
dlang	during	micro	raw (PF)	2603657	86500	16608044	0.032	0.07	0.085	0.106	0.205	2.38
c	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	2584113	85850	16483378	0.031	0.072	0.087	0.106	0.208	8.438
rust	actix-raw	micro		2560103	85053	16330225	0.033	0.073	0.087	0.107	0.223	9.417
dlang	eventcore	micro	fibers (PF)	2514774	83547	16041083	0.031	0.075	0.089	0.107	0.251	8.924
dlang	mecca	micro	prefork	2464883	81889	15722841	0.03	0.069	0.092	0.119	0.22	8.896
dlang	adio-http	platform	io_uring (PF)	2445958	81261	15602124	0.033	0.08	0.094	0.11	0.197	2.121
c	nginx	platform		2431028	80765	15506889	0.034	0.074	0.091	0.115	0.221	2.427
dlang	adio-http	platform	epoll (PF)	2405297	79910	15342758	0.031	0.072	0.086	0.112	0.538	6.418
dlang	hunt	micro	hunt-pico	2366765	78630	15096972	0.028	0.067	0.084	0.114	1.233	7.417
rust	actix-web	platform		2302597	76498	14687661	0.035	0.078	0.096	0.121	0.255	4.159
c	io_uring	micro	raw (PF)	2278916	75711	14536607	0.034	0.068	0.083	0.129	0.421	4.659
golang	fasthttp	platform		2249368	74729	14348128	0.03	0.076	0.098	0.124	5.835	15.134
dlang	photon	micro		2153010	71528	13733485	0.032	0.083	0.099	0.12	1.135	21.05
dlang	geario	micro	geario (multi)	2118013	70365	13510249	0.038	0.106	0.114	0.122	0.165	7.373
dotnet	aspcore	platform		1988982	66079	12687194	0.038	0.092	0.11	0.135	3.843	30.757
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	1575228	52333	10047965	0.043	0.103	0.134	0.184	1.199	11.995
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	1297644	43240	8302154	0.04	0.072	0.136	0.357	2.368	9.136
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual (PF)	1247306	41438	7956237	0.046	0.141	0.17	0.23	0.463	6.198
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual	1200248	39875	7656066	0.047	0.156	0.182	0.22	1.14	7.362
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc (PF)	1197073	39769	7635814	0.049	0.162	0.188	0.226	0.443	8.018
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	1150992	38238	7341875	0.051	0.145	0.192	0.251	0.708	4.853
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	1120041	37322	7165873	0.036	0.07	0.107	0.69	2.972	16.095
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc	1074108	35803	6874291	0.048	0.151	0.188	0.262	1.707	16.34
dlang	archttp	platform	archttp (multi)	714054	23722	4554763	0.008	0.129	8.958	26.506	43.4	56.037
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	651551	21696	4165760	0.053	0.084	0.1	2080.22	5833.28	6004.01
dlang	hunt	platform	hunt-http	341609	11349	2179034	0.069	0.107	0.164	20.117	43.332	48.096

