[FLINK-33915][ci] Adds workflow for extended master CI workflow

.github/workflows/configs/flink-workflow.default.json

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "include": [
+    {
+      "calling-workflow-id": "java8",
+      "calling-workflow-name": "Java 8",
+      "jdk-version": 8,
+      "env-params": "-Dinclude_hadoop_aws"
+    },
+    {
+      "calling-workflow-id": "java11",
+      "calling-workflow-name": "Java 11",
+      "jdk-version": 11,
+      "env-params": "-Dinclude_hadoop_aws -Djdk11 -Pjava11-target"
+    },
+    {
+      "calling-workflow-id": "java17",
+      "calling-workflow-name": "Java 17",
+      "jdk-version": 17,
+      "env-params": "-Dinclude_hadoop_aws -Djdk11 -Djdk17 -Pjava17-target"
+    },
+    {
+      "calling-workflow-id": "java21",
+      "calling-workflow-name": "Java 21",
+      "jdk-version": 21,
+      "env-params": "-Dinclude_hadoop_aws -Djdk11 -Djdk17 -Djdk21 -Pjava21-target"
+    },
+    {
+      "calling-workflow-id": "hadoop313",
+      "calling-workflow-name": "Hadoop 3.1.3",
+      "jdk-version": 8,
+      "env-params": "-Dflink.hadoop.version=3.2.3 -Phadoop3-tests,hive3"
+    },
+    {
+      "calling-workflow-id": "adaptive-scheduler",
+      "calling-workflow-name": "AdaptiveScheduler",
+      "jdk-version": 8,
+      "env-params": "-Penable-adaptive-scheduler"
+    }
+  ]
+}

.github/workflows/nightly-dev.yml

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+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# This workflow is meant as an extended CI run that includes certain features that shall be tested
+# and JDK versions that are supported but not considered default.
+
+name: "Nightly (master)"
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 2 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      branch:
+        description: "The branch the extended workflow should run on."
+        default: "master"
+        type: string
+
+permissions: read-all
+
+jobs:
+  pre-compile-checks:
+    name: "Pre-compile Checks"
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/template.pre-compile-checks.yml
+    with:
+      branch: ${{ inputs.branch }}
+
+  workflow-config-selection:
+    name: "Selects CI workflow configurations"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-latest"
+    outputs:
+      configs: ${{ steps.select-workflow-configs.outputs.workflow-configurations }}
+    steps:
+      - name: "Flink Checkout"
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: "Loads workflow configuration for ${{ inputs.branch }}"
+        id: select-workflow-configs
+        uses: "./.github/actions/select_workflow_configs"
+        with:
+          config-folder: "./.github/workflows/configs"
+          profile: ${{ inputs.branch }}
+  flink-workflow:
+    needs: workflow-config-selection
+    strategy:
+      matrix: ${{ fromJSON(needs.workflow-config-selection.outputs.configs) }}
+      # a failure in one of the JDK workflows shouldn't affect the other workflows
+      fail-fast: false
+    name: "${{ matrix.calling-workflow-name }}"
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/template.flink-ci.yml
+    with:
+      workflow-caller-id: ${{ matrix.calling-workflow-id }}
+      branch: ${{ inputs.branch }}
+      environment: 'PROFILE="${{ matrix.env-params }}"'
+      jdk-version: ${{ matrix.jdk-version }}
+    secrets:
+      s3_bucket: ${{ secrets.s3_bucket }}
+      s3_access_key: ${{ secrets.s3_access_key }}
+      s3_secret_key: ${{ secrets.s3_secret_key }}