64 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
c	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	5627346	187141	35931174	0.034	0.244	0.279	0.325	1.018	12.675
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	5313638	176532	33894302	0.036	0.258	0.299	0.353	0.702	12.268
c	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	5210803	173116	33238344	0.035	0.263	0.306	0.362	0.797	14.538
dlang	eventcore	micro	cb (PF)	5028078	167045	32072789	0.033	0.268	0.319	0.382	0.643	13.84
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	5016841	166672	32001112	0.038	0.271	0.321	0.379	0.78	16.443
c	io_uring	micro	raw (PF)	4684383	155627	29880449	0.037	0.281	0.342	0.416	0.699	11.766
dlang	during	micro	raw (PF)	4537648	150752	28944465	0.038	0.287	0.353	0.43	0.941	25.645
dlang	mecca	micro	prefork	4351115	144555	27754620	0.031	0.298	0.372	0.452	1.013	203.219
dlang	eventcore	micro	fibers (PF)	4341419	144233	27692772	0.033	0.302	0.376	0.453	0.809	24.307
rust	actix-raw	micro		4200034	139536	26790914	0.037	0.31	0.387	0.47	0.879	27.138
dlang	vibe-core	micro	prefork	4134974	137374	26375913	0.034	0.311	0.394	0.481	0.946	20.58
dlang	adio-http	platform	epoll (PF)	4110871	136573	26222167	0.032	0.323	0.4	0.48	0.765	5.571
dlang	adio-http	platform	io_uring (PF)	4089210	135854	26083997	0.036	0.314	0.389	0.486	0.844	15.739
c	nginx	platform		3862444	128320	24637516	0.042	0.335	0.413	0.512	0.878	11.056
dlang	hunt	micro	hunt-pico	3722501	123671	23744856	0.034	0.274	0.36	0.53	1.97	17.355
rust	actix-web	platform		2964415	98485	18909225	0.051	0.417	0.523	0.683	1.319	10.352
golang	fasthttp	platform		2958469	98288	18871297	0.029	0.306	0.47	0.786	7.043	21.361
dlang	geario	micro	geario (multi)	2819321	93665	17983708	0.043	0.301	0.717	0.811	1.163	10.923
dlang	photon	micro		2434113	80867	15526567	0.031	0.178	0.34	0.393	1.612	9.751
dotnet	aspcore	platform		2224500	73903	14189501	0.04	0.391	0.587	1.02	8.914	31.024
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	1696761	56370	10823193	0.041	0.136	0.631	2.353	9.328	26.921
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	1592590	52945	10165468	0.04	0.108	0.142	0.186	0.308	10.517
dlang	archttp	platform	archttp (multi)	1515304	50375	9672153	0.007	0.381	8.412	26.301	43.898	55.388
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual (PF)	1445595	48074	9230270	0.048	0.919	1.099	1.434	2.485	14.146
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc (PF)	1408010	46808	8987297	0.05	0.87	1.046	1.536	3.008	24.329
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual	1302742	43280	8309849	0.045	0.902	1.101	1.662	3.53	30.144
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc	1275478	42431	8146765	0.048	0.835	1.112	1.728	6.206	56.107
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	1132973	37640	7226937	0.036	0.063	0.075	0.107	2.339	9.042
dlang	hunt	platform	hunt-http	864997	28737	5517588	0.072	0.262	0.445	19.564	44.002	50.542
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	668074	22217	4265720	0.053	0.075	0.091	0.102	19137.7	24316.2
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	620034	20619	3958979	0.055	0.583	0.757	0.911	1074.18	2515.51

128 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	7072751	234975	45115222	0.05	0.466	0.52	0.581	0.885	17.171
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	6984380	232039	44551526	0.049	0.469	0.523	0.585	0.962	28.866
c	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	6815637	226433	43475159	0.04	0.478	0.534	0.601	1.012	20.963
dlang	during	micro	raw (PF)	6679695	221916	42608021	0.04	0.457	0.532	0.63	1.331	23.282
c	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	6531244	216984	41661091	0.046	0.491	0.555	0.638	1.212	21.052
dlang	eventcore	micro	cb (PF)	6078832	201954	38775273	0.033	0.51	0.593	0.696	2.463	19.506
dlang	mecca	micro	prefork	5709961	189699	36422342	0.033	0.545	0.641	0.752	1.207	407.954
c	io_uring	micro	raw (PF)	5568514	185000	35520089	0.028	0.531	0.635	0.767	4.337	20.171
dlang	eventcore	micro	fibers (PF)	5324433	176891	33963160	0.035	0.57	0.68	0.803	4.519	16.985
rust	actix-raw	micro		5103294	169544	32552573	0.048	0.606	0.72	0.843	2.285	22.292
dlang	adio-http	platform	epoll (PF)	4743039	157576	30254600	0.034	0.639	0.781	0.925	3.55	20.308
dlang	geario	micro	geario (multi)	4701167	156340	30017428	0.051	0.436	0.527	1.075	2.115	98.489
dlang	adio-http	platform	io_uring (PF)	4703045	156247	29999489	0.039	0.621	0.769	0.947	2.314	21.8
dlang	hunt	micro	hunt-pico	4181250	138911	26671096	0.043	0.505	0.757	1.131	3.646	23.918
c	nginx	platform		3862522	128322	24638014	0.041	0.736	0.958	1.191	2.031	29.225
rust	actix-web	platform		3357019	111528	21413543	0.104	0.801	1.078	1.412	2.836	21.864
golang	fasthttp	platform		3140006	104319	20029274	0.03	0.617	1.063	1.732	8.255	38.465
dlang	photon	micro		3026070	100533	19302506	0.036	0.443	0.605	1.376	5.03	35.768
dotnet	aspcore	platform		2394041	79536	15270959	0.039	0.915	1.293	2.032	10.216	30.163
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	1862934	61953	11895022	0.042	0.558	0.942	6.163	20.563	76.829
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	1600493	53190	10212517	0.04	0.108	0.143	0.183	0.301	4.672
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual (PF)	1468587	48806	9370844	0.049	1.809	2.388	3.328	7.578	44.817
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc (PF)	1423990	47340	9089297	0.048	2.112	2.354	3.463	6.608	64.523
dlang	archttp	platform	archttp (multi)	1413128	46963	9016968	0.008	0.997	11.483	29.116	46.461	55.152
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc	1339297	44524	8548704	0.045	1.72	2.612	3.723	10.68	50.342
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual	1322315	43974	8443115	0.046	1.999	2.28	3.857	8.176	77.187
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	1140145	37903	7277521	0.037	0.06	0.072	0.104	2.343	10.562
dlang	hunt	platform	hunt-http	752325	25019	4803671	0.07	0.497	2.513	23.563	46.902	54.783
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	676916	22488	4317869	0.055	0.07	0.078	0.102	18361.5	24081.2
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	605569	20118	3862765	0.055	0.571	0.75	0.937	99.112	2356.72
dlang	vibe-core	micro	prefork	4996132	165984	31869014	0.032	0.604	0.736	0.864	4.641	32.442

256 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	8320651	276433	53075248	0.06	0.777	0.881	0.998	1.777	17.47
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	7878303	261737	50253627	0.073	0.84	0.936	1.042	1.779	12.73
c	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	7869349	261440	50196511	0.049	0.807	0.918	1.05	4.203	23.584
dlang	eventcore	micro	cb (PF)	7817616	259721	49866520	0.036	0.832	0.931	1.058	1.772	20.822
c	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	7780451	258486	49629454	0.067	0.834	0.946	1.061	2.597	13.222
dlang	during	micro	raw (PF)	7623010	253256	48625180	0.043	0.831	0.944	1.08	2.461	19.509
c	io_uring	micro	raw (PF)	7429070	246812	47388087	0.052	0.848	0.959	1.104	3.353	22.446
dlang	eventcore	micro	fibers (PF)	7233458	240314	46140330	0.033	0.871	0.994	1.151	3.312	18.625
dlang	mecca	micro	prefork	6186368	205527	39461217	0.03	0.96	1.152	1.379	6.946	839.203
dlang	vibe-core	micro	prefork	5614008	186511	35810283	0.033	1.066	1.297	1.53	6.699	31.666
rust	actix-raw	micro		5594392	185921	35697017	0.061	1.082	1.305	1.529	5.673	21.137
dlang	adio-http	platform	epoll (PF)	5475263	182144	34971739	0.032	1.085	1.335	1.597	5.205	213.225
dlang	adio-http	platform	io_uring (PF)	5413654	179855	34532278	0.047	1.028	1.312	1.658	4.116	208.183
dlang	geario	micro	geario (multi)	5232089	173939	33396312	0.11	0.843	1.001	2.133	4.309	224.177
c	nginx	platform		4410031	146610	28149134	0.075	1.184	1.676	2.059	5.458	52.411
rust	actix-web	platform		3830410	127425	24465692	0.07	1.253	1.911	2.5	5.891	35.206
dlang	hunt	micro	hunt-pico	3530619	117374	22535865	0.069	1.18	1.929	2.904	8.324	25.105
dlang	photon	micro		3387719	112548	21609370	0.033	0.729	1.025	1.994	6.775	20.236
golang	fasthttp	platform		3334498	110780	21269887	0.032	1.321	2.066	3.075	8.758	40.004
dotnet	aspcore	platform		2362570	78569	15085249	0.04	1.779	2.76	4.348	13.526	34.656
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	1796748	59752	11472418	0.041	0.981	2.424	9.234	22.832	99.006
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	1580837	52554	10090448	0.04	0.108	0.142	0.187	0.323	9.946
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual	1530483	50880	9769040	0.048	3.013	4.603	6.533	13.285	51.639
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual (PF)	1519494	50515	9698897	0.044	3.383	4.194	6.656	13.98	50.202
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc (PF)	1491812	49578	9519039	0.045	3.584	4.946	6.377	10.759	36.438
dlang	archttp	platform	archttp (multi)	1461728	48578	9327077	0.005	3.438	14.787	32.665	51.619	301.141
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc	1316828	43792	8408080	0.045	3.759	5.585	7.426	19.904	67.111
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	1137409	37800	7257644	0.037	0.059	0.071	0.103	2.33	11.058
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	703161	23391	4491247	0.053	0.071	0.078	0.1	16682.8	28452
dlang	hunt	platform	hunt-http	700928	23294	4472521	0.072	1.293	7.334	30.04	51.487	61.043
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	530500	17630	3385044	0.056	0.545	0.946	1.108	3.698	2280.68

Pipelining

For an idea of how HTTP pipelining is handled in the frameworks, here are some results.

Command: _suite/runner.d bench --type multiCore -r [email protected] --host 192.168.122.175 --tool wrk -d 30 -c 256 --pipeline 10

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
c	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	64200830	2132917	409520244	0.072	0.399	0.677	0.968	2.68	15.774
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - lvl (PF)	62465150	2075254	398448797	0.064	0.409	0.695	0.987	4.849	19.534
dlang	during	micro	raw (PF)	60572640	2012380	386376972	0.113	0.422	0.717	1.03	2.087	15.62
c	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	60367460	2005563	385068183	0.072	0.423	0.719	1.024	5.345	21.092
dlang	epoll	micro	raw - edge (PF)	58338900	1938169	372128531	0.108	0.439	0.746	1.057	1.718	22.185
c	io_uring	micro	raw (PF)	57151970	1898736	364557416	0.107	0.447	0.761	1.08	1.848	17.091
dlang	mecca	micro	prefork	56798510	1886993	362302788	0.042	0.449	0.763	1.089	5.322	408.63
rust	actix-raw	micro		34853450	1159462	222616846	0.092	0.734	1.257	1.961	5.736	23.369
dotnet	aspcore	platform		24219490	804901	154541112	0.046	1.061	1.845	2.918	9.9	35.599
dlang	adio-http	platform	io_uring (PF)	18702980	621361	119301400	0.092	1.373	2.368	3.555	7.398	232.723
dlang	adio-http	platform	epoll (PF)	18505080	615400	118156812	0.047	1.406	2.496	4.002	10.479	206.82
dlang	hunt	micro	hunt-pico	17854979	593188	113892224	0.136	1.437	2.461	3.668	36.006	64.379
dlang	eventcore	micro	cb (PF)	17830078	592361	113733387	0.089	1.44	2.476	3.688	37.86	66.244
dlang	eventcore	micro	fibers (PF)	17758857	589995	113279087	0.097	1.445	2.487	3.725	37.311	63.008
dlang	vibe-core	micro	prefork	16909359	561959	107896208	0.079	1.519	2.627	4.095	42.644	77.024
golang	fasthttp	platform		16635590	552677	106114062	0.048	1.577	2.838	4.533	10.817	59.784
rust	actix-web	platform		15935000	529577	101678963	0.1	1.577	2.773	4.039	18.829	65.503
dlang	photon	micro		8801333	292500	56160051	0.075	2.329	4.599	8.442	45.838	83.562
c	nginx	platform		6023810	200126	38424302	0.173	4.309	7.861	12.989	43.237	112.092
dlang	archttp	platform	archttp (multi)	3225950	107174	20577488	0.011	0.122	0.127	0.132	0.181	4.953
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual	2706937	89961	17272579	0.138	9.564	16.894	28.604	560.433	1687.64
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc (PF)	2616634	87018	16707473	0.134	9.869	17.331	28.298	358.139	1884.48
dlang	vibe-d	platform	manual (PF)	2565922	85274	16372782	0.127	10.109	17.509	27.832	140.48	1176.18
dlang	vibe-d	platform	gc	2031871	67526	12965079	0.235	12.752	22.097	33.79	548.096	2267.84
dlang	hunt	platform	hunt-http	1383454	45977	8827622	2.078	19.197	31.107	44.548	84.404	119.169

Note: arsd, geario and serverino have problems with this and doesn't finish

Special note

As arsd (excluding arsd/hybrid) and serverino doesn't use async IO, requests can be blocked for some time when keep-alive connections are used (on by default). With wrk it's not visible much, as it just bursts requests from any client that communicates and some of the clients doesn't receive any response.

To make it stand out more, here are some results with hey with number of clients equal to available CPU cores (so they should be completed without waiting in queue) and a multiple of that.

Command: for i in 2 16; do _suite/runner.d bench --type multiCore -r [email protected] --host 192.168.122.175 --tool hey -b 2 -c $i arsd serverino actix-web; done

2 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
rust	actix-web	platform		2000	19436	3731778	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.1
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	2000	18709	3592142	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	1.2
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	2000	17921	3440860	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.3
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	2000	17528	3365468	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.2
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	2000	16611	3189368	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	4.4
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	2000	15625	3000000	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	1.1

64 concurrent clients

Language	Framework	Category	Name	Req	RPS	BPS	min	25%	50%	75%	99%	max
rust	actix-web	platform		16000	51101	9811561	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	1.3	9.5
dlang	arsd	platform	hybrid	16000	35938	6900269	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4	2.6	7.8
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino (16)	16000	13412	2575236	0.1	0.4	0.5	0.6	1.9	1082.3
dlang	arsd	platform	threads	16000	4165	799833	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	2.301	3538.1
dlang	arsd	platform	processes	16000	2450	470400	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.8	6430.2
dlang	serverino	platform	serverino	16000	1812	347971	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	8690